by Clay Risen
San Juan Heights battle significance and, 194
Santiago campaign and, 141–42, 183
Santiago city siege plan of, 217–18, 227, 235
Santiago refugees and, 229
Santiago war council of, 222–23
Seguranca ship stay of, apart from soldiers, 152, 176, 182
soldiers’ march into Santiago after surrender and, 239–40
Spanish surrender negotiations of, 236, 237, 238–39
surrender ceremony and, 239
truce with Spanish General Toral, 227–28, 236, 237
Spanish defenses in Santiago and, 191
voyage to Santiago and, 128, 129
Sharp, Alexander Jr., 145
Sherman, William Tecumseh, 32, 111
Siboney camp, Cuba, 155, 250
field hospital in, 163, 165, 176, 177, 222, 250
illness of troops in, 245
march to, 149–50, 151
setting up camp at, 150–51, 153
unloading supplies at, 176–77, 196
Sigsbee, Charles, 47–48
Sixth Cavalry Regiment, 207
Sixth Infantry, 202
6th Massachusetts Regiment, 135
16th Infantry, 261
Smith, Albert E., 149, 233
Spain
American call for war against, 41, 49–55
American popular support for Cuban independence from, 7, 30–31, 34
anti-American riot in Havana and, 13–14
colonial control of Cuba by, 5–6, 27–29, 43–45
congressional declaration of war against, 55
early Cuban revolts against, 6, 7
as enemy in Santiago campaign, 189–90
General Weyler’s campaign against Cuban rebels and, 32–34
humanitarian concerns about treatment of Cuba by, 40
Maine sinking blamed on, 48–49, 52, 186–87
Maine sinking reaction and push for war against, 49–55
McKinley’s declaration of war against, 58, 70–71
McKinley’s hope for diplomatic solution with, 43, 44, 45, 53–55, 70–71
memo insulting McKinley from consul for, 40–41, 54
portrayal of American enemy by, 189
possible American attack on, 250
refusal to voluntarily leave Cuba by, 44
San Antonio settlement by, 83
Shafter’s surrender negotiations with, 236, 237, 238–39
slights against America by, 40–41
Ten Years’ War between Cuban rebels and, 28–29, 31, 110, 141
Treaty of Paris and, 275
Spanish-American War (1898), 5–9
American character influenced by, 136
American popular support for, 11, 134–36, 141
as America’s “crowded hour,” 5
America’s limited military forces at start of, 57
cease-fire in, 255
Civil War veterans’ opposition to, 15, 21–22, 41, 50, 52, 54, 56
Civil War veterans serving as soldiers in, 67, 68, 69, 72, 119, 184, 197, 206
conditions in the United States before, 6–7
continuation of, after surrender of Santiago, 240–41
debate over timing of beginning of, 58
Dewey’s defeat of Spanish fleet defeat at Manila and, 2, 67, 136
European reaction to, 136–37
first land assault of, at Guantánamo Bay, 139, 175
Hay on, as “splendid little war,” 5
heat’s impact on soldiers in, 203–4, 214, 231–32
initial military planning for, 66–67
lack of knowledge about Spanish forces in, 186–87
lack of War Department plan for ending, 235
landing force plan for, 71–73
later evaluation of, 280–81
Maine sinking reaction and push for war before start of, 49–55
McKinley’s declaration of war in, 58, 70–71
McKinley’s formation of three volunteer regiments for, 58
McKinley’s speech on victory in, 275–76
McKinley’s thank-you message to troops in, 228
naval blockade around Cuba and, 58, 66, 71, 87, 187–88, 224–25, 249
New York City parade to celebrate victory in, 1–2, 267–68
offers to fight or organize fighters at approach of, 55–58
poetry about, 264
photographs of soldiers in, 124–25
planning for, 99
possible Cuban rebels’ participation in, 184–86
post–Civil War reconciliation theme and, 10, 105, 118–19, 120, 135
Roosevelt as war hero after, 2, 59, 62, 234, 253, 254
Roosevelt’s intellectual blossoming during, 3
Roosevelt’s leadership qualities developed in, 3
Roosevelt’s national profile after, 2–3
Roosevelt’s preparations before leaving for, 61
root cause of, 5–6
rush of volunteers for, 55–57, 68–70, 84, 106–8
Santiago battle in. See Santiago de Cuba battle
Scribner’s contract with Roosevelt for book on, 259–60
Treaty of Paris ending, 275
Wood on, 105
“Strenuous Life, The” (Roosevelt), 278–80
Strong, William Lafayette, 20
Sullivan, Patrick, 257
Sullivan, William, 257
Sumner, Samuel
El Poso hill trails and, 192
as head of the cavalry division, 190, 192
Shafter’s council of war on Santiago and, 190
Spanish defenses in Santiago and, 192
Swetnam, John, 208
Tampa, Florida, embarkation point, 109–24
ambulances left behind at, 231
American artillery left at, 196, 217
Army management of, 111–12
commander Wheeler’s visit to, 119–20
decision to sail for Cuba from, 120–23
description of camp at, 109
Edith Roosevelt’s visit to, 114–15
foreign military observers at, 113
horses left behind at, 144, 253, 258
hotel officers’ headquarters for, 112–15
local citizens’ visits to, 116
location decision for, 110–11
newspaper stories on, 119
orders received to move from training camp to, 101
Port Tampa departure point for, 123–24
sailing to Santiago from, 124, 125–26
soldiers’ life in camp at, 115–16, 117
soldiers’ social life on passes, 117–18
Tampa setting for, 109–10
train journey to, 103–9, 289
transfer of remaining soldiers to Montauk holding camp, 256, 258
troops left behind at, 247, 252–53, 258, 266
Wood’s organization of, 109, 112, 116, 119
Tampa Bay Hotel, Florida
description of, 112–13
as regiment headquarters, 113–15, 121, 123
Taylor, Buck, 275
Teller Amendment, 136
10th Cavalry Regiment
landing at Santiago by, 146, 148
Las Guasimas battle with, 154, 170
Roosevelt’s praise for, 269
Roosevelt’s valet from, 77
San Juan Heights battle with, 199, 203, 205, 207, 218
truce with Spanish General Toral and, 228
Ten Years’ War (1868–1878), 28–29, 31, 110, 141
Third Cavalry Regiment, 207, 250, 251
Third Infantry Regiment, 205
32nd Michigan Volunteer Infantry, 111, 115
34th Michigan Volunteer Infantry, 190
Thomas, John, 163
Tiffany, William, 160
camp life and, 92–93
funeral for, 266–67
illness of, at Montauk holding camp, 260
Rough Riders’ financial aid checks in name of, 268
Times, The, London, 39, 134,
280–81
Toral y Velázquez, José
Shafter’s negotiations for Hobson’s release with, 235–36
Shafter’s truce with, 227–28, 236, 237
surrender ceremony and, 239
training camp. See San Antonio, Texas, training camp
Treaty of Paris (1898), 275
Trump, Norman, 199
Twain, Mark, 13, 45, 135
22nd Infantry, 156, 260
23rd Michigan Volunteers, 237
typhoid fever, 135, 176, 258
United States
annexation of Cuba proposal in, 41–42
assistance to Cuban rebels from private Americans in, 30–31, 110
changing concepts of war in, 42–43
Cleveland anti-expansionist policy and, 24–25
concerns about Spain’s treatment of Cuba and, 40
Cuban insurrection over tariffs from, 29–32
Cuban riot against, 13–14
debates over type of military activity against Cuba in, 41–43
desire for war against Spain and, 41
as emergent world power, 40, 41, 42–43
humanitarianism approach to Cuba by, 42, 45, 137, 189, 281
investment in Cuba by businesses in, 28, 29, 44
manifest destiny and, 7, 22, 42
neutrality toward Cuban rebels by, 24–25
newspapers’ influence on attitudes toward intervention by, 7–8, 35, 39–40
opposition to intervention in Cuba by, 45
popular support for Cuban independence and, 7, 30–31, 34, 42
tariff on Cuban sugar cane by, 29
United States Civil Service Commission, 19, 20
Vara del Rey y Rubio, Joaquín, 197, 210–11, 239
Vincent, John Heyl, 56, 262–63
Vitagraph Company newsreels, 124, 233
Vizcaya (ship), 226
volunteer army
America’s support for, 66, 68, 137, 282
Jackson view of, 63–64, 65–66, 68, 74, 281, 282, 284
as new American way of war, 137
Roosevelt’s advocacy of, 284
volunteer regiments, 135. See also 71st New York Volunteer Infantry and other specific regiments
McKinley’s formation of, 58
Roosevelt’s command of. See Rough Riders
voyage to Santiago and, 115–16
weapons used by, 111
voyage to Santiago, Cuba, 124–34, 139–40
departure for, 126
final destination sighted on, 133–34
fleet’s arrival at Santiago, 140–41
newspapers on, 134
regiments assigned to ship for, 124, 132
Roosevelt and Wood’s securing of ship for, 124
ships used for, 128, 139–40
soldiers, provisions, and weapons carried on, 127–28
soldiers’ life during, 126, 128–33
Wadsworth, Craig, 92
Wadsworth, William Austin, 74
Walker, Dale, 118
Walsh, George, 251
War Department
embarkation point location decision and, 110
lack of plan for ending war from, 235
Montauk holding camp problems and, 254–55
need for soldiers by, 63, 64, 70
public criticism for mistakes made by, 253
Roosevelt’s criticism of, 243, 244–46, 252
Rough Rider membership and, 84–85
Spanish-American War planning by, 71, 99
voyage to Santiago and, 134
Warren, Francis, 58
Washington Times, 59, 170, 230, 234
Weller, Sam, 181
Wells, J. Ogden, 75, 92, 115–16, 150, 238
Weyler y Nicolau, Valeriano, 32–34, 264
campaign against Cuban rebels by, 32–34, 147
Davis’s visit to Cuba and, 36, 37
deaths during campaign of, 33, 34
military background of, 32
reconcentration program of, 33–34, 43
Sagasta’s recall from Cuba of, 43
Spanish soldier stereotypes and, 186
total war approach of, 32
Wheeler, Joseph
arrival home by, 256
as cavalry division commander, 120, 144, 176
death of son of, 260–61
departure from Santiago for New York City by, 250, 251, 256
Las Guasimas battle planning by, 151–52, 154, 176
military background of, 119–20
San Juan Heights battle and, 199, 206, 218, 222
Shafter’s council of war on Santiago and, 190
Shafter’s criticism of army headquarters and, 245
Tampa embarkation camp inspection of, 119, 120
soldiers’ march in to Santiago after surrender and, 239–40
White, William Allen, 69, 285
Whitney, Caspar, 144, 156, 161, 169, 171, 179, 221
Wikoff, Charles, 260
Wilson, Woodrow, 277, 284
Wilson-Gorman Tariff Act, 29
Winter, John, 166
Winthrop, John, 6
Wood, Leonard, 50, 79–82
Capron’s death and, 172
close relationship with troops, 114
criticism of, 168
desire for intervention in Cuba and, 43, 45
division of labor between Roosevelt and Wood, 96–97
El Poso hill camp and, 192
equipment arrangements and, 61, 93, 112
evaluation of arriving soldiers by, 85, 89
family background of, 80
Geronimo campaign and, 80–82, 88
horse purchases by, 79–80
landing at Santiago and, 145, 148
Las Guasimas battle planning by, 151–52, 153
Las Guasimas fighting and, 154, 156, 157, 158, 159–60, 161, 165–66, 167, 170, 171
letter criticizing War Department from, 246
letter to McKinley from, about readiness of troops, 100
march to Siboney camp by, 149
military background of, 25–26, 71–72, 80–82
as military governor of Cuba, 284
as military governor of Santiago, 245, 261
move to Santiago front by, 192
orders received to move to Tampa embarkation point and, 101
as personal doctor for McKinley, 25, 26, 82
physical appearance of, 79, 80, 94
plan for attack on Santiago and, 121–22, 123, 124
preparing regiment for fighting by, 73, 74, 75, 76, 100–101
reading of Articles of War and address to soldiers by, 99–100
regimental command offer to, 58
relationship with Roosevelt, 26, 40, 49, 58, 75, 82, 94, 98–99
as Rough Rider commander, 58, 62, 82, 87, 163
San Juan Heights battle and, 195, 198, 199, 200, 214
on Santiago’s beauty, 240
Shafter’s council of war on Santiago and, 190
Shafter’s desire to leave Cuba and, 245
soldiers’ initial reaction to, 97
Tampa embarkation camp and, 109, 112, 114, 115, 116, 119
train journey to Tampa embarkation point, 103, 106
training camp location selection and, 83–84
training camp preparations and, 79–80, 82, 85
training camp rules and, 90, 91, 97, 98, 98–99
voyage to Santiago and, 125–26, 131–32, 133
weaponry arrangements with McKinley and, 82
wounding of, 167, 168
Woodford, Stewart, 44
World War I, 284
Wrenn, Bob, 4, 107, 108, 115, 129, 175, 287
Wright, Albert, 146, 274
yellow fever, 38, 154, 230, 243, 250, 266
Young, Samuel B. M.
Las Guasimas battle planning by, 151–52
Shafter’s council of war on Santiago and, 190
Yucatan (ship), 140
departure of, 126
final destination sighted
on, 133–34
landing at Santiago by, 145, 148, 154
regiments assigned to, 124, 132
Roosevelt and Wood’s securing of, 124
soldiers, provisions, and weapons carried on, 127–28
soldiers’ life on, 126, 128–33
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Library of Congress Control Number: 2018053824
ISBN 978-1-5011-4399-1
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