Brady Center to Prevent Gun Violence (https://www.bradyunited.org)
A nonprofit organization, the Brady Center to Prevent Gun Violence advocates for gun control and against gun violence.
Childhelp National Child Abuse Hotline (https://www.childhelp.org/hotline/)
(800) 422–4453 / Available: 24/7
The hotline offers crisis intervention, information, and referrals.
Choose Love Movement (https://chooselovemovement.org/)
Choose Love is a community-led movement offering free “social and emotional learning” (SEL) to help people thoughtfully respond to any situation or circumstance.
Cognitive Behavioral Therapist (http://nacbt.org/find-a-therapist/)
(800) 253–0167 / Available: 24/7
Call to be referred to a licensed cognitive behavioral therapist in your area.
Crisis Text Line (https://www.crisistextline.org)
Text HELLO to 741741 / Available: 24/7
A live, trained crisis counselor receives the text and responds from our secure online platform. The volunteer crisis counselor will help you move from a hot moment to a cool moment.
Everytown for Gun Safety (https://everytown.org)
The parent organization of Moms Demand Action, Everytown advocates for gun control and against gun violence.
Giffords (https://giffords.org)
An American advocacy and research organization focused on promoting gun control, Giffords is named for mass shooting survivor Gabby Giffords, a former Democratic member of the U.S. House of Representatives.
The “I Love U Guys” Foundation (https://iloveuguys.org)
A foundation focused on school safety, known for its widely adopted “standard response protocol.”
Inclusive Therapists (https://www.inclusivetherapists.com)
Their mission is to expand all mental health services to LGBTQ+ people and Black people, indigenous people, and people of color, connecting them to a culturally responsive licensed therapist.
March for Our Lives (https://marchforourlives.com)
A movement dedicated to student-led activism around ending gun violence.
MENTOR National (https://www.mentoring.org/)
Helps aspiring mentors connect with people who want a mentor and tailors its mentoring to an individual’s needs and decisions.
Moms Demand Action (https://momsdemandaction.org)
A grassroots movement fighting for public safety measures to protect people from gun violence.
National Alliance on Mental Illness (NAMI) HelpLine (https://www.nami.org/help)
(800) 950-NAMI / Available: Monday to Friday, 10 A.M. to 6 P.M. Eastern Time
The NAMI HelpLine is a free, public nationwide peer-support service providing information, resource referrals, and support for people living with a mental health condition, their family members and caregivers, and mental health providers.
National Domestic Violence Hotline (https://www.thehotline.org/)
(800) 799–7233 / Available: 24/7
Our highly trained advocates are available around the clock to talk confidentially with anyone experiencing domestic violence who is seeking resources or information or is questioning unhealthy aspects of a relationship.
The National Grad Crisis Line (https://gradresources.org/crisis)
(877) 472–3457 / Available: 24/7
The National Grad Crisis Line helps graduate students reach free, confidential telephone counseling, crisis intervention, suicide prevention, and information and referral services provided by specially trained responders.
National Suicide Prevention Lifeline (https://suicidepreventionlifeline.org/)
(800) 273–8255 / Available: 24/7
The Lifeline provides free, confidential support for people in distress, prevention and crisis resources for you or your loved ones, and best practices for professionals.
No Notoriety (https://nonotoriety.com)
Promoting a “No Notoriety” protocol, this organization calls for responsible media coverage of acts of mass violence as a deterrent to future such acts.
Psychology Today (https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/therapists)
Check out their “Find a Therapist,” a national, searchable database of mental health professionals across the United States.
The Rebels Project (https://www.therebelsproject.org)
Formed by a group of Columbine survivors in the wake of the Aurora theater shooting in 2012, this “survivor network” seeks to embrace, support, and connect survivors of mass shootings.
Safe Schools for Alex (https://safeschoolsforalex.org)
A nonprofit focused on best practices in school safety, named for Alex Schachter, one of the victims of the 2018 Parkland massacre.
Sandy Hook Promise (https://www.sandyhookpromise.org/)
Protecting America’s children from gun violence in honor of the precious lives lost at Sandy Hook Elementary School on December 14, 2012, Sandy Hook Promise empowers youth to “know the signs” and “say something” and runs an anonymous reporting system.
Stop It Now! (https://www.stopitnow.org/ohc-content/crisis-hotlines)
This site provides resources for anyone in crisis or their loved ones.
Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (https://findtreatment.samhsa.gov/locator)
A behavioral health treatment services locator. A national, searchable map to find substance use care, mental health care, or a mental health hospital in your area.
The Trevor Project (https://www.thetrevorproject.org)
(866) 488–7386 / Available: 24/7
The leading national organization for the LGBTQ+ community, the Trevor Project provides crisis and suicide intervention.
Veterans Crisis Line (https://www.veteranscrisisline.net/)
(800) 273–8255 / Available: 24/7
Connect with the Veterans Crisis Line to reach caring, qualified responders with the Department of Veterans Affairs. Many of them are veterans themselves.
NOTES
CHAPTER 1
1. Jerome P. Bjelopera et al., eds., “Public Mass Shootings in the United States: Selected Implications for Federal Public Health and Safety Policy,” https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R43004.pdf.
2. J. Murray, “Mass Media Reporting and Enabling of Mass Shootings,” Cultural Studies—Critical Methodologies 17 (2017): 114–24.
3. B. Obama, “Statement by the President on the Shootings at Umpqua Community College, Roseburg, Oregon,” The White House of President Barak Obama, October 1, 2015, https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2015/10/01/statement-president-shootings-umpqua-community-college-roseburg-oregon.
4. “One-third of US Adults Say Fear of Mass Shootings Prevents Them from Going to Certain Places or Events,” American Psychological Association, August 15, 2019, https://www.apa.org/news/press/releases/2019/08/fear-mass-shooting.
5. N. W. Aronowitz, “Fake Blood and Blanks: Schools Stage Active Shooter Drills,” NBC News, February 14, 2014, https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/fake-blood-blanks-schools-stage-active-shooter-drills-n28481.
6. S. Annear, “ ‘Absurdity and Horror’: School Uses Nursery Rhyme to Teach Kindergarten About Lockdowns,” Boston Globe, June 7, 2018, https://www3.bostonglobe.com/metro/2018/06/07/jarring-nursery-rhyme-somerville-school-teaches-kindergartners-about-lockdowns/tVSkONmr4QeQfZU5HgBbnI/story.html?arc404rue.
7. A. Herron, “It Hurt So Bad: Indiana Teachers Shot with Plastic Pellets During Active Shooter Training,” Indy Star, March 21, 2019, https://www.indystar.com/story/news/politics/2019/03/21/active-shooter-training-for-schools-teachers-shot-with-plastic-pellets/3231103002/.
8. F. Ritchin, “Columbine Students Are Asking: Will Sharing Photos of the Dead Change Our History of Violence?,” Time, April 18, 2019, https://time.com/longform/columbine-gun-violence-campaign/.
9. J. Densley, How Gangs Work: An Ethnography of Youth Violence (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2013).
CHAPTER 2
1. A. Lankf
ord, “Public Mass Shooters and Firearms: A Cross-National Study of 171 Countries,” Violence and Victims, 31 (2016): 187–99.
2. J. R. Lott Jr. and C. Moody, “Is the United States an Outlier in Public Mass Shootings? A Comment on Adam Lankford,” Econ Journal Watch 16 (2019): 37–68.
3. A. Lankford, “Confirmation that the United States Has Six Times Its Global Share of Public Mass Shooters, Courtesy of Lott and Moody’s Data,” Econ Journal Watch 16 (2019): 69–83.
4. D. Nass, “How Many Guns Did Americans Buy Last Month? We’re Tracking the Sales Boom”, Trace, March 2, 2021, https://www.thetrace.org/features/gun-sales-estimates/.
5. A. Karp, “Estimating Global Civilian-held Firearms Numbers”, Small Arms Survey, June 2018, http://www.smallarmssurvey.org/weapons-and-markets/tools/global-firearms-holdings.html.
6. D. Hemenway, Private Guns and Public Health (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2004); A. Kivisto, L. Magee, P. Phalen, and B. Ray, “Firearm Ownership and Domestic Versus Nondomestic Homicide in the U.S.,” American Journal of Preventive Medicine 57 (2019): 311–20.
7. J. Dilulio, “The Coming of the Super-Predators,” National Review, November 27, 1995, pp. 23–28.
8. S. Decker, D. Pyrooz, and J. Densley, On Gangs (Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press, 2021).
9. F. E. Zimring and G. Hawkins, Crime Is Not the Problem: Lethal Violence in America (New York: Oxford University Press, 1999).
10. E. Monkkonen, “Homicide: Explaining America’s Exceptionalism,” American Historical Review 111 (2006): 76–94.
11. R. Hofstadter, and M. Wallace, American Violence: A Documentary History (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1970).
12. R. K. Merton, “Social Structure and Anomie,” American Sociological Review 3 (1938): 672–82.
13. A. Lankford, “Are America’s Public Mass Shooters Unique? A Comparative Analysis of Offenders in the United States and Other Countries,” International Journal of Comparative and Applied Criminal Justice 40 (2016): 171–83.
14. M. J. Ellsworth, The Bath School Disaster (1927; repr. Bath, UK: Bath School Museum Committee, 1991).
15. E. Durkheim, Suicide: A Study in Sociology, trans. J. Spaulding and G. Simpson (1897; repr. New York: The Free Press, 1951).
16. C. M. Pepper, “Suicide in the Mountain West Region of the United States,” Crisis: The Journal of Crisis Intervention and Suicide Prevention 38 (2017): 344–50.
17. A. Case and A. Deaton, “Rising Morbidity and Mortality in Midlife Among White Non-Hispanic Americans in the 21st Century,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112 (2015): 15078–83.
18. S. Woolf and H. Schoomaker, “Life Expectancy and Mortality Rates in the United States, 1959–2017,” JAMA 322 (2019): 1996–2016.
19. S. Dorn, “The COVID-19 Pandemic and Resulting Economic Crash Have Caused the Greatest Health Insurance Losses in American History” (Washington, DC: Families USA, July 13, 2020), https://familiesusa.org/resources/the-covid-19-pandemic-and-resulting-economic-crash-have-caused-the-greatest-health-insurance-losses-in-american-history/.
20. M. Weber, Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism (New York: Scribner, 1958).
21. S. Duxbury, L. Frizzell, and S. Lindsay, “Mental Illness, the Media, and the Moral Politics of Mass Violence,” Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 55 (2018): 766–97.
22. C. Weller, “African Americans Face Systematic Obstacles to Getting Good Jobs” (Washington, DC: Center for American Progress, December 5, 2019), https://www.americanprogress.org/issues/economy/reports/2019/12/05/478150/african-americans-face-systematic-obstacles-getting-good-jobs/.
23. https://www.americanprogress.org/issues/economy/reports/2019/12/05/478150/african-americans-face-systematic-obstacles-getting-good-jobs/.
24. A. Case and A. Deaton, Deaths of Despair and the Future of Capitalism (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2020).
25. M. Kimmel, Angry White Men: American Masculinity at the End of an Era (New York: Bold Type, 2017).
26. J. Messerschmidt, Masculinities and Crime: Critique and Reconceptualization of Theory (Totowa, NJ: Rowman and Littlefield, 1993).
27. B. Cooper et al., “The Divide Over America’s Future: 1950 or 2050? Findings from the 2016 American Values Survey” (Washington, DC: PRRI, October 25, 2016), https://www.prri.org/research/poll-1950s-2050-divided-nations-direction-post-election/.
28. J. Carlson, Citizen-Protectors: The Everyday Politics of Guns in an Age of Decline (New York: Oxford University Press, 2015).
29. A. Stroud, “Good Guys with Guns: Hegemonic Masculinity and Concealed Handguns,” Gender and Society 26 (2012): 216–38.
30. F. C. Mencken and P. Froese, “Gun Culture in Action,” Social Problems 66 (2019): 3–27.
31. M. E. O’Toole, “The Dangerous Injustice Collector: Behaviors of Someone Who Never Forgets, Never Forgives, Never Lets Go, and Strikes Back! Violence and Gender 1 (2014): 97–99.
32. G. LaFree, Losing Legitimacy: Street Crime and the Decline of Institutions in America (Boulder, CO: Westview Perseus, 1998).
33. R. Roth, “How the Erosion of Trust Leads to Murders and Mass Shootings,” Washington Post, October 6, 2017, https://www.washingtonpost.com/outlook/how-the-erosion-of-trust-leads-to-murders-and-mass-shootings/2017/10/06/382cc4b2-a91e-11e7–92d1–58c702d2d975_story.html.
CHAPTER 3
1. N. Haslam, “Concept Creep: Psychology’s Expanding Concepts of Harm and Pathology,” Psychological Inquiry 27 (2016): 1–17.
2. V. J. Felitti et al., “Relationship of Childhood Abuse and Household Dysfunction to Many of the Leading Causes of Death in Adults: The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study,” American Journal of Preventive Medicine 14 (1998): 245–58.
3. D. C. Biruski, D. Ajdukovic, and A. L. Stanic, “When the World Collapses: Changed Worldview and Social Reconstruction in a Traumatized Community,” European Journal of Psychotraumatology 5 (2014).
4. C. S. Widom, “The Cycle of Violence,” Science 244 (1989): 160–66.
5. N. N. Duke et al., “Adolescent Violence Perpetration: Associations with Multiple Types of Adverse Childhood Experiences,” Pediatrics 125 (2010): 778–86.
6. T. Herrenkohl, H. Jung, J. O. Lee, and M. H. Kim, Effects of Child Maltreatment, Cumulative Victimization Experiences, and Proximal Life Stress on Adult Crime and Antisocial Behavior, Office of Justice Programs Research Report, National Criminal Justice Reference Services, 2014, https://www.ojp.gov/pdffiles1/nij/grants/250506.pdf.
7. A. B. Miller et al., “The Relation Between Child Maltreatment and Adolescent Suicidal Behavior: A Systematic Review and Critical Examination of the Literature,” Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review 16 (2013): 146–72.
8. H. Dubowitz et al., “Pediatric Primary Care to Help Prevent Child Maltreatment: The Safe Environment for Every Kid (SEEK) Model,” Pediatrics 123 (2009): 858–64.
9. E. Sama-Miller et al., “Home Visiting Evidence of Effectiveness Review: Executive Summary,” OPRE Report #2019–93, September 30, 2017, Office of Planning, Research, and Evaluation, Administration for Children and Families, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Washington, DC.
10. A. L. Bruhn, S. Woods-Groves, and S. Huddle, “A Preliminary Investigation of Emotional and Behavioral Screening Practices in K–12 Schools,” Education and Treatment of Children 37, no. 4 (2014): 611–34.
11. J. S. Merrick et al., “Benevolent Childhood Experiences (BCEs) in Homeless Parents: A Validation and Replication Study,” Journal of Family Psychology 33, no. 4 (2019): 493–98.
CHAPTER 4
1. President Trump Address on Mass Shootings, C-Span, August 5, 2019, https://www.c-span.org/video/?463254–1/president-trump-calls-nation-condemn-racism-bigotry-white-supremacy-mass-shootings.
2. J. W. Swanson et al., “Violence and Psychiatric Disorder in the Community: Evidence from the Epidemiologic Catchment Area Surveys,” Psychiatric Services 41, no. 7 (1990): 761–70.
3. K. S. Douglas and J. L. Skeem, “Violence Risk
Assessment: Getting Specific About Being Dynamic,” Psychology, Public Policy, and Law 11 (2005): 347–83.
4. P. Langman, Why Kids Kill: Inside The Minds of School Shooters (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2009).
5. D. DeMatteo et al., “Statement of Concerned Experts on the Use of the Hare Psychopathy Checklist—Revised in Capital Sentencing to Assess Risk for Institutional Violence,” Psychology, Public Policy, and Law 26 (2020): 133–44.
6. H. M. Cleckley, The Mask of Sanity: An Attempt to Clarify Some Issues About the So-called Psychopathic Personality (Saint Louis, MO: C.V. Mosby, 1964).
7. A. Stark, “I was Almost a School Shooter”, TED, June 2018, https://www.ted.com/talks/aaron_stark_i_was_almost_a_school_shooter?language=en.
CHAPTER 5
1. L. M. Pane and S. Dazio, “US Police Assess Rise in Threat Tips After 3 Mass Killings,” Associated Press, September 21, 2019, https://apnews.com/dd054d08eb904d3a92d9c46cb65c489b.
2. Wylie, L. E., et al., “Assessing School and Student Predictors of Weapons Reporting,” Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice 8, no. 4 (2010): 351–72.
3. J. Gillum and J. Kao, “Aggression Detectors: The Unproven, Invasive Surveillance Technology Schools Are Using to Monitor Students,” ProPublica, June 25, 2019, https://features.propublica.org/aggression-detector/the-unproven-invasive-surveillance-technology-schools-are-using-to-monitor-students/.
4. C. L. Johnson, “Preventing School Shootings: The Effectiveness of Safety Measures,” Victims and Offenders 12 (2017): 956–73.
CHAPTER 6
1. “1999: The Year of the Net,” BBC News, December 30, 1999, http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/574132.stm.
2. K. Haslam, “iMac at 20: 10 iMac Facts and History in Pictures”, Mac-World, August 14, 2018, https://www.macworld.co.uk/news/mac/imac-facts-history-3682354/.
3. J. Raitanen and A. Oksanen, “Global Online Subculture Surrounding School Shootings,” American Behavioral Scientist 62 (2018): 195–209.
4. M. Follman and B. Andrews, “How Columbine Spawned Dozens of Copycats,” Mother Jones, October 5, 2015, http://www.motherjones.com/politics/2015/10/columbine-effect-mass-shootings-copycat-data.
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