The Crowded Hour

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by Clay Risen


  Tampa embarkation camp, 109, 114, 115–16, 120

  train journey to Tampa embarkation point, 103, 104, 106

  transport of his horses, 149

  uniform with pince-nez, 73, 77, 93, 94, 95, 195

  voyage home from Santiago, 250–52

  voyage to Santiago, 127, 128, 130, 131–32, 140

  War Department criticism, 243, 244–46, 252

  war hero status, 2, 59, 62, 234, 253, 254

  weaponry, 95

  PERSONAL LIFE

  author of books, articles, and essays, 17, 19, 20, 24, 259–60, 278–79, 284, 286

  belief in imperialistic manhood concept, 3, 10

  connection to the West, 18

  cowboy imagery, 96, 273

  Dakotas ranching venture, 18–19, 96, 252, 288

  death of first wife, 18

  family background and education, 16–18

  hero worship of his father, 16

  health and physical ailments, 16

  on his “crowded hour” in Cuba, 4–5, 205

  hobbies, 16–17

  hunting trips, 17, 18, 19, 155, 212, 252, 278, 284

  intellectual development, 3

  leadership qualities, 2–3, 75–76, 98–99, 232–33

  Long Island home, 19, 259, 264, 284

  physical activities and love of sports, 16, 17, 20, 26

  physical appearance, 16, 17, 114, 195, 273

  pince-nez for poor eyesight, 77

  pistol salvaged from the Maine, 95, 212

  relationship with wife Edith, 114–15

  reputation among peers, 17, 18, 21

  second marriage and children, 19

  speaking style and vocal qualities, 14

  strenuous life philosophy, 3, 279–80

  wildlife and wilderness conservation interests, 19, 116

  POLITICAL CAREER. See also New York State governorship

  America as emergent world power and intervention in Cuba, 40

  Civil Service Commission member, 19, 20

  desire for intervention in Cuba, 41, 45, 49, 50

  Maine sinking reaction, 49–50, 52–53

  New York City Police

  Commissioners board president, 20–21, 36, 59, 74, 117, 201, 246, 259, 278

  New York State Assembly member, 18, 278

  Roosevelt’s battlefield experience as basis for proposed presidential campaign, 234, 254, 256–57, 278

  Roosevelt, Theodore Sr., 16

  Roosevelt, Theodore III (Jr.) “Ted”, 19, 268

  Root, Elihu, 282, 285

  “Rough Rider, A” (Nicholson), 263

  Rough Riders (First United States Volunteer Cavalry)

  acclaim for bravery of, and newspaper reports on battles, 214

  Alger’s criticism of, 253–54

  American global economic power and military power and rise of, 4, 8–10

  as American way of war, 137

  application letters of volunteers for, 61–62, 67

  Army orders to return home, 246

  arrival in Santiago by, 145, 148, 154

  black soldiers not included in, 256

  books by soldiers in, 234

  Brodie as senior regimental major of, 85

  burials of dead soldiers by, 231, 251

  cavalry terminology for structure of, 87

  continuation of war after surrender of Santiago ceremony and, 240–41

  cowboy imagery used for, 4, 62, 63, 87–88, 116, 170, 253, 271–72, 287–88

  cowboy members of, 4, 10, 58, 87, 88, 96, 97, 100, 108, 118, 137, 150, 267, 268

  Davis’s reporting on, 117, 181–82, 233

  decommissioning of, 264

  equipment arrangements for, 61, 93–94, 112

  Fifth Corps organization with, 144

  first Rough Rider to return home, 247

  Fish funeral service honor guard with, 247

  friends’ reactions to Roosevelt’s decision to join, 59

  funerals for soldiers in. See funeral services

  gift of Remington bronze to Roosevelt from, 268–69

  heat’s impact on, 203–4, 214, 231–32

  initial reaction to Roosevelt and Wood by, 96–97

  lack of battle training by, 203

  lack of new assignments for, 264

  landing at Santiago by, 146–48

  Las Guasimas battle and. See Las Guasimas battle

  later books and movies retelling story of, 285

  later evaluations of importance of, 280–81, 282–83

  later memories of their service by, 88, 288–89

  length of stay in Cuba by, 249

  lice taxonomy developed by, 232

  march to Siboney camp by, 149–52

  mascots of, 85, 108, 132, 250, 256

  McKinley’s formation of volunteer regiment as, 58

  Montauk holding camp and, 254–60

  morality rate for, 231

  move to Santiago front by, 190–91

  myth creation by, 6, 10, 233, 289

  myths about American history and, 10, 12

  national imagination captured by, 5, 11

  national unity and reconciliation theme and, 282–84

  newspaper stories on, 61, 62–63, 116, 137, 170, 181–82, 214, 233–34, 253, 264–65, 266, 288

  newsreels on, 124, 233

  New York City parade to celebrate victory with, 1–2, 267–68

  number killed and wounded over time in Cuba, 249

  onshore reception for soldiers arriving home, 256–58

  oral histories of, 288–89

  orders to break camp and return home by, 249

  origin of name, 10, 62

  Philippines campaign and, 264

  plan for attack on Santiago and changes in structure of, 121–22

  popular culture celebrity of, 4, 10, 58–59, 62–63, 116, 170, 264–66

  popularity of Roosevelt after victory with, 2

  popular interest in, 10, 11, 58–59, 105–6, 108, 116

  possible assignments for, after leaving Cuba, 249–50

  possible Puerto Rican assignment of, 242, 253–54

  preparations for fighting by, 73–74

  public’s romantic, nostalgic speculation on, 62–63

  range of backgrounds of volunteers in, 4, 9–10, 19, 62–63, 87–89, 92, 96, 100

  rations and diet of, 105–6, 112, 126, 129–30, 150, 154, 176, 179, 180–81, 193, 229, 233, 250–51, 255

  reconnoiter of Spanish forces at Santiago by, 191–92

  regimental commands offered to Roosevelt and Wood in, 58

  regimental reunions of, 278, 287–88

  Roosevelt as lieutenant colonel in, 2, 61, 87

  Roosevelt on losses experienced by, 249

  Roosevelt on qualities of, 12, 152, 202, 244, 256

  Roosevelt’s ability to lead and inspire soldiers in, 232–33

  Roosevelt’s close relationship with troops in, 96, 98, 103, 104, 109, 114, 115, 152, 133, 177, 251, 252, 268, 269

  Roosevelt’s desire to move to inland Cuba with, 245

  Roosevelt’s financial help for troops in, 268

  Roosevelt’s gubernatorial campaign and, 271–74, 275

  Roosevelt’s move to command of, 2, 190

  Roosevelt’s pride and satisfaction in leading, 278

  Roosevelt’s reaction to name of, 62

  Roosevelt’s selection of soldiers for, 61–62, 74–77, 86, 106, 115, 116

  Roosevelt’s training and leadership of, 2–3, 96–97, 98–99, 100

  rush of volunteers for, 55–57, 68–70, 84, 106–8, 136

  San Juan Heights camp of, 231–32

  Santiago battle position of, 218, 219–20

  Santiago refugee assistance and, 229

  Spanish-American war cease-fire and, 255

  state governors’ selection of members of, 61

  Sumner as head of the cavalry division with, 192

  surrender of Santiago ceremony and, 240

  Tampa embarkation camp and, 109–24

 
; training camp for. See San Antonio, Texas, training camp

  train journey to Tampa embarkation point by, 103–9, 289

  truce with Spanish General Toral and, 228, 236, 237

  uniforms for, 61, 77, 93, 94

  unofficial theme song of, 91

  visits with Roosevelt during his presidency, 3

  volunteers’ reasons for joining, 87

  voyage home to New York City, 250–52

  voyage to Santiago and, 124–34

  as war heroes, 253, 271, 272

  weaponry arrangements for, 82

  Wood as commander of, 58, 62, 82, 87

  Wood’s selection of soldiers for, 82

  Rough Riders, The (Roosevelt), 172, 285

  Sablón Moreno, Jesús “Rabí,” 141

  Sagamore Hill home, Oyster Bay, Long Island, New York, 19, 259, 264, 284

  Sagasta, Práxedes, 43, 44, 53, 54

  St. Louis, Private, 192

  Sampson, William T., 121, 140, 224–25, 226, 227

  San Antonio, Texas, training camp (Camp Wood), 83–101

  arrival of soldiers at, 85–86, 92

  departure for Tampa from, 103

  description of, 84

  division of labor between Roosevelt and Wood in, 96–97

  drills and routines in, 97–98, 100–101, 116

  equipment arrangements for, 93–94

  local citizens’ interaction with soldiers in, 90–91, 95

  orders received to move to Tampa embarkation point from, 101

  Roosevelt’s address to soldiers before moving out, 101

  Roosevelt’s arrival at, 94–95

  selection as camp location, 83–84

  soldiers’ life in, 89–91, 92–93, 98–99

  Wood’s reading of Articles of War and address to soldiers in, 99–100

  Wood’s rules for life in, 90, 91, 95, 98–99

  Wood’s preparations for opening, 79–80, 82, 85

  San Juan Heights, Battle of (1898), 193–216. See also Kettle Hill; San Juan Hill

  American casualties in, 199, 204, 208, 211, 214, 215, 236–37, 260, 289

  American pride over victory in, 214–15

  American wounded in, 199, 201, 202, 206, 214, 218–19, 229–30

  advantages for American troops in, 194

  American artillery in, 195–96

  background on Spain as enemy in, 189–90

  cannon firing at beginning of, 198

  cost of, in terms of destruction and deaths, 221

  Cuban rebel soldiers in, 198, 199, 213, 227

  Davis’s newspaper reports on, 196, 199, 200, 202–3, 204, 206–7, 212, 214, 215–16, 217

  deflated balloon as marker for American troop location in, 201

  El Caney assault in. See El Caney, Cuba, campaign

  El Poso battle headquarters for, 196

  El Poso camp night before assault in, 191–92

  heat’s impact on soldiers in, 203–4, 214

  as important and celebrated battle in American history, 193–94

  lack of knowledge about Spanish forces before, 187

  McClernand’s command of, 196

  newspaper reports on, 192, 194, 196, 197–98, 204, 206, 207

  number of troops at beginning of, 193

  order of battle for groups in, 199–200

  order to Rough Riders to move forward to support battle in, 204–5

  preparations the night before, 190–92

  push on to Santiago after taking of, 216, 217

  Roosevelt’s actions in, 199

  Roosevelt’s charge up Kettle Hill in, 210, 216, 289

  as Roosevelt’s “crowded hour,” 4–5, 205

  Roosevelt’s preparations on morning of, 195

  Rough Rider’s move to front in, 190–91

  Rough Rider’s reconnoiter of Spanish forces in, 191–92

  San Juan River fording in, 200–201

  Shafter’s council of war before, 190

  Shafter’s lack of planning before, 187, 194, 196

  Shafter’s mistakes in, 194, 215

  Shafter’s observation of, 196

  significance of, for Army’s reputation, 194

  soldiers’ activities waiting for beginning of, 193

  soldiers’ experience of, 194

  soldiers’ lack of battle training for, 203

  Spanish defenses and artillery in, 189, 193, 194, 195, 198–99, 201–2, 208–9

  Spanish observation balloon used in, 200

  trenches used in, 211–12, 213–14

  unique aspect of, compared with other battles, 193

  San Juan Hill, Cuba. See also San Juan Heights, Battle of

  casualties in assault on, 211, 260

  claim of Roosevelt’s charge up, 216, 275, 287, 289

  description of location of, 193, 194–95, 205

  Montauk camp viewed from, 255

  Rough Rider camp at foot of, 221, 232–33

  soldiers’ move up, 207, 211, 212, 218, 275

  Spanish defenses on, 209, 211–12, 213

  surrender ceremony watched from, 240

  Santiago de Cuba, Cuba

  America’s lack of planning for refugees from, 228–29

  background on, 187–88

  blockade’s impact on, 187–88

  continuation of Spanish civilian government of, after surrender, 241

  description of war’s impact on, 240

  Fifth Corps’ siege of, 275

  local Cuban response to fleet arrival at, 140

  need for American control of, 121

  raising of American flag in, 240

  Rough Riders’ arrival in, 145, 148, 154

  Rough Riders’ departure for New York City from, 250

  Rough Riders’ orders to break camp and return home from, 249

  San Juan Heights battle experienced in, 209–10

  soldier on beauty of, 228

  as source of provisions for Rough Riders, 242, 244

  Spanish founding and control of, 27

  surrender and American soldiers’ march into, 239–40

  truce with Spanish General Toral and departure of residents from, 228

  Wood as military governor of, 245, 261

  Wood on beauty of, 240

  Santiago de Cuba, Battle of (1898), 217–40

  American forces sailing to. See voyage to Santiago

  American plan for attack in, 121–22

  Cervera’s arrival in, 120–21

  continued attack on Santiago after truce end in, 237–38

  El Caney assault in. See El Caney, Cuba, campaign

  estimate of Spanish soldiers ready for, 141

  expectation of heavy fighting at, 140

  field hospital in, 221–22

  fleet’s arrival from Tampa and, 140–41

  lack of planning for conduct of, 217–18

  lack of War Department plan for ending, 235

  landing at Daiquirí in, 142–48, 151

  Las Guasimas in. See Las Guasimas, Battle of

  map of, xii

  moving equipment for, after landing, 148–49, 151

  Navy bombardment in, 188

  newer technologies used in, 223

  organization of invasion force for, 144

  reforming of divisions along San Juan Heights in, 220–21

  Rough Riders’ perilous position before, 218, 219–20

  San Juan Heights camp in, 231–32

  San Juan Heights in. See San Juan Heights, Battle of

  Santiago refugees in, 228–29

  Shafter’s assumptions before, 141–42, 183

  Shafter’s plan for siege against Santiago in, 217–18, 227, 235

  Shafter’s truce with Spanish General Toral in, 227–28, 236, 237

  Shafter’s ultimatum to the Spanish in, 224

  Shafter’s war council on, 222–23

  Siboney camp in, 149–52

  size of Spanish force and artillery in 189

  Spanish defenses in Santiago and, 217, 227

  Sp
anish eastern defenses in, 191

  Spanish fleet’s dash for safety through blockade in, 225–27

  Spanish portrayal of American enemy in, 189

  surrender ceremony in, 239

  taking of San Juan Heights and push on to Santiago in, 216, 217

  trenches used in, 220, 221, 231

  Sargent, Herbert H., 213

  Saunders, William, 218

  Schurz, Carl, 52

  Scofield, Edward, 52

  Scott, Douglas, 288–89

  Scribner’s (magazine), 7, 36, 110, 113, 168, 211, 214, 258

  Scribner’s publisher, 259–60

  Second Division, 144, 156, 187, 190, 197, 210, 221

  Second Regular Infantry, 124, 132

  71st New York Volunteer Infantry, 70, 106–7, 123, 124, 149, 203, 233, 261

  Sevilla, Cuba, 176–80

  Cuban rebels near, 184–85

  hygiene and rations at, 179–80

  journalist on day in, 179

  number of troops in, at beginning of San Juan Heights battle, 193

  provisioning of, 184

  rain and wildlife problems at, 178–79

  Rough Riders’ movement toward, 176–77

  soldiers’ routine at, 177–78, 184

  soldiers’ spare-time activities at, 178, 182

  as staging point, 176

  Shafter, William Rufus, 71–73, 111

  Alger’s defense of orders to, 253

  Alger’s order to move troops and, 245

  arrival at Santiago by, 140, 152

  assumptions behind planning by, 141–42

  continuation of Spanish civilian government of Santiago after surrender and, 241

  council of war on Santiago called by, 190

  critics of, 72–73, 183–84, 215, 218

  Cuban rebels’ assistance and, 183, 185–86

  decision to sail for Cuba and, 120, 121, 122, 123

  General García’s resignation over treatment by, 241

  General García’s visit with, 140–41, 175

  health of, 72, 190, 238

  historians on merits of command by, 183

  lack of knowledge about Spanish forces by, 187

  landing at Santiago and, 143, 145, 147

  landing force plan and, 71

  Las Guasimas victory and, 175–76

  leadership failures of, 183–84, 194

  McKinley and Alger on battle plan of, 223, 224, 236

  military background of, 71–72

  movement toward Sevilla by, 176

  negotiations for Hobson’s release with Toral, 235–36

  newspaper reporter ban of, 145, 147, 181

  newspaper reporting in, 169

  organization of invasion force by, 144

  Roosevelt’s criticism of, 215

  Roosevelt’s support for criticism of army headquarters by, 245–46

  San Juan Heights battle mistakes of, 194

  San Juan Heights battle observed by, 196

 

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