H00102--00A, Front mat Genesis
Page 46
Tuck, A. 2002. The role of atmospheric aerosols in the origin of life. Surveys in Geophysics 23:379-409.
Uchihashi, T., T. Okada, Y. Sugawara, K. Yokoyama, and S. Morita. 1999. Self-assembled monolayer of adenine base on graphite studied by noncontact atomic force microscopy. Physical Review B 60:8309-8313.
Uematsu, M., and E. U. Franck. 1981. Static dielectric constant of water and steam. Journal of Physical and Chemical Reference Data 9:1291-1306 (Note: volume is dated 1980).
Updike, J. 1986. Roger’s Version. New York: Fawcett Crest.
320
GENESIS
Urey, H. C. 1951. The origin and develoment of the earth and other terrestrial planets.
Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 1:209-277.
Urey, H. C. 1952. On the early chemical history of the Earth and the origin of life. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 38:351-363.
Urey, H. C. 1966. Biological material in meteorites: A review. Science 151:157-166.
van Zuilen, M. A., A. Lepland, and G. Arrhenius. 2002. Reassessing the evidence for the earliest traces of life. Nature 418:627-630.
Von Baeyer, H. C. 1998. Maxwell’s Demon: Why Warmth Disperses and Time Passes. New York: Random House.
Von Damm, K. L. 1999. Life on Earth. Chemical and Engineering News 78(Oct. 11): 123-124.
Von Kiedrowski, G. 1986. A self-replicating hexadeoxynucleotide. Angewandt Chemie International Edition English 25:932-935.
von Nägeli, C. 1884. Mechanische-Physiologische Theorie der Abstammungslehre. Munich/
Leipzig, Germany: Oldenbourg.
Wächtershäuser, G. 1988a. Pyrite formation, the first energy source for life: A hypothesis.
Systematic Applied Microbiology 10:207-210.
Wächtershäuser, G. 1988b. Before enzymes and templates: Theory of surface metabolism.
Microbology Review 52:452-484.
Wächtershäuser, G. 1990a. Evolution of the first metabolic cycles. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 87:200-204.
Wächtershäuser, G. 1990b. The case for the chemoautotrophic origin of life in an iron-sulfur world. Origins of Life and Evolution of the Biosphere 20:173-176.
Wächtershäuser, G. 1991. Biomolecules: The origin of their optical activity. Medical Hypotheses 36:307-311.
Wächtershäuser, G. 1992. Groundworks for an evolutionary biochemistry: The iron-sulfur world. Progress in Biophysics and Molecular Biology 58:85-201.
Wächtershäuser, G. 1993. The cradle chemistry of life: On the origin of natural products in a pyrite-pulled chemoautotrophic origin of life. Pure and Applied Chemistry 65:1343-1348.
Wächtershäuser, G. 1994. Life in a ligand sphere. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 92:4283-4287.
Wächtershäuser, G. 1997. The origin of life and its methodological challenge. Journal of Theoretical Biology 187:483-494.
Wächtershäuser, G. 2000. Life as we don’t know it. Science 289:1307-1308.
Wald, G. 1954. The origin of life. Scientific American 191(2):44-53.
Waldrop, M. M. 1992. Complexity: The Emerging Science at the Edge of Order and Chaos.
New York: Simon and Schuster.
Walker, J. C. G. 1986. Carbon dioxide on the early Earth. Origins of Life and Evolution of the Biosphere 16:117-127.
Walter, M. R. (editor). 1976. Stromatolites. Amsterdam: Elsevier.
Walter, M. R. 1983. Archean stromatolites: Evidence of the Earth’s earliest benthos. In J. W.
Schopf (editor) , Earth’s Earliest Biosphere. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, pp. 187-213.
Walter, M. R., J. Bauld, and T. Brock. 1972. Siliceous algal and bacterial stromatolites in hot spring and geyser effluents of Yellowstone National Park. Science 178:402-405.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
321
Watson, J. D., and F. H. Crick. 1953. A structure for deoxyribose nucleic acid. Nature 171:737-738.
Weber, A. 1982. Formation of pyrophosphate on hydroxyapatite with thioesters as condensing agents. BioSystems 15:183-189.
Weber, A. 1995. Prebiotic polymerization: Oxidative polymerization of 2,3-dimercapto-1-propanol on the surface of iron(III) hydroxide oxide. Origins of Life and Evolution of the Biosphere 25:53-60.
Westbrook, R. H. 1974. John Turberville Needham. In C. C. Gillispie (editor), Dictionary of Scientific Biography, Vol. X. New York: Scribners, pp. 9-11.
Westheimer, F. H. 1987. Why nature chose phosphates. Science 235:1173-1178.
Wharton, D. A. 2002. Life at the Limits: Organisms in Extreme Environments. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Whitehouse, M. 2000. Time constraints on when life began: The oldest record of life on Earth? Newsletter of the Geochemical Society (103):10-14.
Whitfield, J. 2004. It’s life … isn’t it? Nature 430:288-290.
Wicken, J. S. 1987. Evolution, Thermodynamics, and Information. New York: Oxford University Press.
Wills, C., and J. L. Bada. 2000. The Spark of Life: Darwin and the Primeval Soup. Cambridge, MA: Perseus.
Wilson, C., and J. W. Szostak. 1995. In vitro evolution of a self-alkylating ribozyme. Nature 374:777-785.
Wilson, E. K. 1996. Earth had life earlier than previously thought. Chemical and Engineering News 74(Nov. 11):10.
Wilson, E. K. 1998. Go forth and multiply. Chemical and Engineering News 76(Dec. 7): 40-44.
Wilson, M. 2003. Where do carbon atoms reside within Earth’s mantle? Physics Today 56(10):21-22.
Winkler, W., A. Nahvi, and R. R. Breaker. 2002. Thiamine derivatives bind messenger RNAs directly to regulate bacterial gene expression. Nature 419:952-956.
Winkler, W., A. Nahvi, A. Roth, J. A. Collins, and R. R. Breaker. 2004. Control of gene expression by a natural metabolite-responsive ribozyme. Nature 428:281-286.
Wintner, E. A., Conn, M. M. , and Rebek, J., Jr. 1994. Self-replicating molecules: A second generation. Journal of the American Chemical Society 116:8877-8884.
Witham, L. A. 2002. Where Darwin Meets the Bible: Creationists and Evolutionists in America. New York: Oxford University Press.
Wittung, P., P. E. Nielsen, O. Buchardt, M. Egholm, and B. Norden. 1994. DNA-like double helix formed by peptide nucleic acid. Nature 368:561-563.
Woese, C. R. 1967. The Genetic Code. New York: Harper & Row.
Woese, C. R. 1978. A proposal concerning the origin of life on the planet Earth. Journal of Molecular Evolution 13:95-101.
Woese, C. R. 1987. Bacterial evolution. Microbiology Review 51:221-271.
Woese, C. R. 1998. The universal ancestor. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 95:6854-6859.
Woese, C. R. 2000. Interpreting the universal phylogenetic tree. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 97:8392-8396.
322
GENESIS
Woese, C. R. 2002. On the evolution of cells. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 99:8742-8747.
Woese, C. R., and G. E. Fox. 1977. Phylogenetic structure of the prokaryotic domain: The primary kingdoms. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 74:5088-5090.
Wöhler, F. 1828. On the artificial production of urea. Annalen der Physik und Chemie, 88:253-256.
Wolfenden, R., and M. J. Snider. 2001. The depth of chemical time and the power of enzymes as catalysts. Accounts of Chemical Research 34:938-945.
Wolfram, S. 2002. A New Kind of Science. Champaign, IL: Wolfram Media, Inc.
Yamagata, Y., H. Watanabe, M. Saitoh, and T. Namba. 1991. Volcanic production of
polyphosphates and its relevance to prebiotic evolution. Nature 352:516-519.
Yao, S., Ghosh, I., Zutshi, R., and Chmielewski, J. 1997. A pH-modulated, self-replicating peptide. Journal of the American Chemical Society 119:10559-10560.
Ycas, M. 1955. A note on the origin of life. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 41:714-716.
Yoder, H. S., Jr. 1950. High-low quartz inversion up to 10,000 bars. Transactions of the American Geophysical Union 31:821-835.
Yoder,
H. S., Jr. 2004. Centennial History of the Carnegie Institution of Washington. Volume III. The Geophysical Laboratory. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Zaug, A. J., and T. R. Cech. 1986. The intervening sequence RNA of Tetrahymenia is an enzyme. Science 231:470-475.
Zettler, L. A. A., F. Gómez, E. Zettler, B. G. Keenan, R. Amils, and M. I. Sogin. 2002. Eukaryotic diversity in Spain’s river of fire. Nature 417:137.
Zimmer, C. 1993. The first cell. Discover (Nov.):73-78.
Zimmer, C. 2004. What came before DNA? Discover (June):34-41.
Zubay, G., and T. Mui. 2001. Prebiotic synthesis of nucleotides. Origins of Life and Evolution of the Biosphere 31:87-102.
Index
A
as catalysts, 283
chirality, 167, 168, 172, 176, 181,
Abiosignatures, 31, 67, 68
183, 277
Acetate, 207, 208, 209–210, 211, 212, 283
in hydrothermal environments, 98,
Aconitate, 211, 212
108–111, 115, 264, 269
Adenine, 91, 195, 231
long-chain, 117, 135
Adenine–naphthalene–imide molecule,
macromolecule formation, 156
194
and metabolic protolife, 199, 200,
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP), 64, 276,
201, 202, 210
281
from meteorites, 123–124, 271, 274,
Aerosol life, 151–153, 275
277
Akilia rocks, 59–60, 258
Miller–Urey experiment, 86–90, 91,
Alanine, 108–109, 168, 208
93, 112, 262, 263
Alaska, Arctic “patterned grounds,” 22
mineral bonding to, 115–116, 268
Alberts, Bruce, 268
peptide formation, 117, 124, 194,
Allamandola, Louis, 122, 146, 148–149,
222
223, 262, 270
polymerization on mineral surfaces,
Allan Hills meteorites, 33–37, 45, 62, 70,
157, 158, 199, 207
72–73, 254, 255
racemization, 181, 278
Altman, Sidney, 216–217
sample preparation, 183–184
Aluminum, 159, 160, 162, 277
Strecker synthesis, 91
Alvin (submersible), 1, 96–97
thioester bonding, 202
Alzheimer’s disease, 19
from ultracold reactions, 92
Ambulocetus, 78, 79
Ammonia, 87, 89, 91, 92, 93, 108, 115,
Amherst College, 70
118, 134, 205, 208, 261, 262
Amino acids, 64, 75. See also individual Ant colonies, 12, 13, 14, 15, 19, 20
amino acids
Antarctic Search for Meteorites
antiquity of, 131
program, 254
323
324
INDEX
Anthracene, 69–71
Bak, Per, 16
Antibody tests for microbe fossils, 74–
Bangham, Alex, 144, 146
75
Barbrook, Adrian, 137
Apatite, 59
Baross, John, 97–98, 99, 264
Apex Chert fossils, xi, 39–45, 55, 56, 255
Bartel, David, 238
Arabinose, 136
Basilosaurus, 78, 79
Archaea, 139–141
Behe, Michael, 80
Archean eon, 39, 189, 262, 264, 275, 276
Belousov–Zhabotinski systems, 248
Aristotle, 83
Bénard cells, 248
Armstrong, Karen, 129, 272
Benner, Steven, 261
Arrhenius, Gustaf, 159–160, 252, 258,
Bernal, John Desmond, 157, 276
262, 267
Bernstein, Max, 223, 287–288
Artificial intelligence, 27
Biofilms, x, 72. See also Flat life
Artificially Expanded Genetic
Biomolecules
Information System (AEGIS),
antibodies, 74
287
antiquity of, 131
Aspartic acid, 176–185
assembly, 1, 62, 110–111, 127, 167;
Asteroids, 31–32, 36, 105, 123–124, 139,
see also Macromolecules
141, 253–254
from asteroid, meteor, or comet
Atmospheric aerosols, 151–153, 275
impact, 123–124, 271
Australian Centre for Astrobiology, 55,
emergence of, 81–127
56
essential elements, 85
Australian Geological Survey
evolution, 81, 113, 117–118
Organisation, 65
handedness, 64, 136; see also
Australian National University, 146
Chirality and chiral molecules
Autocatalytic
hydrocarbons, 61–62, 64
cycle, 202
hydrothermal origins and, 110–111
networks, 197–198, 280
from igneous rock, 124–126
vesicles, 144
key compounds, 134–135, 153, 208
Autotrophic life, 112, 139, 141, 205–
Miller–Urey experiment, 86–90, 91,
206, 281, 282
93
Awramik, Stan, 256
minimal concentration, 19
modular design, 134
multiple-source hypothesis, 127, 272
B
number of compounds, 61, 110–111
polycyclic carbon compounds, 62–
Bacteria, x. See also Microbes
63, 64, 65–67, 69–71
genetic engineering, 136–137
productive environments, 121–127
magnetotactic, 35, 36
self-organization, 81, 86, 117, 142,
organic molecules in E. coli, 272
170
photosynthesizing, 55, 67; see also
self-replicating, 86, 169, 172
Cyanobacteria
signatures of life, 64, 65–67
phylogenetic analysis, 139–140
space origins, 121–123
testing fossils for, 40
stability, 64, 68, 71
Bada, Jeffrey, 87, 107, 109–110, 113, 262,
sterols, 63–64, 65, 68, 70, 75
271, 278–279
INDEX
325
synthesis pathways, 63–64, 86–90,
C-12:C-13 ratio, 53–59, 67–68, 257,
91, 210
258
ultracold environments, 92, 122–123
electron microprobe analysis of
Biosignatures
fossils, 49–53
anthracene:phenanthrene ratio, 69–
Fischer–Tropsch synthesis, 43, 118
71
fixation, 117–119
C-12:C-13 isotope ratio, 53–59, 67–
in hydrothermal conditions, 3–8
68, 258
inorganic vs. organic, 42–43, 131,
hopanes, 65–67, 68
135–136
ideal characteristics, 68
isotope analysis, 53–59, 257
molecular, 64, 65–71
mapping fossils, 49–53, 55, 257
oldest markers, 66–67
polycyclic compounds, 62–63, 64,
Biosphere 2, 99
65–67, 69–71
Black chert fossils, 39, 43, 49, 51, 55–56
Raman spectroscopy, 43
Blank, Jennifer, 123–124
Carbon dioxide, 3, 93, 108, 110–111,
Blue marl, 17–18
117, 118, 205, 206, 207, 208, 210,
BOIDS program, 15, 249
211, 262
Bovine serum albumin (BSA), 74
Carbon monoxide, 113, 118, 122, 148
Boyce, Kevin, 51, 53
Carbonate minerals, 34–35, 36, 54
Brain, hum
an, 14, 20–21. See also
Carboxylic acids, 125–126
Consciousness
Carnegie Institution Department of
Brandes, Jay, 115
Terrestrial Magnetism, 179–180
Brasier, Martin, xi, 40–44, 256, 257
Carnegie Institution Geophysical
Briggs, Derek, 257
Laboratory, xii, 2, 90, 108
British Nuclear Fuels Ltd., 72
carbon isotope analysis, 56–57
Burgess Shale, 54, 70, 257
detector for Martian life, 75
electron microprobe analysis of
fossils, 49–52
C
gold-tube experiments, 4–6, 108,
118, 207, 211
Cairns-Smith, A. G. (Graham), 160–
lecturers, 104–105, 114, 256
164, 171, 216, 249, 276–277
work environment, 73
Calcite, 174–186
Catalysts, 3
Calcium, 151, 159
amino acids as, 283
California Institute of Technology, 126,
enzymes, 210
199
minerals as, 118–119
Calvert Cliffs Miocene formations, 17–
small molecule, 283
18, 250
Catastrophists, 28, 253
Cambridge University, 137, 146
Cech, Thomas, 216–217
The Canterbury Tales, 137–138, 273
Cellular life, 131, 152, 189, 239, 253
Carbohydrates, 96, 135, 153, 156, 202
Cellulose, 273
Carbon. See also individual compounds
Center for Radiophysics and Space
Akilia rock formation, 59–60
Research, 102
biogenic coals, 70, 258
Central European University, 99
biomolecular assembly, 1, 131
Cerion (Bahamian land snail), 181–182,
185–186
326
INDEX
Chance versus necessity, xiii–xiv, 191,
Clay life
247
“crystal genes,” 161–162, 164, 165
Chaucer, Geoffrey, 137, 138
evolution and natural selection,
Chemolithoautotroph, 282
160–161, 163, 164
Chirality and chiral molecules
experiments, 157–158, 276
amino acids, 167, 168, 172, 176, 181,
hypothesis, 160–164, 276–277
183, 277
testable features of, 164–165
beta decay events and, 168, 278
Cleland, Carol, 30
calcite–amino acid experiments,
Climate change, 181
176–186
Clinton administration, 34, 254
chromatographic analysis, 177–179
CO dehydrogenase, 284
dating applications, 181, 182