by Clay Risen
Tampa embarkation camp, 109, 114, 115–16, 120
train journey to Tampa embarkation point, 103, 104, 106
transport of his horses, 149
uniform with pince-nez, 73, 77, 93, 94, 95, 195
voyage home from Santiago, 250–52
voyage to Santiago, 127, 128, 130, 131–32, 140
War Department criticism, 243, 244–46, 252
war hero status, 2, 59, 62, 234, 253, 254
weaponry, 95
PERSONAL LIFE
author of books, articles, and essays, 17, 19, 20, 24, 259–60, 278–79, 284, 286
belief in imperialistic manhood concept, 3, 10
connection to the West, 18
cowboy imagery, 96, 273
Dakotas ranching venture, 18–19, 96, 252, 288
death of first wife, 18
family background and education, 16–18
hero worship of his father, 16
health and physical ailments, 16
on his “crowded hour” in Cuba, 4–5, 205
hobbies, 16–17
hunting trips, 17, 18, 19, 155, 212, 252, 278, 284
intellectual development, 3
leadership qualities, 2–3, 75–76, 98–99, 232–33
Long Island home, 19, 259, 264, 284
physical activities and love of sports, 16, 17, 20, 26
physical appearance, 16, 17, 114, 195, 273
pince-nez for poor eyesight, 77
pistol salvaged from the Maine, 95, 212
relationship with wife Edith, 114–15
reputation among peers, 17, 18, 21
second marriage and children, 19
speaking style and vocal qualities, 14
strenuous life philosophy, 3, 279–80
wildlife and wilderness conservation interests, 19, 116
POLITICAL CAREER. See also New York State governorship
America as emergent world power and intervention in Cuba, 40
Civil Service Commission member, 19, 20
desire for intervention in Cuba, 41, 45, 49, 50
Maine sinking reaction, 49–50, 52–53
New York City Police
Commissioners board president, 20–21, 36, 59, 74, 117, 201, 246, 259, 278
New York State Assembly member, 18, 278
Roosevelt’s battlefield experience as basis for proposed presidential campaign, 234, 254, 256–57, 278
Roosevelt, Theodore Sr., 16
Roosevelt, Theodore III (Jr.) “Ted”, 19, 268
Root, Elihu, 282, 285
“Rough Rider, A” (Nicholson), 263
Rough Riders (First United States Volunteer Cavalry)
acclaim for bravery of, and newspaper reports on battles, 214
Alger’s criticism of, 253–54
American global economic power and military power and rise of, 4, 8–10
as American way of war, 137
application letters of volunteers for, 61–62, 67
Army orders to return home, 246
arrival in Santiago by, 145, 148, 154
black soldiers not included in, 256
books by soldiers in, 234
Brodie as senior regimental major of, 85
burials of dead soldiers by, 231, 251
cavalry terminology for structure of, 87
continuation of war after surrender of Santiago ceremony and, 240–41
cowboy imagery used for, 4, 62, 63, 87–88, 116, 170, 253, 271–72, 287–88
cowboy members of, 4, 10, 58, 87, 88, 96, 97, 100, 108, 118, 137, 150, 267, 268
Davis’s reporting on, 117, 181–82, 233
decommissioning of, 264
equipment arrangements for, 61, 93–94, 112
Fifth Corps organization with, 144
first Rough Rider to return home, 247
Fish funeral service honor guard with, 247
friends’ reactions to Roosevelt’s decision to join, 59
funerals for soldiers in. See funeral services
gift of Remington bronze to Roosevelt from, 268–69
heat’s impact on, 203–4, 214, 231–32
initial reaction to Roosevelt and Wood by, 96–97
lack of battle training by, 203
lack of new assignments for, 264
landing at Santiago by, 146–48
Las Guasimas battle and. See Las Guasimas battle
later books and movies retelling story of, 285
later evaluations of importance of, 280–81, 282–83
later memories of their service by, 88, 288–89
length of stay in Cuba by, 249
lice taxonomy developed by, 232
march to Siboney camp by, 149–52
mascots of, 85, 108, 132, 250, 256
McKinley’s formation of volunteer regiment as, 58
Montauk holding camp and, 254–60
morality rate for, 231
move to Santiago front by, 190–91
myth creation by, 6, 10, 233, 289
myths about American history and, 10, 12
national imagination captured by, 5, 11
national unity and reconciliation theme and, 282–84
newspaper stories on, 61, 62–63, 116, 137, 170, 181–82, 214, 233–34, 253, 264–65, 266, 288
newsreels on, 124, 233
New York City parade to celebrate victory with, 1–2, 267–68
number killed and wounded over time in Cuba, 249
onshore reception for soldiers arriving home, 256–58
oral histories of, 288–89
orders to break camp and return home by, 249
origin of name, 10, 62
Philippines campaign and, 264
plan for attack on Santiago and changes in structure of, 121–22
popular culture celebrity of, 4, 10, 58–59, 62–63, 116, 170, 264–66
popularity of Roosevelt after victory with, 2
popular interest in, 10, 11, 58–59, 105–6, 108, 116
possible assignments for, after leaving Cuba, 249–50
possible Puerto Rican assignment of, 242, 253–54
preparations for fighting by, 73–74
public’s romantic, nostalgic speculation on, 62–63
range of backgrounds of volunteers in, 4, 9–10, 19, 62–63, 87–89, 92, 96, 100
rations and diet of, 105–6, 112, 126, 129–30, 150, 154, 176, 179, 180–81, 193, 229, 233, 250–51, 255
reconnoiter of Spanish forces at Santiago by, 191–92
regimental commands offered to Roosevelt and Wood in, 58
regimental reunions of, 278, 287–88
Roosevelt as lieutenant colonel in, 2, 61, 87
Roosevelt on losses experienced by, 249
Roosevelt on qualities of, 12, 152, 202, 244, 256
Roosevelt’s ability to lead and inspire soldiers in, 232–33
Roosevelt’s close relationship with troops in, 96, 98, 103, 104, 109, 114, 115, 152, 133, 177, 251, 252, 268, 269
Roosevelt’s desire to move to inland Cuba with, 245
Roosevelt’s financial help for troops in, 268
Roosevelt’s gubernatorial campaign and, 271–74, 275
Roosevelt’s move to command of, 2, 190
Roosevelt’s pride and satisfaction in leading, 278
Roosevelt’s reaction to name of, 62
Roosevelt’s selection of soldiers for, 61–62, 74–77, 86, 106, 115, 116
Roosevelt’s training and leadership of, 2–3, 96–97, 98–99, 100
rush of volunteers for, 55–57, 68–70, 84, 106–8, 136
San Juan Heights camp of, 231–32
Santiago battle position of, 218, 219–20
Santiago refugee assistance and, 229
Spanish-American war cease-fire and, 255
state governors’ selection of members of, 61
Sumner as head of the cavalry division with, 192
surrender of Santiago ceremony and, 240
Tampa embarkation camp and, 109–24
; training camp for. See San Antonio, Texas, training camp
train journey to Tampa embarkation point by, 103–9, 289
truce with Spanish General Toral and, 228, 236, 237
uniforms for, 61, 77, 93, 94
unofficial theme song of, 91
visits with Roosevelt during his presidency, 3
volunteers’ reasons for joining, 87
voyage home to New York City, 250–52
voyage to Santiago and, 124–34
as war heroes, 253, 271, 272
weaponry arrangements for, 82
Wood as commander of, 58, 62, 82, 87
Wood’s selection of soldiers for, 82
Rough Riders, The (Roosevelt), 172, 285
Sablón Moreno, Jesús “Rabí,” 141
Sagamore Hill home, Oyster Bay, Long Island, New York, 19, 259, 264, 284
Sagasta, Práxedes, 43, 44, 53, 54
St. Louis, Private, 192
Sampson, William T., 121, 140, 224–25, 226, 227
San Antonio, Texas, training camp (Camp Wood), 83–101
arrival of soldiers at, 85–86, 92
departure for Tampa from, 103
description of, 84
division of labor between Roosevelt and Wood in, 96–97
drills and routines in, 97–98, 100–101, 116
equipment arrangements for, 93–94
local citizens’ interaction with soldiers in, 90–91, 95
orders received to move to Tampa embarkation point from, 101
Roosevelt’s address to soldiers before moving out, 101
Roosevelt’s arrival at, 94–95
selection as camp location, 83–84
soldiers’ life in, 89–91, 92–93, 98–99
Wood’s reading of Articles of War and address to soldiers in, 99–100
Wood’s rules for life in, 90, 91, 95, 98–99
Wood’s preparations for opening, 79–80, 82, 85
San Juan Heights, Battle of (1898), 193–216. See also Kettle Hill; San Juan Hill
American casualties in, 199, 204, 208, 211, 214, 215, 236–37, 260, 289
American pride over victory in, 214–15
American wounded in, 199, 201, 202, 206, 214, 218–19, 229–30
advantages for American troops in, 194
American artillery in, 195–96
background on Spain as enemy in, 189–90
cannon firing at beginning of, 198
cost of, in terms of destruction and deaths, 221
Cuban rebel soldiers in, 198, 199, 213, 227
Davis’s newspaper reports on, 196, 199, 200, 202–3, 204, 206–7, 212, 214, 215–16, 217
deflated balloon as marker for American troop location in, 201
El Caney assault in. See El Caney, Cuba, campaign
El Poso battle headquarters for, 196
El Poso camp night before assault in, 191–92
heat’s impact on soldiers in, 203–4, 214
as important and celebrated battle in American history, 193–94
lack of knowledge about Spanish forces before, 187
McClernand’s command of, 196
newspaper reports on, 192, 194, 196, 197–98, 204, 206, 207
number of troops at beginning of, 193
order of battle for groups in, 199–200
order to Rough Riders to move forward to support battle in, 204–5
preparations the night before, 190–92
push on to Santiago after taking of, 216, 217
Roosevelt’s actions in, 199
Roosevelt’s charge up Kettle Hill in, 210, 216, 289
as Roosevelt’s “crowded hour,” 4–5, 205
Roosevelt’s preparations on morning of, 195
Rough Rider’s move to front in, 190–91
Rough Rider’s reconnoiter of Spanish forces in, 191–92
San Juan River fording in, 200–201
Shafter’s council of war before, 190
Shafter’s lack of planning before, 187, 194, 196
Shafter’s mistakes in, 194, 215
Shafter’s observation of, 196
significance of, for Army’s reputation, 194
soldiers’ activities waiting for beginning of, 193
soldiers’ experience of, 194
soldiers’ lack of battle training for, 203
Spanish defenses and artillery in, 189, 193, 194, 195, 198–99, 201–2, 208–9
Spanish observation balloon used in, 200
trenches used in, 211–12, 213–14
unique aspect of, compared with other battles, 193
San Juan Hill, Cuba. See also San Juan Heights, Battle of
casualties in assault on, 211, 260
claim of Roosevelt’s charge up, 216, 275, 287, 289
description of location of, 193, 194–95, 205
Montauk camp viewed from, 255
Rough Rider camp at foot of, 221, 232–33
soldiers’ move up, 207, 211, 212, 218, 275
Spanish defenses on, 209, 211–12, 213
surrender ceremony watched from, 240
Santiago de Cuba, Cuba
America’s lack of planning for refugees from, 228–29
background on, 187–88
blockade’s impact on, 187–88
continuation of Spanish civilian government of, after surrender, 241
description of war’s impact on, 240
Fifth Corps’ siege of, 275
local Cuban response to fleet arrival at, 140
need for American control of, 121
raising of American flag in, 240
Rough Riders’ arrival in, 145, 148, 154
Rough Riders’ departure for New York City from, 250
Rough Riders’ orders to break camp and return home from, 249
San Juan Heights battle experienced in, 209–10
soldier on beauty of, 228
as source of provisions for Rough Riders, 242, 244
Spanish founding and control of, 27
surrender and American soldiers’ march into, 239–40
truce with Spanish General Toral and departure of residents from, 228
Wood as military governor of, 245, 261
Wood on beauty of, 240
Santiago de Cuba, Battle of (1898), 217–40
American forces sailing to. See voyage to Santiago
American plan for attack in, 121–22
Cervera’s arrival in, 120–21
continued attack on Santiago after truce end in, 237–38
El Caney assault in. See El Caney, Cuba, campaign
estimate of Spanish soldiers ready for, 141
expectation of heavy fighting at, 140
field hospital in, 221–22
fleet’s arrival from Tampa and, 140–41
lack of planning for conduct of, 217–18
lack of War Department plan for ending, 235
landing at Daiquirí in, 142–48, 151
Las Guasimas in. See Las Guasimas, Battle of
map of, xii
moving equipment for, after landing, 148–49, 151
Navy bombardment in, 188
newer technologies used in, 223
organization of invasion force for, 144
reforming of divisions along San Juan Heights in, 220–21
Rough Riders’ perilous position before, 218, 219–20
San Juan Heights camp in, 231–32
San Juan Heights in. See San Juan Heights, Battle of
Santiago refugees in, 228–29
Shafter’s assumptions before, 141–42, 183
Shafter’s plan for siege against Santiago in, 217–18, 227, 235
Shafter’s truce with Spanish General Toral in, 227–28, 236, 237
Shafter’s ultimatum to the Spanish in, 224
Shafter’s war council on, 222–23
Siboney camp in, 149–52
size of Spanish force and artillery in 189
Spanish defenses in Santiago and, 217, 227
Sp
anish eastern defenses in, 191
Spanish fleet’s dash for safety through blockade in, 225–27
Spanish portrayal of American enemy in, 189
surrender ceremony in, 239
taking of San Juan Heights and push on to Santiago in, 216, 217
trenches used in, 220, 221, 231
Sargent, Herbert H., 213
Saunders, William, 218
Schurz, Carl, 52
Scofield, Edward, 52
Scott, Douglas, 288–89
Scribner’s (magazine), 7, 36, 110, 113, 168, 211, 214, 258
Scribner’s publisher, 259–60
Second Division, 144, 156, 187, 190, 197, 210, 221
Second Regular Infantry, 124, 132
71st New York Volunteer Infantry, 70, 106–7, 123, 124, 149, 203, 233, 261
Sevilla, Cuba, 176–80
Cuban rebels near, 184–85
hygiene and rations at, 179–80
journalist on day in, 179
number of troops in, at beginning of San Juan Heights battle, 193
provisioning of, 184
rain and wildlife problems at, 178–79
Rough Riders’ movement toward, 176–77
soldiers’ routine at, 177–78, 184
soldiers’ spare-time activities at, 178, 182
as staging point, 176
Shafter, William Rufus, 71–73, 111
Alger’s defense of orders to, 253
Alger’s order to move troops and, 245
arrival at Santiago by, 140, 152
assumptions behind planning by, 141–42
continuation of Spanish civilian government of Santiago after surrender and, 241
council of war on Santiago called by, 190
critics of, 72–73, 183–84, 215, 218
Cuban rebels’ assistance and, 183, 185–86
decision to sail for Cuba and, 120, 121, 122, 123
General García’s resignation over treatment by, 241
General García’s visit with, 140–41, 175
health of, 72, 190, 238
historians on merits of command by, 183
lack of knowledge about Spanish forces by, 187
landing at Santiago and, 143, 145, 147
landing force plan and, 71
Las Guasimas victory and, 175–76
leadership failures of, 183–84, 194
McKinley and Alger on battle plan of, 223, 224, 236
military background of, 71–72
movement toward Sevilla by, 176
negotiations for Hobson’s release with Toral, 235–36
newspaper reporter ban of, 145, 147, 181
newspaper reporting in, 169
organization of invasion force by, 144
Roosevelt’s criticism of, 215
Roosevelt’s support for criticism of army headquarters by, 245–46
San Juan Heights battle mistakes of, 194
San Juan Heights battle observed by, 196