50. Alfonseca, K. (2017, August 21). When hate meets hoax. ProPublica. Retrieved from https://www.propublica.org/article/when-hate-meets-hoax. See also: Soave, R. (2018, January 19). Another hate crime at the University of Maryland turns out to be a hoax. Reason. Retrieved from http://reason.com/blog/2018/01/19/a-second-hate-crime-at-the-university-of. See also: Gose, B. (1999, January 8). Hate-crime hoaxes unsettle campuses. The Chronicle of Higher Education. Retrieved from https://www.chronicle.com/article/Hate-Crime-Hoaxes-Unsettle/2836 [inactive]
51. Suspect in Mizzou threats identified as Lake St. Louis teen. (2015, November 11). NBC12. Retrieved from http://www.nbc12.com/story/30489913/um-police-arrest-suspect-who-made-racist-threats-on-social-media
52. Bui, L. (2017, October 17). U-Md. student to face hate-crime charge in fatal stabbing on campus. The Washington Post. Retrieved from https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/public-safety/u-md-student-to-face-hate-crime-charge-in-fatal-stabbing-on-campus/2017/10/17/a17bfa1c-b35c-11e7-be94-fabb0f1e9ffb_story.html
53. One charge was later reduced to accessory after the fact. See: Smithson, D. (2017, November 9). Cases continue in shooting after Spencer protest. Ocala Star-Banner. Retrieved from http://www.ocala.com/news/20171109/cases-continue-in-shooting-after-spencer-protest. See also: Rozsa, L., & Svrluga, S. (2017, October 20). 3 men charged in shooting after white nationalist Richard Spencer’s speech in Florida. Chicago Tribune. Retrieved from http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/nationworld/ct-shooting-richard-spencer-speech-20171020-story.html
54. Student in Trump shirt detained after brandishing knife, saying “Kill all illegals.” (2018, February 16). The Daily Beast. Retrieved from https://www.thedailybeast.com/student-in-trump-shirt-who-brandished-knife-and-said-kill-all-illegals-detained
55. McWhorter, J. (2008, December 30). Racism in America is over. Forbes. Retrieved from https://www.forbes.com/2008/12/30/end-of-racism-oped-cx_jm_1230mcwhorter.html
56. On the sharp drop in Republican trust in universities since 2015, see Pew Research Center (2017, July 10). Sharp partisan divisions in views of national institutions. Retrieved from http://www.people-press.org/2017/07/10/sharp-partisan-divisions-in-views-of-national-institutions
Chapter 7: Anxiety and Depression
1. Solomon (2014), p. 110.
2. Novotney (2014).
3. By 2015, 22% of college students were seeking mental health services (10% on some campuses, up to 50% on others). And “54 percent of all college students report[ed] feeling overwhelming anxiety, up from 46.4 percent in 2010.” See Estroff Marano, H. (2015, September 1). Crisis U. Psychology Today. Retrieved from https://www.psychologytoday.com/articles/201509/crisis-u
4. Levinson-King, R. (2017, March 13). Teen suicide on the rise among Canadian girls.BBC News. Retrieved from http://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-39210463. See also: Canadian Institute for Health Information. (n.d.). Intentional self-harm among youth in Canada. Retrieved from https://www.cihi.ca/sites/default/files/info_child_harm_en.pdf
5. Sanghani, R. (2017, March 16). Why are so many of Britain’s teen girls struggling with mental health problems? The Telegraph. Retrieved from http://www.telegraph.co.uk/health-fitness/body/why-are-so-many-of-britains-teen-girls-struggling-with-mental-he. That article refers to a large longitudinal UK study, which can be retrieved here: https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/599871/LSYPE2_w2-research_report.pdf. See also: Pells, R. (2017, July 9). Number of university students claiming special circumstances for mental health problems “soars.” The Independent. Retrieved from http://www.independent.co.uk/news/education/education-news/number-of-university-students-mental-health-problems-illness-claiming-special-circumstances-a7831791.html
6. Data on trends in the UK and Canada collected in 2018 and 2019 will be crucial for determining whether or not they have the same problem as the USA.
7. Allen, M. (2017, November 9). Sean Parker unloads on Facebook: “God only knows what it’s doing to our children’s brains.” Axios. Retrieved from https://www.axios.com/sean-parker-unloads-on-facebook-god-only-knows-what-its-doing-to-our-childrens-brains-1513306792-f855e7b4-4e99-4d60-8d51-2775559c2671.html
8. Twenge (2017), chapter 2.
9. Twenge (2017), p. 3
10. See Twenge (2017), Appendix B, Figures B1 and B2. The appendix is online; it can be retrieved at http://www.jeantwenge.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/igen-appendix.pdf
11. Twenge (2017), chapter 4. See also: Twenge, Joiner, Rogers, & Martin (2017).
12. In 1994, Nolen-Hoeksema & Girgus (1994) found “no gender differences in depression rates in prepubescent children, but, after the age of 15, girls and women [were] about twice as likely to be depressed as boys and men.” In a 2017 paper, Salk, Hyde, & Abramson (2017) found that gender differences emerged at twelve years old, which was earlier than had been previously thought.
13. The criteria are that a person reports having at least five out of nine symptoms nearly every day for a two-week period, as described in Hunter & Tice (2016). Retrieved from https://www.samhsa.gov/data/sites/default/files/NSDUH-MethodSummDefsHTML-2015/NSDUH-MethodSummDefsHTML-2015/NS DUH-MethodSummDefs-2015.htm#b4-8
14. Hacking (1991), as described in Haslam (2016).
15. You can download the date and report at https://www.CDC.gov/injury/wisqars/fatal.html
16. Levinson-King, R. (2017, March 13). Teen suicide on the rise among Canadian girls. Retrieved from http://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-39210463
17. Office for National Statistics (UK). (2017, December 18). Suicides in the UK: 2016 registrations (point 6: Suicides in the UK by age). Retrieved from https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/birthsdeathsandmarriages/deaths/bulletins/suicidesintheunitedkingdom/2016registrations#suicides-in-the-uk-by-age
18. Mercado, Holland, Leemis, Stone, & Wang (2017).
19. Twenge, Joiner, Rogers, & Martin (2018).
20. Vigen, T. (n.d.). Spurious correlations. Retrieved from http://www.tylervigen.com/spurious-correlations
21. If children have papers to write, or other homework that requires the use of a computer, that time does not appear to be correlated with depression.
22. Twenge (2017), pp. 82 and 84. For more in-depth analysis, see: Twenge et al. (2018).
23. Twenge discusses the issue of reverse correlation (that is, that depression causes teens to spend more time on screens) and links to studies suggesting that it is not the cause of the association. One of the studies she discusses was a true experiment using random assignment. People who were randomly assigned to give up Facebook for a week reported feeling less depressed at the end of the study. See: Twenge, J. (2017, November 14). With teen mental health deteriorating over five years, there’s a likely culprit. Retrieved from https://theconversation.com/with-teen-mental-health-deteriorating-over-five-years-theres-a-likely-culprit-86996
24. See discussion of eusociality and ultrasociality in Haidt (2012), chapter 9.
25. Twenge, Joiner, Rogers, & Martin (2018), p. 4.
26. Twenge (2017).
27. Twenge (2017).
28. Maccoby (1998).
29. Wood Rudulph, H. (2017, October 11). How women talk: Heather Wood Rudulph interviews Deborah Tannen. Los Angeles Review of Books. Retrieved from https://lareviewofbooks.org/article/how-women-talk-heather-wood-rudulph-interviews-deborah-tannen. Twenge echoes Tannen’s concern when she says, “Girls use social media more often, giving them additional opportunities to feel excluded and lonely when they see their friends or classmates getting together without them,” in Twenge (2017, September). Have smartphones destroyed a generation? The Atlantic. Retrieved from https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2017/09/has-the-smartphone-destroyed-a-generation/534198
30. Twenge (2017), Appendix F, figure F1. Online appendix can be retrieved from http://www.jeantwenge.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/igen-appendix.pdf
31. Arata, E.
(2016, August 1). The unexpected reason Snapchat’s “pretty” filters hurt your self-esteem. Elite Daily. Retrieved from https://www.elitedaily.com/wellness/snapchat-filters-self-esteem/1570236
32. Jowett, V. (2017, July 10). Inside the Snapchat filter surgery boom. Cosmopolitan. Retrieved from http://www.cosmopolitan.com/uk/beauty-hair/a9617028/celebrity-cosmetic-surgery-snapchat-filter-boom
33. Crick & Grotpeter (1995).
34. For example: Thielking, M. (2017, February 8). Surging demand for mental health care jams college services. Scientific American. Retrieved from https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/surging-demand-for-mental-health-care-jams-college-services. See also: Peterson, A. (2016, October 10). Students flood college mental-health centers. The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved from http://www.wsj.com/articles/students-flood-college-mental-health-centers-1476120902. See also: Tugend, A. (2017, June 7). Colleges get proactive in addressing depression on campus. The New York Times. Retrieved from https://www.nytimes.com/2017/06/07/education/colleges-get-proactive-in-addressing-depression-on-campus.html
35. Center for Collegiate Mental Health, Pennsylvania State University. (2016). 2016 annual report. Retrieved from https://sites.psu.edu/ccmh/files/2017/01/2016-Annual-Report-FINAL_2016_01_09-1gc2hj6.pdf
36. Higher Education Institute (HERI). The question was only added in 2010, and is asked only every other year. The exact question wording is: “Do you have any of the following disabilities or medical conditions? (Mark Yes or No for each item.)” The survey then lists seven different types of disabilities and conditions, including “Psychological disorder (depression, etc.)” with the option to select “Yes” or “No” for each. Survey instruments and data can be accessed at https://heri.ucla.edu/heri-data-archive
37. Reetz, D. R., Bershad, C., LeViness, P., & Whitlock, M. (2017). The Association for University and College Counseling Center Directors annual survey. Retrieved from https://www.aucccd.org/assets/documents/aucccd%202016%20monograph%20-%20public.pdf. See also summary and graph in: Tate, E. (2017, March 29). Anxiety on the rise. Inside Higher Ed. Retrieved from https://www.insidehighered.com/news/2017/03/29/anxiety-and-depression-are-primary-concerns-students-seeking-counseling-services
38. One study at a diverse, urban university found that 38% of the students in the study reported a history of deliberately self-harming at least once, 18% reported having intentionally self-harmed at least ten times, and 10% reported having deliberately self-harmed more than 100 times. Gratz, Conrad, & Roeter (2002). See also appendix F in the online appendices for Twenge (2017); Twenge offers additional graphs showing mental health outcomes from the American College Health Association Survey and the Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System. The appendices can be retrieved from http://www.jeantwenge.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/igen-appendix.pdf
39. Zhiguo & Fang (2014).
40. Shin & Liberzon (2010).
41. Gotlib & Joormann (2010).
42. Prociuk, Breen, & Lussier. (1976). See also: Costello (1982).
43. Peterson, Maier, & Seligman (1993). See also: Seligman (1990).
44. Chen, Coccaro, & Jacobson (2012).
45. Clark, Algoe, & Green (2018).
Chapter 8: Paranoid Parenting
1. Denizet-Lewis, B. (2017, October 11). Why are more American teenagers than ever suffering from severe anxiety? The New York Times. Retrieved from https://www.nytimes.com/2017/10/11/magazine/why-are-more-american-teenagers-than-ever-suffering-from-severe-anxiety.html
2. Skenazy, L. (2008, April 1). Why I let my 9-year-old ride the subway alone. The New York Sun. Retrieved from http://www.nysun.com/opinion/why-i-let-my-9-year-old-ride-subway-alone/73976
3. Skenazy, L. (2015, January 16). I let my 9-year-old ride the subway alone. I got labeled the “World’s Worst Mom.” The Washington Post. Retrieved from https://www.washingtonpost.com/posteverything/wp/2015/01/16/i-let-my-9-year-old-ride-the-subway-alone-i-got-labeled-the-worlds-worst-mom/?utm_term=.7cb ce60ca0e0
4. The main suspect in the case was not convicted until 2017. For a summary, see: McKinley, J. C. (2017, April 18). Pedro Hernandez gets 25 years to life in murder of Etan Patz. The New York Times. Retrieved from https://www.nytimes.com/2017/04/18/nyregion/pedro-hernandez-etan-patz-sentencing.html
5. Lafrance, A. (2017, February 14). When bad news was printed on milk cartons. The Atlantic. Retrieved from https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2017/02/when-bad-news-was-printed-on-milk-cartons/516675
6. National Crime Information Center. (n.d.) 2016 NCIC missing person and unidentified person statistics. Retrieved from https://www.fbi.gov/file-repository/2016-ncic-missing-person-and-unidentified-person-statistics.pdf/view
7. Polly Klaas Foundation. (n.d.). National child kidnapping facts. Retrieved from http://www.pollyklaas.org/about/national-child-kidnapping.html
8. ChildStats.gov. (n.d.). POP1 Child population: Number of children (in millions) ages 0–17 in the United States by age, 1950–2016 and projected 2017–2050. Retrieved from https://www.childstats.gov/americaschildren/tables/pop1.asp
9. Simpson, K. (2010, November 27). Dispelled kidnap myths do little to allay parents’ fears. The Denver Post. Retrieved from http://www.denverpost.com/2010/11/27/dispelled-kidnap-myths-do-little-to-allay-parents-fears
10. For more on kidnapping trends, see: U.S. Department of Justice. (2016, June 14). Number of child abductions by strangers unchanged over past decade and a half; Fewer end in homicide. Retrieved from http://www.unh.edu/ccrc/Presspacket/Stereotypical%20Kidnapping%20.pdf. Three interesting points: (1) Ninety-two percent of kidnapped children were returned safely to their families in 2011, compared with just 57% in 1997. (Technology, such as cell phone tracking, has been a big help to law enforcement.) (2) Four out of five children abducted by a stranger in 2011 did not live in a home with two parents (biological or adoptive). (3) One third of the children abducted were never reported missing. No adult was taking responsibility for them; they were kids who fell through the cracks. See: Flores, J. R. (2002, October). Nonfamily abducted children: National estimates and characteristics. Retrieved from http://www.pollyklaas.org/media/pdf/NISMARTIInonfamily.pdf
11. FBI Criminal Justice Information Services Division. (n.d.). Preliminary semiannual uniform crime report, January–June, 2015. Retrieved from https://ucr.fbi.gov/crime-in-the-u.s/2015/preliminary-semiannual-uniform-crime-report-januaryjune-2015
12. Kurutz, S. (2004, October 24). The age of the mugger. The New York Times. Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com/2004/10/24/nyregion/thecity/the-age-of-the-mugger.html
13. At least, of missing white children. From 1979 to 1981, there was a horrific cluster of more than twenty-five fatal kidnappings of black children in Atlanta that became known as the Atlanta Child Murders. This killing spree garnered less national attention than the murders of Patz and Walsh, which occurred during those years.
14. There is no consensus among criminologists as to why crime went down so quickly all across America. Jon believes that the phaseout of leaded gasoline in the late 1970s and early 1980s is one major factor. See: Drum, K. (2016, February 11). Lead: America’s real criminal element. Mother Jones. Retrieved from http://www.motherjones.com/environment/2016/02/lead-exposure-gasoline-crime-increase-children-health
15. Infoplease. (n.d.) Homicide rate per 100,000, 1950–2015. Retrieved from https://www.infoplease.com/us/crime/homicide-rate-1950-2014
16. Stapleton, A. C. (2015, February 6). Police: 6-year-old boy “kidnapped” for being too nice to strangers. CNN. Retrieved from http://www.cnn.com/2015/02/05/us/missouri-fake-kidnapping/index.html
17. Berchelmann, K. (2017, May 4). When can my child use the public restroom alone? HealthyChildren.org. Retrieved from https://www.healthychildren.org/English/tips-tools/ask-the-pediatrician/Pages/When-can-my-child-use-the-public-restroom-alone.aspx
18. Lowbrow, Y. (2014, June 9). 8 reasons children of the 1970s should all be dead. Retrie
ved from https://flashbak.com/8-reasons-children-of-the-1970s-should-all-be-dead-323
19. YOURS News. (2012, February 20). Seatbelts—Saving thousands of lives around the world everyday . . . [Blog post]. Retrieved from http://www.youthforroadsafety.org/news-blog/news-blog-item/t/seatbelts_saving_thousands_of_lives_around_the_world_everyday
20. Ganti et al. (2013).
21. DeNoon, D. J. (2003, May 13). Quit smoking so your kids won’t start. Web MD. Retrieved from https://www.webmd.com/smoking-cessation/news/20030513/quit-smoking-so-your-kids-wont-start
22. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. (n.d.). LEAD: Information for workers—Health problems caused by lead. Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/lead/health.html
23. Christakis (2016), p. 131.
24. Taleb (2007).
25. For more on these backfire effects, see Greg Ip’s perfectly titled book Foolproof: Why Safety Can Be Dangerous and How Danger Makes Us Safe. Ip (2015).
26. Skenazy (2008); see n. 2.
27. J. Lythcott-Haims (personal communication May 26, 2017).
28. Estroff Marano, H. (2004, November 1). A nation of wimps. Psychology Today. Retrieved from https://www.psychologytoday.com/articles/200411/nation-wimps
29. J. Lythcott-Haims (personal communication May 26, 2017).
30. This is called the demographic transition. See: Grover, D. (2014, October 13). What is the Demographic Transition Model? PopEd Blog. Retrieved from https://www.populationeducation.org/content/what-demographic-transition-model
31. Parker, K., & Wang, W. (2013, March 14). Modern parenthood: Roles of moms and dads converge as they balance work and family. Pew Research Center. Retrieved from http://www.pewsocialtrends.org/2013/03/14/modern-parenthood-roles-of-moms-and-dads-converge-as-they-balance-work-and-family
32. L. Skenazy (personal communication, May 4, 2017).
33. Skenazy, L. (2015, June 11). 11-year-old boy played in his yard. CPS took him, felony charge for parents. Reason. Retrieved from http://reason.com/blog/2015/06/11/11-year-old-boy-played-in-his-yard-cps-t
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