Swindled
Page 37
104. The Times, 15 October 1873, letter.
105. Rowlinson (1982), p. 66.
106. Clayton (1908), p. 84.
107. Anon. (1855a), p. 220.
108. Allingham (1884).
109. Letheby (1870), p. 273.
110. “Report on Poisonous Bottled Fruits and Vegetables,” Lancet, vol. 60, no. 1511, 21 August 1852, p. 135.
111. Anon. (1855a), p. 41.
112. Ibid., p. 125.
113. Rowlinson (1982), p. 71.
114. Ibid., p. 67.
115. Burnett (1989), p. 229.
116. Ibid., chap. 10.
117. Hassall (1893), pp. 124–25.
118. Ibid., pp. 94–95.
119. Ibid., p. 123.
120. Ibid., pp. 125–26.
121. Ibid., p. 126.
4: Pink Margarine and Pure Ketchup
1. Wiley (1930), p. 199.
2. Goodwin (1999), p. 48.
3. Wiley (1930), p. 199.
4. Young (1989), p. 95.
5. Barton Hutt (1978), p. 508.
6. Block (2004).
7. “Distillery Milk,” New York Times, 18 August 1854.
8. “Our Food and Drink,” New York Times, 14 January 1869.
9. “Death in the Jug,” New York Times, 22 January 1853.
10. “Swill Milk and Infant Mortality,” New York Times, 22 May 1858.
11. Fildes (1986), p. 168.
12. Apple (1987), p. 9.
13. Lee (2006).
14. Brosco (1999), p. 480.
15. Lee (2006), p. 7.
16. David Copperfield, chap. 61.
17. Atkins (1991), pp. 320–21; Rowlinson (1982), p. 70.
18. Atkins (1991), pp. 335, 320.
19. “Death in the Jug.”
20. “Distillery Milk.”
21. Ibid.
22. “Death in the Jug.”
23. Ibid.
24. Ibid.
25. “They Ought to Be Beaten,” New York Times, 28 October 1878.
26. “Suddenly Dropping Dead,” New York Times, 3 May 1887.
27. “New York City Swill Milk, Meeting of the Committee of the Board of Health,” New York Times, 1 June 1858.
28. Young (1989), p. 38.
29. “Pure and Impure Milk,” New York Times, 21 July 1874; “Swill Milk in San Francisco,” New York Times, 18 November 1886.
30. “The Annual Report of the City Inspector,” New York Times, 21 January 1861.
31. “How to Secure Pure Milk,” Washington Post, 16 June 1893.
32. “What Is Adulteration?” New York Times, 19 December 1873.
33. Schmid (2006).
34. “Pickled Poisons,” New York Times, 19 March 1871.
35. “Adulterated Food,” New York Times, 5 November 1872.
36. “What Is Adulteration?”
37. “Pickled Poisons.”
38. “Food Adulteration,” Washington Post, 9 January 1881.
39. Goodwin (1999), p. 43.
40. “Food Adulteration.”
41. Goodwin (1999), p. 137.
42. Ibid., pp. 27, 28.
43. Slotnick (2004), pp. 573–74.
44. Goodwin (1999), p. 65.
45. Ibid., p. 41.
46. Ibid., p. 137.
47. Obituary of George Thorndike Angell, New York Times, 17 March 1909.
48. Young (1989), p. 47.
49. Goodwin (1999), p. 73.
50. Nestle (2006).
51. Levenson (2001), p. 174.
52. http://www.cbc.ca/stories/1999/05/26/business/butter, accessed 11 August 2006.
53. Levenson (2001), p. 173.
54. Ibid., p. 174.
55. Young (1989), pp. 82, 66.
56. Ibid., p. 83.
57. “Growth of Oleomargarine,” New York Times, 18 January 1886.
58. Twain (1996), p. 412.
59. Young (1989), p. 79.
60. “Tax It Out of the Market,” New York Times, 19 February 1886.
61. Young (1989), p. 75.
62. “A Plea for Honest Butter,” Washington Post, 27 September 1880.
63. Young (1989), p. 84.
64. Ibid., pp. 86, 84.
65. “Making Oleomargarine Odious,” New York Times, 20 May 1886.
66. “Counterfeit Butter,” Washington Post, 4 February 1879.
67. “Oleo as Adulterant,” New York Times, 23 May 1886.
68. “He Got Oleomargarine Though He Asked for Butter at a Railroad Restaurant,” New York Times, 21 December 1886.
69. “An Honest Measure.” Washington Post, 13 June 1894.
70. Young (1989), p. 87.
71. Levenson (2001), p. 171.
72. “Oleomargarine in Minnesota,” New York Times, 22 December 1897.
73. “Oleomargarine Laws Invalid,” New York Times, 24 May 1898.
74. “Dr Wiley, Famous Chemist and Fighter for Pure Food,” Boston Globe, 8 November 1908.
75. Wiley (1930), pp. 40, 41.
76. Ibid., p. 156.
77. “Dr Wiley, Famous Chemist and Fighter for Pure Food.”
78. Anderson (1958), p. 20.
79. Wiley (1930), p. 26.
80. Anderson (1958), p. 33.
81. Young (1989), p. 68.
82. Anderson (1958), p. 22.
83. Ibid.
84. “What Is In Your Food,” Washington Post, 19 April 1897, p. 10.
85. Wiley (1930), p. 150.
86. Ibid.
87. Ibid., p. 54.
88. Gaughan (2004), p. 4.
89. Wiley (1906), p. 1.
90. Coppin and High (1999).
91. Ibid., p. 5.
92. Anderson (1958), p. 127; Wiley (1907), pp. 208–9.
93. “What Is in Your Food.”
94. Young (1989), p. 143.
95. “What Is In Your Food.”
96. Young (1989), p. 155.
97. “The Army Meat Scandal,” New York Times, 1 February 1899.
98. Keuchel (1974), p. 252.
99. Ibid., p. 258.
100. Young (1989), pp. 139, 137.
101. Ibid., p. 143; Anderson (1958), p. 130.
102. Young (1989), p. 143.
103 Wiley (1930), p. 215.
104. Anderson (1958), pp. 149–51; Young (1989), pp. 153–54.
105. “Eating by Rigid Rule,” Washington Post, 22 December 1902.
106. “Borax Ration Scant,” Washington Post, 23 December 1902.
107. Wiley (1930), p. 217.
108. Wiley (1907), p. 37.
109. “Effects of Using Borax,” Washington Post, 2 June 1902.
110. “Dr Wiley in Despair—One Boarder Becomes Too Fat and Another Too Lean,” Washington Post, 16 December 1902.
111. Young (1989), p. 154.
112. “Borax Begins to Tell,” Washington Post, 26 December 1902.
113. “Borax Ration Scant.”
114. “Poison Eaters Glad—Two Month Vacation for Dr Wiley’s Boarders,” Washington Post, 10 June 1903.
115. “Prof. Wiley’s Experiments,” Washington Post, 2 January 1903.
116. Quoted in “Dr Wiley’s Experiment,” Washington Post, 24 December 1902.
117. “Baby Class in Borax.” Washington Post, 11 January 1903.
118. Quoted in Murphy (2001), part 2.
119. Quoted in Wiley (1930), p. 219.
120. Ibid.
121. Murphy (2001), part 2.
122. Smith (2001), p. 79.
123. Wiley (1930), p. 220.
124. Young (1989), p. 202.
125. Goodwin (1999), p. 160.
126. Wiley (1930), p. 230.
127. Denby (2006), p. 73.
128. Sinclair (1906), chap. 14.
129. Young (1989), p. 222.
130. Sinclair (1963), p. 120.
131. Ibid., p. 134.
132. Suh (1997), p. 92.
133. Sinclair (1906), chap. 7.
134. Ibid., chap. 14.
135. Ibid., chap. 7.
136. Ibid., chap.
31.
137. Young (1989), p. 226.
138. Sinclair (1963), p. 135.
139. Gottesman (1985), p. xxiii.
140. Young (1989), p. 138.
141. “Inquiry into Beef Trust,” New York Times, 17 April 1902.
142. “Trust Hunt Critics Answered by Moody,” New York Times, 23 July 1905.
143. New York Times, 28 October 1905; Young (1989), p. 227.
144. Young (1989), p. 226.
145. “Biggest of Trusts,” New York Times, 29 October 1905.
146. Roosevelt (1954), pp. 179, 180, 178.
147. Young (1989), p. 251.
148. Sinclair (1963), p. 129.
149. Young (1989), p. 233.
150. “President Hunts in ‘The Jungle,’ ” Chicago Daily Tribune, 10 April 1906.
151. “Find ‘The Jungle’ 95 Per Cent Lies,” Chicago Daily Tribune, 11 April 1906.
152. Roosevelt (1954), letter 3881.
153. Sinclair (1963), p. 129.
154. Young (1989), p. 239.
155. “Author of ‘The Jungle’ Urges President to Publish Report,” Washington Post, 29 May 1906.
156. “Sinclair Gives Proof of Meat Trust Frauds,” New York Times, 28 May 1906.
157. Wiley (1907), p. 554.
158. “Meat Inspection Bill Passes the Senate,” Washington Post, 26 May 1906.
159. “Meat Trust in a Pickle,” Washington Post, 31 May 1906.
160. Brantz (2006).
161. Fabian Society (1899).
162. Roosevelt (1913), p. 483.
163. Wiley (1907), pp. 525–31.
164. Young (1989), p. 218.
165. Wiley (1907), p. 528.
166. “Label Must Be Exact,” Washington Post, 17 November 1908.
167. Wiley (1930), p. 204.
168. Young (1989), p. 218.
169. Ibid., p. 260.
170. Ibid., p. 267.
171. “Canners for Pure Food,” NewYork Times, 16 February 1907.
172. Kolko (1963), pp. 108–10.
173. Young (1989), p. 264.
174. Smith (2001), p. 85.
175. “Against Benzoate of Soda,” Washington Post, 30 November 1908; Young (1989), p. 215.
176. Young (1989), p. 216.
177. Wiley (1907), pp. 316–17.
178. Smith (2001), p. 79.
179. Ibid., p. 86.
180. Ibid., pp. 85–89.
181. Potter (1959), p. 69.
182. Ibid.
183. Coppin and High (1999), pp. 121–25.
184. Smith (2001), p. 87.
185. Potter (1959), pp. 67–68.
186. Smith (2001), p. 87.
187. New York Times, 22 April 1909.
188. Smith (2001), p. 97.
189. Ibid., p. 110.
190. Ibid., p. 111.
191. Ibid., p. 91.
192. Wiley (1917), p. 26.
193. Wiley (1930), p. 239.
194. New York Times, 30 December 1908; Gaughan and Barton Hutt (2004), p. 13.
195. Wiley (1930), p. 240.
196. Ibid., p. 241.
197. Gaughan and Barton Hutt (2004), p. 14.
198. Wiley (1930), pp. 262 ff.
199. Gaughan and Barton Hutt (2004), p. 14.
200. Wiley (1930), p. 311.
201. Smith (2001) pp. 85–89.
5: Mock Goslings and Pear-nanas
1. Rodden (2007), p. 31.
2. Orwell (2001), p. 190.
3. Rodden (2007), p. 31.
4. Orwell (2001), chap. 12.
5. “Germany Today Is the Land of the Ersatz,” Sheboygan Press, 4 February 1918.
6. “Everyday Life in Berlin,” The Times, 28 January 1918.
7. Davis (2000), pp. 89, 204.
8. Ibid., p. 205.
9. Ibid.
10. Berghoff(2001), p. 182.
11. Ibid., p. 181.
12. Spencer (2002), p. 288.
13. Beeton (2000), p. 89.
14. Humble (2005), pp. 33, 34.
15. Spencer (2002), p. 288.
16. Humble (2005), p. 95.
17. Patten (1985), pp. 16, 52.
18. Humble (2005), p. 95.
19. Clift on and Spencer (1993), p. 444.
20. Spencer (2002), p. 316.
21. Ibid., p. 319.
22. Clift on and Spencer (1993), p. 441.
23. Patten (1985), p. 9.
24. Cooper (1999), p. 127.
25. Cooper (1967), p. 92.
26. Fistere (1952), p. 166.
27. Junod (1999), p. 2.
28. “The Government Helps,” Derning Headlight, 11 September 1931.
29. Willis (1946), p. 20.
30. Haber (2002), chap. 5.
31. Turner (1970), p. 50.
32. Kallet and Schlink (1933), p. 13 and chap. 2.
33. http://www.fda.gov/oc/history.
34. Barton Hutt (1978), p. 517.
35. Martin (1954), p. 124.
36. Faunce (1953), p. 719.
37. Garstang (1954), pp. 94–95.
38. Fistere (1952), p. 167.
39. Barton Hutt (1978), p. 510.
40. Levenstein (1993), p. 101.
41. Long Beach Press Telegram, 10 January 1952; New Mexican, 29 May 1952; Frederick Post, 23 February 1952; Van Nuys News, 17 January 1952.
42. Quoted Levenstein (1993), p. 111.
43. Levenstein (1993), p. 113.
44. Turner (1970), p. 1.
45. Food, Drug and Cosmetics Law Journal, 1952, p. 32.
46. Levenstein (1993), p. 109.
47. Somers (1970), p. 85.
48. Levenstein (1993), p. 113.
49. FDA website, accessed 14 October 2006.
50. Degnan (1991), p. 554.
51. Food and Drug Law Journal, January 1959, p. 7.
52. Turner (1970), p. 8.
53. Junod (1999), p. 8.
54. Barton Hutt (1978), p. 533.
55. Turner (1970), p. 2.
56. http://www.nns.nih.gov/1969/.
57. White House (1969), p. 120.
58. Levenstein (1993), p. 13.
59. Ibid., p. 22.
60. Whitley (2006), chap. 1.
61. Levenstein (1993), pp. 22, 23.
62. “Enriched Bread Is Great Boon to National Diet,” Clearfield Progress, 17 April 1941.
63. Nestlé (2002), p. 302.
64. Spiekermann (2006), pp. 162–63.
65. Ibid., p. 163.
66. Syracuse Herald Journal, 1 August 1940, p. 29.
67. Ogden Standard, 22 March 1940, p. 28.
68. British Nutrition Foundation (1994), pp. 18–19.
69. Nestle (2002), p. 313.
70. http://www.newstarget.com.
71. “Vitamin Overdose.” New Scientist, 22 April 2000.
72. “Vitamin Deaths,” New Scientist, 24 November 2001.
73. White House (1969), pp. 118, 123.
74. Nestle (2002), p. 304.
75. http://www.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/health.
76. Nestle (2002), p. 314.
77. White House (1969), p. 123.
78. Ibid.
79. Food and Drug Law Journal (1970), p. 222.
80. Turner (1970), p. 5.
81. Levenstein (1993), p. 172.
82. Turner (1970), pp. 12–13.
83. “A New Sweetener, Discovered by Accident in the Lab, Goes on the Market,” New York Times, 19 March 1975.
84. Smyth (1982–83), p. 634.
85. “FDA Banning Saccharin Use on Cancer Links,” NewYork Times, 10 March 1977.
86. “Output Is Ending for Some Goods; Saccharin Substitutes to Be Used,” New York Times, 11 March 1977.
87. “ ‘Scientists Seek New Sweetener to Replace Saccharin,” New York Times, 9 April 1977.
88. Smyth (1982–83), p. 636.
89. Ibid., p. 638.
90. “Sweetener Manufacturer Disputes Validity of New Health Research,” Guardian, 30 September 2005.
91. See http://www.aspartamesafety.com.<
br />
92. Guardian, 30 September 2005.
93. See http://www.aspartame.info.
94. “Study Finds No Cancer Link to Sweetener,” New York Times, 8 April 2006.
95. Butchko (1997).
96. “Sainsbury’s Takes the Chemicals Out of Cola,” Daily Mail, 23 April 2007.
97. Hesser (2003), p. 25.
98. Pyke (1970), p. 130.
99. Flavour Industry, vol. 4, no. 3 (March 1973), p. 119.
100. International Flavours and Food Additives, vol. 7, no. 4 (July/August 1976), p. 173.
101. Flavour Industry, vol. 4, no. 5 (May 1973), p. 214.
102. http://www.givaudan.com; accessed October 2006.
103. Corbin (1986), p. 198; Suskind (1986), p. 39.
104. Pyke (1970), p. 106.
105. Flavour Industry, vol. 4, no. 5 (May 1973), p. 215.
106. Ziegler and Ziegler (1998), p. 325.
107. Clarke (1922), pp. 126, 121.
108. Reproduced from Pyke (1970), p. 97.
109. Lawrence (1986), p. 38.
110. Cannon (1989), p. 116.
111. Taylor (1980), p. 36.
112. Ziegler and Ziegler (1998), p. 662.
113. Staff of the Legislation Unit (2000), p. 6.
114. International Flavours and Food Additives, vol. 6, no. 5 (September/ October 1975), p. 297.
115. International Flavours and Food Additives, vol. 6, no. 4 (July/August 1975).
116. Flavour Industry, vol. 3, no. 10 (October 1972), p. 510.
117. Cited in Jacobsen (2005).
118. Flavour Industry, vol. 3, no. 10 (October 1972), p. 510.
119. Flavour Industry, vol. 6, no. 2 (February 1975).
120. Ziegler and Ziegler (1998), p. 369.
121. Flavour Industry, vol. 3, no. 10 (October 1972), p. 510.
122. Ziegler and Ziegler (1998), p. 496.
123. Flavour Industry, vol. 1, no. 11 (November 1970), p. 752.
124. Flavour Industry, vol. 6, no. 3 (March 1975).
125. Ziegler and Ziegler (1998), p. 1.
126. Cited Jacobsen (2005).
127. Flavour Industry, vol. 2, no. 11 (November 1971), p. 630.
128. Ziegler and Ziegler (1998), p. 211.
129. Ecott (2002), p. 211.
130. Staff of the Legislation Unit (2000), p. 16.
131. Taylor (1980), p. 44.
132. Ecott (2002), p. 212.
133. Ibid., p. 213.
134. Flavour Industry, vol. 3, no. 11 (November 1972), pp. 21–23.
135. Shlosser (2001), p. 127.
136. Flavour Industry, vol. 4, no. 8 (August 1973), pp. 334–36.
137. Nader (2000), pp. 261–65.
138. Ibid., p. 262.
139. Ibid., p. 263.
140. “Nader, the Man and the Legend,” Daily Times-News, Burlington, 12 August 1970.
141. “Nader’s Raiders,” The Times, 6 February 1971.
142. McCarry (1972), pp. 292–93.
143. “Nader’s Raiders.”
144. “2 Cereal Critics to Push Efforts,” New York Times, 7 August 1970.