by Clay Risen
14 Theodore Roosevelt, Theodore Roosevelt’s Letters to His Children, ed. Joseph Bucklin Bishop (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1919), p. 15; Post, p. 85; “Biography of Alvin Ash,” Box 1, Ash Papers, Fray Angélico Chávez History Library; letter from Leonard Wood to Louise Condit Smith, Leonard Wood Papers, Library of Congress.
15 Roosevelt, The Rough Riders, pp. 58–60.
16 The dispute is described in Lubow, p. 164. Davis had likewise written a scathing piece about the war preparations, but he carefully limited his criticism to the non-Rooseveltian volunteers.
17 Leslie’s Weekly, June 23, 1898, p. 23; Daily Astorian, July 2, 1898.
18 Leslie’s Weekly, April 28, 1898, p. 260; Leslie’s Weekly, June 16, 1898, p. 395.
19 Michael Kazin, A Godly Hero: The Life of William Jennings Bryan (New York: Anchor, 2007), p. 88.
20 William Jennings Bryan, The Life and Speeches of the Honorable William Jennings Bryan (Baltimore: R. H. Woodward, 1900), p. 59.
21 Walter Hines Page, “The War with Spain and After,” Atlantic Monthly, June 1898, p. 725.
22 Manchester Guardian, May 9, 1898; Daily Telegraph, May 10, 1898; London Spectator, July 25, 1898.
23 Reprinted in the Cameron County Press, June 30, 1898.
Chapter 8: “No Country on the Earth More Beautiful”
1 Harrie Irving Hancock, What One Man Saw: Being the Personal Impressions of a War Correspondent in Cuba (New York: Street & Smith, 1900), p. 26.
2 Frank P. Hayes, “Research Materials for the Rough Riders,” Hermann Hagedorn Collection, Theodore Roosevelt Collection, Houghton Library, Harvard University.
3 Cited in Ranson, p. 42.
4 Foner, p. 349.
5 San Francisco Call, June 26, 1898; Foner, p. 350.
6 Cited in Freidel, p. 62.
7 American Review of Reviews, August 1898, p. 168; Roosevelt quoted in Chicago Record, p. 97; Prentice, “The Rough Riders,” pp. 273–74.
8 Chicago Record, p. 54.
9 Ibid.
10 Hall, p. 110; Hancock, p. 5; Freidel, p. 64.
11 “US Order of Battle,” http://www.spanamwar.com/usoob.htm, accessed September 28, 2018; Correspondence Related to the War with Spain (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1902), p. 33.
12 Caspar Whitney, “The Santiago Campaign,” Harper’s 97, no. 581 (October 1898), p. 795; Cosmas, p. 210.
13 Davis, The Cuban and Porto Rican Campaigns, p. 127.
14 E. J. McClernand, “The Santiago Campaign,” Infantry Journal 21 (1922): 284.
15 Roosevelt, The Rough Riders, pp. 62–65.
16 Sherrard Coleman, “Research Materials for the Rough Riders,” Hermann Hagedorn Collection, Theodore Roosevelt Collection, Houghton Library, Harvard University; Roosevelt, The Rough Riders, p. 63.
17 La Motte, “With the Rough Riders,” pp. 832–33.
18 Ibid.
19 Roosevelt, The Rough Riders, p. 65; Herner, p. 97.
20 David Hughes, “Research Materials for the Rough Riders,” Hermann Hagedorn Collection, Theodore Roosevelt Collection, Houghton Library, Harvard University; Hall, p. 120; Letter from Frank Knox to his family, June 30, 1898, Box 2, Frank Knox Papers, Library of Congress.
21 Royal Prentice, “The Rough Riders—Concluded,” New Mexico Historical Review 27, no. 1 (January 1952): 30; Leonard Wood, Diary, Box 2, Leonard Wood Papers, Library of Congress.
22 Herschel V. Cashin, Under Fire with the Tenth U.S. Cavalry (New York: F. T. Neely, 1899; rpt., Niwot: University Press of Colorado, 1993), p. 78.
23 Post, p. 110.
24 Albert E. Smith and Phil A. Khoury, Two Reels and a Crank: From Nickelodeon to Picture Palaces (New York: Doubleday, 1952), p. 59. The film historian Charles Musser calls into question whether Smith actually went to Cuba, though he provides no countervailing evidence, and Roosevelt, among others, attests to their presence. See Charles Musser, “The American Vitagraph, 1897 to 1901: Survival and Success in a Competitive Industry,” in Film Before Griffith, ed. John Fell (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1983), pp. 37-38. Thank you to David Greenberg for bringing Musser’s article to my attention.
25 Edward Marshall, The Story of the Rough Riders, 1st U.S. Volunteer Cavalry: The Regiment in Camp and on the Battle Field (New York: G. W. Dillingham Co., 1899), pp. 78–81.
26 Ibid., p. 81; Wells cited in Trask, p. 217; Roosevelt, The Rough Riders, p. 78.
27 Vincent, ed., p. 116.
28 Davis, The Cuban and Porto Rican Campaigns, p. 137.
29 Ibid.
30 Roosevelt, The Rough Riders, p. 80.
31 Ibid.
Chapter 9: “We’re Liable to All Be Killed Today”
1 Vincent, ed., p. 117.
2 Trask, p. 219.
3 Hero Tales of the American Soldier and Sailor, as Told by the Heroes Themselves and Their Comrades (Philadelphia: Century Manufacturing Co., 1899), p. 84; Marshall, The Story of the Rough Riders, p. 857; Chicago Record, p. 64.
4 Trask, pp. 219–21.
5 Roosevelt, The Rough Riders, p. 86; Richard Harding Davis, Notes of a War Correspondent (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1911), p. 49.
6 Marshall, pp. 881, 905.
7 Chicago Record, p. 66.
8 Davis, Notes of a War Correspondent, pp. 48–49.
9 Whitney, “The Santiago Campaign,” p. 795.
10 Los Angeles Times, July 24, 1898; Chicago Record, p. 66.
11 Richard Harding Davis, “The Rough Riders’ Fight at Las Guasimas,” Scribner’s, October 1898, p. 259; George Hamner, account of fight at Las Guasimas, Rough Rider Collection, City of Las Vegas Museum.
12 Davis, “The Rough Riders’ Fight at Las Guasimas,” p. 261.
13 Edward Marshall, “A Wounded Correspondent’s Recollections of Guasimas,” Scribner’s, September 1898; Edmund Morris, The Rise of Theodore Roosevelt, p. 672; Davis, “The Rough Riders’ Fight at Las Guasimas,” p. 261.
14 Marshall, “A Wounded Correspondent’s Recollections of Guasimas,” p. 263.
15 Marshall, The Story of the Rough Riders, p. 100.
16 Roosevelt, The Rough Riders, p. 236.
17 Nevada State Journal, September 13, 1899.
18 Marshall, “A Wounded Correspondent’s Recollections,” p. 273; Roosevelt, The Rough Riders, p. 75.
19 Vincent, ed., p. 117.
20 Dale Walker, “Last of the Rough Riders,” Montana: The Magazine of Western History 23, no. 3 (Summer 1973); Marshall, The Story of the Rough Riders, pp. 119, 104.
21 Marshall, “A Wounded Correspondent’s Recollections of Guasimas,” p. 890.
22 Roosevelt, The Rough Riders, p. 72.
23 Ibid., p. 77; Marshall, The Story of the Rough Riders, p. 104.
24 Whitney, “The Santiago Campaign,” p. 798; “A Rough Rider’s Recollections of the Cuban Campaign After 50 Years,” Box 1, Royal Prentice Papers, Fray Angélico Sánchez History Library; Hagedorn, Leonard Wood, p. 165.
25 Roosevelt, The Rough Riders, pp. 75–76.
26 Ibid.
27 Vincent, p. 118; Roosevelt, The Rough Riders, p. 77.
28 Roosevelt, The Rough Riders, p. 77.
29 Davis, “The Rough Riders’ Fight at Las Guasimas,” p. 265; Lubow, p. 175.
30 Cosby, p. 87; Davis, “The Rough Riders’ Fight at Las Guasimas,” p. 267.
31 Davis, “The Rough Riders’ Fight at Las Guasimas,” p. 268.
32 Ibid.
33 Washington Times, June 29, 1898.
34 Davis, “The Rough Riders’ Fight at Las Guasimas,” p. 269.
35 Ibid.
36 Davis, Adventures and Letters of Richard Harding Davis, p. 255; Marshall, The Story of the Rough Riders, p. 116.
37 Stephen Crane, Prose and Poetry (New York: Library of America, 1984), pp. 999–1000.
38 Ibid.
39 Marshall, “A Wounded Corresp
ondent’s Recollections of Guasimas,” p. 892.
40 Roosevelt, The Rough Riders, p. 80.
41 Davis, “The Rough Riders’ Fight at Las Guasimas,” p. 268; Roosevelt, An Autobiography, p. 491; San Antonio Daily Light, July 22, 1898.
42 Roosevelt, The Rough Riders, p. 82.
43 Ibid., p. 83.
44 Ibid., pp. 83–84.
45 New York Sun, June 27, 1898; Florence Tribune, July 2, 1898.
46 Report of the Commission, p. 226; Davis, “The Rough Riders’ Fight at Las Guasimas,” p. 270.
47 Burr McIntosh, The Little I Saw of Cuba (London: F. Tennyson Neely, 1899), p. 117; Lubow, p. 179.
48 Whitney, “The Santiago Campaign,” p. 801; Edmund Morris, The Rise of Theodore Roosevelt, p. 676.
49 San Francisco Call, July 3, 1898.
50 Daily Astorian, June 26, 1898; Washington Times, June 25, 1898; Los Angeles Herald, June 26, 1898.
51 Arizona Republic, July 1, 1898.
52 Bonsal, The Fight for Santiago, p. 98.
53 Fred Herrig, “Research Materials for the Rough Riders,” Hermann Hagedorn Collection, Theodore Roosevelt Collection, Houghton Library, Harvard University.
54 Frank P. Hayes, “Research Materials for the Rough Riders,” Hermann Hagedorn Collection, Theodore Roosevelt Collection, Houghton Library, Harvard University.
55 McIntosh, p. 82.
56 Roosevelt, The Rough Riders, p. 230.
57 Sherrard Coleman, “Research Materials for the Rough Riders,” Hermann Hagedorn Collection, Theodore Roosevelt Collection, Houghton Library, Harvard University; Bonsal, The Fight for Santiago, p. 98.
58 Frank P. Hayes, “Research Materials for the Rough Riders,” Hermann Hagedorn Collection, Theodore Roosevelt Collection, Houghton Library, Harvard University; Roosevelt, The Rough Riders, p. 90; Vincent, ed., p. 122.
59 McIntosh, p. 98.
60 Marshall, “A Wounded Correspondent’s Recollections of Guasimas.”
Chapter 10: “The Monotony of Continuous Bacon”
1 Roosevelt Diary, Hermann Hagedorn Collection, Theodore Roosevelt Collection, Houghton Library, Harvard University.
2 Vincent, ed., pp. 123–24.
3 Whitney, “The Santiago Campaign,” p. 796.
4 Vincent, ed., pp. 124–26.
5 Ibid., pp. 126–27.
6 Ibid., p. 128.
7 John C. Hemment, Cannon and Camera: Sea and Land Battles of the Spanish-American War in Cuba (New York; Appleton & Co., 1898), p. 133.
8 Roosevelt, The Letters of Theodore Roosevelt, p. 845; Richard Harding Davis letter to Lemuel Davis, June 29, Davis Papers, University of Virginia.
9 Vivian cited in Pérez, Cuba Between Empires, p. 207.
10 Whitney, “The Santiago Campaign,” p. 797.
11 Roosevelt, The Rough Riders, p. 92; F. Allen McCurdy and J. Kirk McCurdy, Two Rough Riders (New York: F. Tennyson Neely, 1902), p. 11.
12 George Hamner file, City of Las Vegas Museum; Cosby, p. 88.
13 Roosevelt, The Rough Riders, p. 92; Report by the Commission, p. 2263.
14 Richard Harding Davis letter to Charles Davis, June 26, 1898, Davis Papers, University of Virginia; Weller cited in Gardner, p. 136.
15 Richard Harding Davis letter to Charles Davis, June 26, 1898; Richard Harding Davis letter to Lemuel Davis, June 29, 1898, Davis Papers, University of Virginia.
16 Vincent, ed., pp. 130–31.
17 Ibid., p. 131; Chicago Record, p 131.
18 Whitney, “The Santiago Campaign,” p. 804.
19 Richard Harding Davis, “The Battle of San Juan,” Scribner’s, October 1898; New York Sun, June 30, 1898; Clark, p. 172.
20 Davis, Notes of a War Correspondent, p. 81.
21 Kristin L. Hoganson, Fighting for American Manhood: How Gender Politics Provoked the Spanish-American and Philippine-American Wars (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1998), p 11; New York Tribune, May 22, 1898.
22 Foner, p. 347.
23 Ibid., p. 356.
24 The Associated Press article appeared nationally; see, for example, the Charlotte Observer, June 28, 1898.
25 Chicago Times-Herald cited in Tone, p. 218; Hardy cited in Hoganson, p. 50.
26 Frederick W. Ramsden, “Diary of the British Consul at Santiago During the Hostilities,” McClure’s, October 1898, p. 589; José Müller y Tejeiro, Battles and Capitulation of Santiago de Cuba (trans.) (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1899), p. 33.
27 Müller y Tejeiro, p. 68.
28 Pamphlet cited in Tone, p. 254.
29 Müller y Tejeiro, pp. 80–84.
30 Leech, p. 249.
31 Roosevelt, The Rough Riders, p. 58.
32 Ibid., p. 94.
33 Cosby, pp. 96–97; Vincent, ed., p. 132.
34 Davis, Notes of a War Correspondent, p. 80; Davis, “The Battle of San Juan,” p. 395.
35 San Francisco Call, July 3, 1898; Private St. Louis, p. 42.
Chapter 11: “An Amphitheater for the Battle”
1 Roosevelt, The Rough Riders, pp. 95–97; Davis, The Cuban and Porto Rican Campaigns, p. 193.
2 Cosby, p. 197; Roosevelt, The Rough Riders, p. 97.
3 Roosevelt, The Rough Riders, p. 95; Davis, “The Battle of San Juan,” pp. 399–400.
4 Lee cited in Ranson, “British Military and Naval Observers in the Spanish-American War,” p. 48.
5 McClernand, “The Santiago Campaign,” p. 288.
6 Ibid.; Trask, p. 235.
7 James Creelman, On the Great Highway: The Wanderings and Adventures of a Special Correspondent (Boston: Lothrop Publishing Co., 1901), p. 198.
8 Ibid., pp. 200–202.
9 Nasaw, p. 139; Trask, pp. 235–38.
10 Whitney, “The Santiago Campaign,” pp. 808–10; Roosevelt, The Rough Riders, p. 97.
11 La Motte, “With the Rough Riders,” p. 830; George Hamner file, City of Las Vegas Museum; Lubow, p. 183; Davis, Notes of a War Correspondent, p. 86.
12 Colbert cited in Gardner, p. 149; Trask, pp. 238–39.
13 McClernand, p. 287.
14 Trask, pp. 233–36.
15 Davis, Notes of a War Correspondent, p. 82; Chicago Record, p. 78; Vincent, ed., p. 133.
16 Cosby, p. 103.
17 Roosevelt, The Rough Riders, p. 98; Chicago Record, p. 78; Jesse Langdon Oral History, Columbia University.
18 Crane, Wounds in the Rain: War Stories (New York: Frederick A. Stokes Co., 1899), p. 13; Trask, p. 240.
19 Davis, “The Battle of San Juan,” p. 400; Alger, p. 139; McGinty, p. 29; Davis, The Cuban and Porto Rican Campaigns, pp. 204, 209.
20 Crane, Wounds in the Rain, p. 278.
21 Davis, The Cuban and Porto Rican Campaigns, p. 231; Marshall, The Story of the Rough Riders, p. 118.
22 Paul Grondahl, I Rose Like a Rocket: The Political Education of Theodore Roosevelt (New York: Free Press, 2004), p. 267.
23 Davis, “The Battle of San Juan,” p. 400.
24 Knox cited in Freidel, p. 121; Roosevelt, The Rough Riders, pp. 101–2.
25 Frederic Remington, “With the Fifth Corps,” Harper’s, November 1898, p. 968; Davis, The Cuban and Porto Rican Campaigns, p. 199.
26 Roosevelt, The Rough Riders, p. 103.
27 Davis, “The Battle of San Juan,” pp. 401–2; Hemment, p. 180.
28 Roosevelt, The Rough Riders, p. 104.
29 Ibid., p. 106.
30 The Santiago Campaign: Reminiscences of the Operations for the Capture of Santiago de Cuba in the Spanish-American War, June and July 1898 (Richmond: Williams Printing Co., 1927), p. 422.
31 Davis, “The Battle of San Juan,” p. 402; Lubow, p. 185.
32 Bonsal, The Fight for Santiago, p. 194; Cosby, p. 105.
33 Davis, The Cuban and Porto Rican Campaigns, p. 218.
34 John Bigelow, Reminiscences of the Santiago Campai
gn (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1899), p. 125.
35 Davis, “The Battle of San Juan,” p. 402; Lubow, p. 187.
36 Roosevelt, The Rough Riders, p. 107; Greenway, p. 36.
37 Fred Herrig, “Research Materials for the Rough Riders,” Hermann Hagedorn Collection, Theodore Roosevelt Collection, Houghton Library, Harvard University; David Hughes file, City of Las Vegas Museum; Roosevelt, The Rough Riders, p. 108.
38 Roosevelt, The Rough Riders, p. 108; Royal Prentice, “A Rough Rider’s Recollections of the Cuban Campaign After 50 Years,” Royal Prentice Papers, Fray Angélico Chávez History Library.
39 Letter from David Goodrich to Mary Miller, August 5, 1898, Theodore Roosevelt Collection, Houghton Library, Harvard University.
40 Roosevelt, The Rough Riders, p. 110.
41 Müller y Tejeiro, p. 86.
42 Roosevelt, An Autobiography, p. 497; Roosevelt, The Rough Riders, p. 111.
43 Letter from David Goodrich to Mary Miller, August 5, 1898; Vincent, ed., p. 135.
44 McClernand, “The Santiago Campaign,” p. 298; Creelman, pp. 204–6; Trask, p. 236.
45 Alger, p. 140; Arthur Lee, “The Regulars at El Caney,” Scribner’s, October 1898, p. 407.
46 Alger, p. 149; Copper County Evening News, July 5, 1898; Trask, p. 245.
47 Roosevelt, The Rough Riders, p. 112; Sylvia Jukes Morris, Edith Kermit Roosevelt: Portrait of a First Lady (New York: Coward, McCann & Geoghegan, 1980), p. 181; Edmund Morris, The Rise of Theodore Roosevelt, pp. 264, 687.
48 Johnson, p. 59; Cashin, p. 147; Roosevelt, The Rough Riders, p. 116.
49 Roosevelt, The Rough Riders, pp. 112–13.
50 Jesse Langdon Oral History, Columbia University.
51 Trask, p. 230.
52 Herbert H. Sargent, The Campaign of Santiago de Cuba (Chicago: A. C. McClurg & Co., 1907), p. 120.
53 Walker, p. 234; Roosevelt, The Rough Riders, pp. 126–27; Report from Leonard Wood to the Adjutant General of the Cavalry Division, 5th Army Corps, July 6, 1898, Box 26, Leonard Wood Papers, Library of Congress.
54 Davis, “The Battle of San Juan,” p. 402; York Gazette (Pennsylvania), July 8, 1898.
55 Mexico Weekly Ledger, July 7, 1898.
56 Müller y Tejeiro, p. 86; Davis, The Cuban and Porto Rican Campaigns, p. 187.