by Clay Risen
7 Huntington, pp. 222–30.
8 Edward M. Coffman, The Old Army: A Portrait of the American Army in Peacetime, 1784–1898 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1986), p. 216.
9 Ibid., p. 404.
10 Graham A. Cosmas, An Army for Empire: The United States Army in the Spanish-American War (Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1971), p. 88.
11 Alger, p. 7; Coffman, The Old Army, p. 5.
12 Trask, pp. 104–7.
13 A. C. M. Azoy, Charge! The Story of the Battle of San Juan Hill (New York: Longmans, Green, 1961), p. 26.
14 Alger, p. 7; “Letter from Theodore Westwood Miller to Mina Miller (Mrs. Thomas A.) Edison, April 22nd, 1898,” Edison Papers Digital Edition, http://edison.rutgers.edu/digital/items/show/146758, accessed June 1, 2018; “Letter from Theodore Westwood Miller to Mina Miller (Mrs. Thomas A.) Edison, May 12th, 1898,” Edison Papers Digital Edition, http://edison.rutgers.edu/digital/items/show/146761, accessed June 1, 2018.
15 Lewis L. Gould, The Spanish-American War and President McKinley (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1982), p. 12; New York Sun, April 22, 1898; White cited in Frank Freidel, The Splendid Little War: The Dramatic Story of the Spanish-American War (New York: Little, Brown, 1958), p. 27.
16 White cited in Freidel, p. 28; Alger, p. 16.
17 Clark, Preparing for War, p. 167.
18 Stephen Bonsal, The Fight for Santiago: The Story of the Soldier in the Cuban Campaign from Tampa to the Surrender (London: Doubleday & McClure, 1899), p. xix.
19 Alger, p. 44.
20 Paul H. Carlson, “Pecos Bill”: A Military Biography of William R. Shafter (College Station: Texas A&M University Press, 1989), pp. 11–21.
21 Ibid., p. 80.
22 Ibid., pp. 7–30; 80–102.
23 Ibid., pp. 89–120, 163; Arthur Lee, “A Good Innings”: The Private Papers of Viscount Lee of Fareham, ed. Alan Clark (London: William Clowes & Sons, 1974), p. 64.
24 Roosevelt, An Autobiography, pp. 475–76.
25 Ibid., p. 480.
26 Ibid., p. 476.
27 Roosevelt, The Letters of Theodore Roosevelt, p. 821.
28 Harvard Crimson, Harvard Volunteers, 1898 (Cambridge: Harvard Crimson, 1898), p. 38.
29 Ibid.; J. O. Wells, Diary of a Rough Rider (St. Joseph, Mich.: A. B. Morse, n.d.), pp. 4–5.
30 James Church, “Research Materials for the Rough Riders,” Hermann Hagedorn Collection, Theodore Roosevelt Collection, Houghton Library, Harvard University.
31 Reminiscences of Jesse Langdon, Oral History Collection, Columbia University.
32 Roosevelt, An Autobiography, p. 480.
33 Roosevelt, The Letters of Theodore Roosevelt, p. 829.
34 Dale L. Walker, The Boys of ’98: Theodore Roosevelt and the Rough Riders (New York: Forge, 1998), p. 108; Roosevelt Diary entry, May 12, 1898, Hermann Hagedorn Collection, Theodore Roosevelt Collection, Houghton Library, Harvard University.
Chapter 5: “This Untailor-Made Roughness”
1 San Antonio Daily Light, May 6, 1898.
2 Ibid.
3 Hagedorn, Leonard Wood, pp. 25–27.
4 Ibid., p. 43.
5 Ibid., p. 52.
6 Paul Andrew Hutton, The Apache Wars: The Hunt for Geronimo, the Apache Kid, and the Captive Boy Who Started the Longest War in American History (New York: Crown, 2016), p. 346.
7 Washington Herald, May 10, 1914; Hagedorn, Leonard Wood, p. 71; Hutton, p. 77.
8 Hutton, pp. 419–20.
9 Hagedorn, Leonard Wood, p. 132.
10 Roosevelt, The Rough Riders, p. 18; Gardner, p. 26.
11 Lewis F. Fisher, Saving San Antonio: The Preservation of a Heritage (San Antonio: Maverick Books, 2016), p. 25.
12 Ibid., p. 26.
13 Emmett, p. 84.
14 Charles Herner, The Arizona Rough Riders (Prescott, Ariz.: Sharlot Hall Museum Press, 1998), pp. 10–12.
15 Ibid., pp. 12–14.
16 Ibid., pp. 34–40.
17 Chicago Record, War Stories by Staff Correspondents in the Field (Chicago: Chicago Record, 1898), p 150.
18 Ibid.
19 Herner, p. 41; “Biography of Alvin Ash,” Alvin Ash Papers, Box 1, Fray Angélico Chávez History Library; Royal Prentice, “The Rough Riders,” New Mexico Historical Review 26, no. 4 (October 1951): 266.
20 Arthur Cosby, “A Rough Rider Looks Back,” p. 20. Unpublished copy available in the Hermann Hagedorn Collection, Theodore Roosevelt Collection, Houghton Library, Harvard University.
21 John Campbell Greenway, It Was the Grandest Sight I Ever Saw: Experiences of a Rough Rider Recorded in the Letters of Lieutenant John Campbell Greenway, ed. Charles Herner (Tucson: Arizona Historical Society, 2001), pp. 4–5.
22 Las Vegas Daily Optic, December 13, 1973; for examples of attitudes in the Southwest toward Cuba and Spain, see “A Rough Rider’s Recollections of the Cuban Campaign After 50 Years,” in Royal Prentice Papers, Fray Angélico Chávez History Library; El Paso Daily Herald, April 20, 1898.
23 Arizona Republic, May 19, 1898; Herner, p. 50.
24 Gardner, p. 23.
25 Dale Walker, “Arizona’s Buckey O’Neill and the Rough Riders,” Montana: The Magazine of Western History 21, no. 1 (Winter 1971): 60–71.
26 New York Sun, August 7, 1898; Thomas Ledwidge, “Research Materials for the Rough Riders,” Hermann Hagedorn Collection, Theodore Roosevelt Collection, Houghton Library, Harvard University.
27 Herner, p. 68; “A Rough Rider’s Recollections of the Cuban Campaign After 50 Years,” in Royal Prentice Papers, Fray Angélico Chávez History Library; Emmett, p. 112.
28 San Antonio Daily Light, May 13, 1898; Gardner, p. 48.
29 John C. Rayburn, “The Rough Riders in San Antonio, 1898,” Arizona and the West 3, no. 2 (Summer 1961): 125–26.
30 Ibid.
31 San Antonio Daily Express, May 26, 1898; George Curry, George Curry, 1861–1947: An Autobiography, ed. H. B. Hening (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1958), p. 122. The chorus to the song went:
When you hear
Dem-a bells go ding, ling, ling
All join round
And sweetly you must sing.
And when the verse am through
In the chorus all join in,
There’ll be a hot time
In the old town tonight.
32 Hall, p. 29; San Antonio Daily Light, May 25, 1898.
33 Curry, p. 122; Emmett, p. 87.
34 San Antonio Daily Express, May 11, 1898.
35 Wells, p. 7; Rayburn, pp. 118, 124.
36 Tom Hall, The Fun and Fighting of the Rough Riders (New York: Frederick A. Stokes Co., 1899), p. 8; Roosevelt Diary, May 21, 1898, Hermann Hagedorn Collection, Theodore Roosevelt Collection, Houghton Library, Harvard University.
37 Hall, p. 12.
38 Ibid., p. 11.
39 Ibid., p. 38.
40 Emmett, p. 80; James Brown, “Research Materials for the Rough Riders,” Hermann Hagedorn Collection, Theodore Roosevelt Collection, Houghton Library, Harvard University.
41 Chicago Record, p. 152; Brown, “Research Materials for the Rough Riders.”
42 San Antonio Daily Express, May 16, 1898.
43 Emmett, p. 107. The sword is on display at Sagamore Hill National Historic Site.
44 Billy McGinty, “Research Materials for the Rough Riders,” Hermann Hagedorn Collection, Theodore Roosevelt Collection, Houghton Library, Harvard University.
45 Roosevelt, The Rough Riders, pp. 25, 39.
46 Ibid, p. 32.
47 Curry, p. 122.
48 Prentice, “The Rough Riders,” p. 269; Cosby, p. 29.
49 Prentice, “The Rough Riders,” p. 269; Frank P. Hayes, “Research Materials for the Rough Riders,” Hermann Hagedorn Collection, Theodore Roosevelt Collection, Houghton Library, Harvard University.
50
Hall, p. 45; Corinne Roosevelt Robinson, My Brother Theodore Roosevelt (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1921), p. 167.
51 Sherrard Coleman, “Research Materials for the Rough Riders,” Hermann Hagedorn Collection, Theodore Roosevelt Collection, Houghton Library, Harvard University.
52 Leonard Wood, “Research Materials for the Rough Riders,” Hermann Hagedorn Collection, Theodore Roosevelt Collection, Houghton Library, Harvard University; Curry, p. 123.
53 Trask, pp. 162–71.
54 “Biography of Alvin Ash,” Box 1, Alvin Ash Papers, Box 1, Fray Angélico Chávez History Library.
55 Letter from Leonard Wood to William McKinley, May 22, 1898, Leonard Wood Papers, Library of Congress.
56 Letter from Theodore Roosevelt to unknown addressee, May 8, 1898, Hermann Hagedorn Collection, Theodore Roosevelt Collection, Houghton Library, Harvard University.
57 Herner, p. 65.
58 Benjamin Colbert, “Research Materials for the Rough Riders,” Hermann Hagedorn Collection, Theodore Roosevelt Collection, Houghton Library, Harvard University.
Chapter 6: “A Perfect Welter of Confusion”
1 Roosevelt, The Rough Riders, p. 44.
2 Ibid, p. 45; San Antonio Daily Express, May 30, 1898.
3 Henry La Motte, “With the Rough Riders,” St. Nicholas, July 1899, p. 730.
4 Douglas Brinkley, The Wilderness Warrior: Theodore Roosevelt and the Crusade for America (New York: HarperCollins, 2009), p. 317; Roosevelt, The Rough Riders, pp. 43–44.
5 Guy Le Stourgeon, San Antonio Daily Light, June 8, 1898; Frank P. Hayes, “Research Materials for the Rough Riders,” Hermann Hagedorn Collection, Theodore Roosevelt Collection, Houghton Library, Harvard University.
6 Guy Le Stourgeon, San Antonio Daily Light, June 4, 1898; Cosby, p. 46.
7 Roosevelt, The Rough Riders, p. 46; Trask, p. 181.
8 Hall, p. 66; Charles Johnson Post, The Little War of Private Post: The Spanish-American War Seen Up Close (New York: Little, Brown, 1966; rpt., Bison Books, 1999), p. 15; Hall, p. 67.
9 “Rough Riders,” Country Roads Magazine, February 22, 2017, http://countryroadsmagazine.com/art-and-culture/history/rough-riders-john-avery-mcilhenny-tabasco/, accessed April 4, 2018; Shane K. Bernard, Tabasco: An Illustrated History (Avery Island, La.: McIlhenny Company, 2007), pp. 68–74; Mary Eliza Avery McIlhenny, [Avery Island, La.], to Mrs. Sidney Bradford [Mary Avery McIlhenny Bradford], New Orleans, La., June 2, 1898, McIlhenny Company Archives, Avery Island, La.
10 Guy Le Stourgeon, San Antonio Daily Light, June 6, 1898.
11 Vincent, ed., pp. 69, 77.
12 Ibid.
13 Ibid, p. 78.
14 Ibid.
15 Ibid., pp. 79–80.
16 Ibid., pp. 81–82.
17 La Motte, “With the Rough Riders,” p. 730; Hall, p. 29.
18 Roosevelt, The Rough Riders, p. 47.
19 Curry, p. 123.
20 Roosevelt, The Rough Riders, p. 47.
21 Ibid.; George Kennan, Campaigning in Cuba (New York: The Century Co., 1899), p. 1; Richard Harding Davis, “The Rocking-Chair Period of the War,” Scribner’s, August 1898, p. 132; French Ensor Chadwick, The Relations of the United States and Spain: The Spanish-American War (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1911), p. 3.
22 For an overview of the Tampa area and the buildup during the war, see “Florida and the Spanish-American War of 1898,” https://www.floridamemory.com/onlineclassroom/spanish-american-war/, accessed September 28, 2018.
23 Cosmas, p. 14.
24 William H. Landon, The U.S. Army’s Deployment to the Spanish American War and Our Future Strategic Outlook (Strategy Research Project: U.S. Army War College, 1998), p. 8.
25 Bonsal, The Fight for Santiago, p. 51; Edward Ranson, “British Military and Naval Observers in the Spanish-American War,” Journal of American Studies 3, no. 1 (July 1969): 37; Diary, Box 2, Leonard Wood Papers, Library of Congress.
26 Susan R. Braden, The Architecture of Leisure: The Florida Resort Hotels of Henry Flagler and Henry Plant (Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 2002), pp. 258–60.
27 Ibid., pp. 13, 274–76; Davis, “The Rocking-Chair Period of the War,” p. 132.
28 Richard Harding Davis, The Cuban and Porto Rican Campaigns (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1898), pp. 58, 60; Ranson, “British Military and Naval Observers in the Spanish-American War,” p. 33.
29 Letter from Richard Harding Davis to Rebecca Davis, June 1, 1898, Richard Harding Davis Papers, University of Virginia.
30 Davis, “The Rocking-Chair Period of the War,” p. 133.
31 Davis, The Cuban and Porto Rican Campaigns, p. 56; Lee, p. 61.
32 Stacy A. Cordery, “The Precious Minutes Before the Crowded Hour: Edith and Theodore R in Tampa, 1898,” Theodore Roosevelt Association Journal 31, no. 1–2 (Winter/Spring 2010): 22–31.
33 Vincent, ed., pp. 89–91.
34 Wells, p. 20.
35 Brinkley, p. 322; Guy Le Stourgeon, San Antonio Daily Light, June 12, 1898.
36 Cordery, p. 26; La Motte, “With the Rough Riders,” p. 731.
37 Cosby, pp. 50, 56.
38 Richard Harding Davis, Adventures and Letters of Richard Harding Davis (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1917), pp. 240–41.
39 Letter from Richard Harding Davis to Charles Davis, n.d., Richard Harding Davis Papers, University of Virginia.
40 Post, p. 58; Walker, p. 140.
41 Willard B. Gatewood Jr., “Negro Troops in Florida 1898,” The Florida Historical Quarterly 49, no. 1 (July 1970): 4.
42 New York Sun, June 10, 1898; Edward A. Johnson, History of Negro Soldiers in the Spanish-American War, and Other Items of Interest (Raleigh, N.C.: Capital Printing Co., 1899); p. 23.
43 Gatewood, p. 15.
44 John P. Dyer, From Shiloh to San Juan: The Life of “Fightin’ Joe” Wheeler (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1941), p. 220.
45 Bonsal, The Fight for Santiago, p. 57; Frank P. Hayes, “Research Materials for the Rough Riders,” Hermann Hagedorn Collection, Theodore Roosevelt Collection, Houghton Library, Harvard University.
46 Trask, pp. 135–36.
47 Ibid.
48 Ibid.
49 Bonsal, The Fight for Santiago, p. 65; Cosmas, p. 185; Long, America of Yesterday, p. 192; Frank P. Hayes, “Research Materials for the Rough Riders,” Hermann Hagedorn Collection, Theodore Roosevelt Collection, Houghton Library, Harvard University; Curry, p. 125; Roosevelt, The Rough Riders, p. 50.
50 Vincent, ed., pp. 94–95.
51 Edmund Morris, The Rise of Theodore Roosevelt, p. 657; Trask, p. 175.
52 Roosevelt, The Rough Riders, p. 50; Vincent, ed., p. 97; La Motte, “With the Rough Riders,” p. 732.
53 Roosevelt, The Rough Riders, p. 50; Post, p. 85.
54 Landon, p, 17; Cosmas, p. 187; Clara Barton, The Red Cross: In Peace and War (Washington, D.C.: The American Historical Press, 1906), p. 552.
55 Roosevelt, The Rough Riders, p. 54; Report of the Commission Appointed by the President to Investigate the Conduct of the War Department in the War with Spain (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1900), p. 3606; Trask, p. 659.
56 The photojournalist Ron Coddington has collected many of these photos in a series of books, including Faces of the Civil War: An Album of Union Soldiers and Their Stories (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2004).
57 Chicago Record, p. 100.
58 Vincent, ed., pp. 99–100; La Motte, “With the Rough Riders,” p. 733.
59 Landon, p. 17; John David Miley, In Cuba with Shafter (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1899), pp. 23, 44, 45; Correspondence Relating to the War with Spain and Conditions Growing out of the Same, Including the Insurrection in the Philippine Islands and the China Expedition (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1902), p. 540.
Chapter 7: “Who W
ould Not Risk His Life for a Star?”
1 Letter from Richard Harding Davis to Lemuel Davis, n.d., Richard Harding Davis Papers, University of Virginia; Roosevelt, The Letters of Theodore Roosevelt, p. 843.
2 Freidel, p. 54.
3 Davis, The Cuban and Port Rican Campaigns, p. 91; Private St. Louis (Alfred Petty), Forty Years After (Boston: Chapman & Grimes, 1940), p. 27; Lee cited in Ranson, pp. 39–40; Freidel, pp. 56–57.
4 Roosevelt, The Letters of Theodore Roosevelt, p. 837; Vincent, ed., p. 99; Davis, The Cuban and Porto Rican Campaigns, p. 94.
5 Vincent, ed., p. 99; Report of the Commission Appointed by the President to Investigate the Conduct of the War Department in the War with Spain (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1899), p. 499; Kennan, Campaigning in Cuba, p. 47.
6 James Church, “Research Materials for the Rough Riders,” Hermann Hagedorn Collection, Theodore Roosevelt Collection, Houghton Library, Harvard University.
7 “Biography of Alvin Ash,” Box 1, Ash Papers, Fray Angélico Chávez History Library.
8 Frank P. Hayes, “Research Materials for the Rough Riders,” Hermann Hagedorn Collection, Theodore Roosevelt Collection, Houghton Library, Harvard University; John G. Wilner Jr., “Research Materials for the Rough Riders,” ibid.; Trask, p. 195.
9 Vincent, ed., p. 101.
10 Frank P. Hayes, “Research Materials for the Rough Riders,” Hermann Hagedorn Collection, Theodore Roosevelt Collection, Houghton Library, Harvard University; New York Times, June 29, 1898.
11 Billy McGinty, Oklahoma Rough Rider: Bill McGinty’s Own Story, eds. Jim Fulbright and Albert Stehno (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2008), p. 16; Roosevelt, The Rough Riders, p. 56.
12 Vincent, ed., p. 111; Sherrard Coleman, “Research Materials for the Rough Riders,” Hermann Hagedorn Collection, Theodore Roosevelt Collection, Houghton Library, Harvard University; Capron cited in Chicago Record, p. 99.
13 “Biography of Alvin Ash,” Box 1, Ash Papers, Fray Angélico Chávez History Library; Lubow, p. 55; “A Rough Rider’s Recollections of the Cuban Campaign After 50 Years,” Box 1, Royal Prentice Papers, Fray Angélico Chávez History Library.