Delphi Complete Works of Polybius

by Polybius

  44. But, indeed, even before that he was a formidable enemy owing to the importance of his province. For the whole of the royal horses out at grass are entrusted to the Medes; and they have an incalculable quantity of corn and cattle. Of the natural strength and extent of the district it would be impossible to speak highly enough. For Media lies nearly in the centre of Asia and in its size, and in the height of its steppes compares favourably with every other district of Asia. And again it overlooks some of the most warlike and powerful tribes. On the east lie the plains of the desert which intervenes between Persia and Parthia; and, moreover, it borders on and commands the “Caspian Gates,” and touches the mountains of the Tapyri, which are not far from the Hyrcanian Sea. On the south it slopes down to Mesopotamia and the territory of Apollonia. It is protected from Persia by the barrier of Mount Zagrus, which has an ascent of a hundred stades, and containing in its range many separate peaks and defiles is subdivided by deep valleys, and at certain points by cañons, inhabited by Cosseans, Corbrenians, Carchi, and several other barbarous tribes who have the reputation of being excellent warriors. Again on the west it is coterminous with the tribe called Satrapeii, who are not far from the tribes which extend as far as the Euxine. Its northern frontier is fringed by Elymaeans, Aniaracae, Cadusii, and Matiani, and overlooks that part of the Pontus which adjoins the Maeotis. Media itself is subdivided by several mountain chains running from east to west, between which are plains thickly studded with cities and villages.

  [1] κυριεύων δὲ ταύτης τῆς χώρας, βασιλικὴν ἐχούσης περίστασιν, καὶ πάλαι μὲν φοβερὸς ἦν, ὡς πρότερον εἶπα, διὰ τὴν ὑπεροχὴν τῆς δυναστείας: [2] τότε δὲ καὶ τῶν τοῦ βασιλέως στρατηγῶν δοκούντων παρακεχωρηκέναι τῶν ὑπαίθρων αὐτῷ καὶ τῶν ἰδίων δυνάμεων ἐπηρμένων ταῖς ὁρμαῖς διὰ τὸ κατὰ λόγον σφίσι προχωρεῖν τὰς πρώτας ἐλπίδας, τελέως ἐδόκει φοβερὸς εἶναι καὶ ἀνυπόστατος πᾶσι τοῖς τὴν Ἀσίαν κατοικοῦσι. [3] διὸ τὸ μὲν πρῶτον ἐπεβάλετο διαβὰς τὸν Τίγριν πολιορκεῖν τὴν Σελεύκειαν: [4] κωλυθείσης δὲ τῆς διαβάσεως ὑπὸ Ζεύξιδος διὰ τὸ καταλαβέσθαι τὰ ποτάμια πλοῖα, τοῦτον τὸν τρόπον ἀναχωρήσας εἰς τὴν ἐν τῇ Κτησιφῶντι λεγομένῃ στρατοπεδείαν παρεσκεύαζε ταῖς δυνάμεσι τὰ πρὸς τὴν παραχειμασίαν. [5] ὁ δὲ βασιλεὺς ἀκούσας τήν τε τοῦ Μόλωνος ἔφοδον καὶ τὴν τῶν ἰδίων στρατηγῶν ἀναχώρησιν αὐτὸς μὲν ἦν ἕτοιμος πάλιν ἐπὶ τὸν Μόλωνα στρατεύειν, ἀποστὰς τῆς ἐπὶ τὸν Πτολεμαῖον ὁρμῆς, καὶ μὴ προΐεσθαι τοὺς καιρούς: [6] Ἑρμείας δέ, τηρῶν τὴν ἐξ ἀρχῆς πρόθεσιν ἐπὶ μὲν τὸν Μόλωνα Ξενοίταν τὸν Ἀχαιὸν ἐξέπεμψε στρατηγὸν αὐτοκράτορα μετὰ δυνάμεως, φήσας δεῖν πρὸς μὲν τοὺς ἀποστάτας στρατηγοῖς πολεμεῖν, πρὸς δὲ τοὺς βασιλεῖς αὐτὸν ποιεῖσθαι τὸν βασιλέα καὶ τὰς ἐπιβολὰς καὶ τοὺς ὑπὲρ τῶν ὅλων ἀγῶνας, [7] αὐτὸς δὲ διὰ τὴν ἡλικίαν ὑποχείριον ἔχων τὸν νεανίσκον προῆγε, καὶ συνήθροιζε τὰς δυνάμεις εἰς Ἀπάμειαν: ἐντεῦθεν δ᾽ ἀναζεύξας ἧκε πρὸς τὴν Λαοδίκειαν. [8] ἀφ᾽ ἧς ποιησάμενος τὴν ὁρμὴν ὁ βασιλεὺς μετὰ πάσης τῆς στρατιᾶς, καὶ διελθὼν τὴν ἔρημον, ἐνέβαλεν εἰς τὸν αὐλῶνα τὸν προσαγορευόμενον Μαρσύαν, [9] ὃς κεῖται μὲν μεταξὺ τῆς κατὰ τὸν Λίβανον καὶ τὸν Ἀντιλίβανον παρωρείας, συνάγεται δ᾽ εἰς στενὸν ὑπὸ τῶν προειρημένων ὀρῶν. [10] συμβαίνει δὲ καὶ τοῦτον αὐτὸν τὸν τόπον, ᾗ στενώτατός ἐστι, διείργεσθαι τενάγεσι καὶ

  45. Being masters, then, of a territory of proportions worthy of a kingdom, his great power had made Molon from the first a formidable enemy: but when the royal generals appeared to have abandoned the country to him, and his own forces were elated at the successful issue of their first hopes, the terror which he inspired became absolute, and he was believed by the Asiatics to be irresistible. Taking advantage of this, he first of all resolved to cross the Tigris and lay siege to Seleucia; but when his passage across the river was stopped by Zeuxis seizing the river boats, he retired to the camp at Ctesiphon, and set about preparing winter quarters for his army.

  When King Antiochus heard of Molon’s advance and the retreat of his own generals, he was once more for giving up the expedition against Ptolemy, and going in person on the campaign against Molon, and not letting slip the proper time for action. But Hermeias persisted in his original plan, and despatched the Achaean Xenoetas against Molon, in command of an army, with full powers; asserting that against rebels it was fitting that generals should have the command; but that the king ought to confine himself to directing plans and conducting national wars against monarchs. Having therefore the young king entirely in his power, owing to his age, he set out; and having mustered the army at Apameia he started thence and arrived at Laodiceia. Advancing from that time with his whole army, the king crossed the desert and entered the cañon called Marsyas, which lies between the skirts of Libanus and Anti-Libanus, and is contracted into a narrow gorge by those two mountains. Just where the valley is narrowest it is divided by marshes and lakes, from which the scented reed is cut.

  [1] λίμναις, ἐξ ὧν ὁ μυρεψικὸς κείρεται κάλαμος. ἐπίκειται δὲ τοῖς στενοῖς ἐκ μὲν θατέρου μέρους Βρόχοι προσαγορευόμενόν τι χωρίον, ἐκ δὲ θατέρου Γέρρα, στενὴν ἀπολείποντα πάροδον. [2] ποιησάμενος δὲ διὰ τοῦ προειρημένου τὴν πορείαν αὐλῶνος ἐπὶ πλείους ἡμέρας, καὶ προσαγαγόμενος τὰς παρακειμένας πόλεις, παρῆν πρὸς τὰ Γέρρα. [3] καταλαβὼν δὲ τὸν Θεόδοτον τὸν Αἰτωλὸν προκατειληφότα τὰ Γέρρα καὶ τοὺς Βρόχους, τὰ δὲ παρὰ τὴν λίμνην στενὰ διωχυρωμένον τάφροις καὶ χάραξι καὶ διειληφότα φυλακαῖς εὐκαίροις, τὸ μὲν πρῶτον ἐπεβάλετο βιάζεσθαι, [4] πλείω δὲ πάσχων ἢ ποιῶν κακὰ διὰ τὴν ὀχυρότητα τῶν τόπων καὶ διὰ τὸ μένειν ἔτι τὸν Θεόδοτον ἀκέραιον, ἀπέστη τῆς ἐπιβολῆς. [5] διὸ καὶ τοιαύτης οὔσης τῆς περὶ τοὺς τόπους δυσχρηστίας, προσπεσόντος αὐτῷ Ξενοίταν ἐπταικέναι τοῖς ὅλοις καὶ τὸν Μόλωνα πάντων τῶν ἄνω τόπων ἐπικρατεῖν, ἀφέμενος τούτων ὥρμησε τοῖς οἰκείοις πράγμασι βοηθήσων. [6] ὁ γὰρ Ξενοίτας ὁ στρατηγὸς ἀποσταλεὶς αὐτοκράτωρ, καθάπερ ἐπάνω προεῖπα, καὶ μείζονος ἐξουσίας ἢ κατὰ τὴν προσδοκίαν τυχών, ὑπεροπτικώτερον μὲν ἐχρῆτο τοῖς αὑτοῦ φίλοις, θρασύτερον δὲ ταῖς πρὸς τοὺς ἐχθροὺς ἐπιβολαῖς. [7] οὐ μὴν ἀλλὰ καταζεύξας εἰς τ�
��ν Σελεύκειαν, καὶ μεταπεμψάμενος Διογένην τὸν τῆς Σουσιανῆς ἔπαρχον καὶ Πυθιάδην τὸν τῆς Ἐρυθρᾶς θαλάττης, ἐξῆγε τὰς δυνάμεις, καὶ λαβὼν πρόβλημα τὸν Τίγριν ποταμὸν ἀντεστρατοπέδευσε τοῖς πολεμίοις. [8] πλειόνων δὲ διακολυμβώντων πρὸς αὐτὸν ἀπὸ τῆς τοῦ Μόλωνος στρατοπεδείας, καὶ δηλούντων ὡς ἐὰν διαβῇ τὸν ποταμόν, ἅπαν ἀπονεύσει πρὸς αὐτὸν τὸ τοῦ Μόλωνος στρατόπεδον — τῷ μὲν γὰρ Μόλωνι φθονεῖν, τῷ δὲ βασιλεῖ τὸ πλῆθος εὔνουν ὑπάρχειν διαφερόντως — ἐπαρθεὶς τούτοις ὁ Ξενοίτας ἐπεβάλετο διαβαίνειν τὸν Τίγριν. [9] ὑποδείξας δὲ διότι μέλλει ζευγνύναι τὸν ποταμὸν κατά τινα νησίζοντα τόπον, τῶν μὲν πρὸς τοῦτο τὸ μέρος ἐπιτηδείων οὐδὲν ἡτοίμαζε, διὸ καὶ συνέβη καταφρονῆσαι τοὺς περὶ τὸν Μόλωνα τῆς ὑποδεικνυμένης ἐπιβολῆς, [10] τὰ δὲ πλοῖα συνήθροιζε καὶ κατήρτιζε καὶ πολλὴν ἐπιμέλειαν ἐποιεῖτο περὶ τούτων. [11] ἐπιλέξας δ᾽ ἐκ παντὸς τοῦ στρατεύματος τοὺς εὐρωστοτάτους ἱππεῖς καὶ πεζούς, ἐπὶ τῆς παρεμβολῆς ἀπολιπὼν Ζεῦξιν καὶ Πυθιάδην παρῆλθε νυκτὸς ὡς ὀγδοήκοντα σταδίους ὑποκάτω τῆς τοῦ Μόλωνος στρατοπεδείας, [12] καὶ διακομίσας τοῖς πλοίοις τὴν δύναμιν ἀσφαλῶς νυκτὸς ἔτι κατεστρατοπέδευσε, λαβὼν εὐφυῆ τόπον, ᾧ συνέβαινε κατὰ μὲν τὸ πλεῖστον ὑπὸ τοῦ ποταμοῦ περιέχεσθαι,

  46. On one side of the entrance to this pass lies a place called Brochi, on the other Gerrha, which leave but a narrow space between them. After a march of several days through this cañon, and subduing the towns that lay along it, Antiochus arrived at Gerrha. Finding that Theodotus the Aetolian had already occupied Gerrha and Brochi, and had secured the narrow road by the lakes with ditches and palisades and a proper disposition of guards, the king at first tried to carry the pass by force; but after sustaining more loss than he inflicted, and finding that Theodotus remained still stanch, he gave up the attempt. In the midst of these difficulties news was brought that Xenoetas had suffered a total defeat and that Molon was in possession of all the upper country: he therefore abandoned his foreign expedition and started to relieve his own dominions.

  The fact was that when the general Xenoetas had been despatched with absolute powers, as I have before stated, his unexpected elevation caused him to treat his friends with haughtiness and his enemies with overweening temerity. His first move however was sufficiently prudent. He marched to Seleucia, and after sending for Diogenes the governor of Susiana, and Pythiades the commander in the Persian Gulf, he led out his forces and encamped with the river Tigris protecting his front. But there he was visited by many men from Molon’s camp, who swam across the river and assured him that, if he would only cross the Tigris, the whole of Molon’s army would declare for him; for the common soldiers were jealous of Molon and warmly disposed towards the king. Xenoetas was encouraged by these statements to attempt the passage of the Tigris. He made a feint of bridging the river at a spot where it is divided by an island; but as he was getting nothing ready for such an operation, Molon took no notice of his pretended move; while he was really occupied in collecting boats and getting them ready with every possible care. Then having selected the most courageous men, horse and foot, from his entire army, he left Zeuxis and Pythiades in charge of his camp, and marched up stream at night about eighty stades above Molon’s camp; and having got his force safely over in boats, encamped them before daybreak in an excellent position, nearly surrounded by the river, and covered where there was no river by marshes and swamps.

  [1] τὸ δὲ λοιπὸν ἕλεσιν ἠσφαλίσθαι καὶ τέλμασιν. ὁ δὲ Μόλων συνεὶς τὸ γεγονὸς ἐξαπέστειλε τοὺς ἱππεῖς, ὡς κωλύσων τοὺς ἐπιδιαβαίνοντας ῥᾳδίως καὶ συντρίψων τοὺς ἤδη διαβεβηκότας: [2] οἳ καὶ συνεγγίσαντες τοῖς περὶ τὸν Ξενοίταν διὰ τὴν ἄγνοιαν τῶν τόπων οὐ προσεδέοντο τῶν πολεμίων, αὐτοὶ δ᾽ ὑφ᾽ αὑτῶν βαπτιζόμενοι καὶ καταδύνοντες ἐν τοῖς τέλμασιν ἄχρηστοι μὲν ἦσαν ἅπαντες, πολλοὶ δὲ καὶ διεφθάρησαν αὐτῶν. [3] ὁ δὲ Ξενοίτας, πεπεισμένος, ἐὰν πλησιάσῃ, μεταβαλεῖσθαι τὰς τοῦ Μόλωνος πρὸς αὐτὸν δυνάμεις, προελθὼν παρὰ τὸν ποταμὸν καὶ συνεγγίσας παρεστρατοπέδευσε τοῖς ὑπεναντίοις. [4] κατὰ δὲ τὸν καιρὸν τοῦτον ὁ Μόλων, εἴτε καὶ στρατηγήματος χάριν εἴτε καὶ διαπιστήσας ταῖς δυνάμεσι, μή τι συμβῇ τῶν ὑπὸ τοῦ Ξενοίτου προσδοκωμένων, ἀπολιπὼν ἐν τῷ χάρακι τὴν ἀποσκευὴν ἀνέζευξε νυκτός, καὶ προῆγε σύντονον ποιούμενος τὴν πορείαν ὡς ἐπὶ Μηδίας. [5] ὁ δὲ Ξενοίτας, ὑπολαβὼν πεφευγέναι τὸν Μόλωνα καταπεπληγμένον τὴν ἔφοδον αὐτοῦ καὶ διαπιστοῦντα ταῖς ἰδίαις αὑτοῦ δυνάμεσι, τὸ μὲν πρῶτον ἐπιστρατοπεδεύσας κατελάβετο τὴν τῶν πολεμίων παρεμβολήν, καὶ διεπεραίου πρὸς αὑτὸν τοὺς ἰδίους ἱππεῖς καὶ τὰς τούτων ἀποσκευὰς ἐκ τῆς Ζεύξιδος παρεμβολῆς: [6] μετὰ δὲ ταῦτα συναθροίσας παρεκάλει τοὺς πολλοὺς θαρρεῖν καὶ καλὰς ἐλπίδας ἔχειν ὑπὲρ τῶν ὅλων, ὡς πεφευγότος τοῦ Μόλωνος. [7] ταῦτα δ᾽ εἰπὼν ἐπιμελεῖσθαι παρήγγειλε καὶ θεραπεύειν αὑτοὺς ἅπασιν, ὡς ἐκ ποδὸς ἀκο

  47. When Molon learnt what had taken place, he sent his cavalry, under the idea that they would easily stop those who were actually crossing, and ride down those who had already crossed. But as soon as they got near Xenoetas’s force, their ignorance of the ground proved fatal to them without any enemy to attack them; for they got immersed by their own weight, and sinking in the lakes were all rendered useless, while many of them actually lost their lives. Xenoetas, however, feeling sure that if he only approached, Molon’s forces would all desert to him, advanced along the bank of the river and pitched a camp close to the enemy. Thereupon Molon, either as a stratagem, or because he really felt some doubt of the fidelity of his men, and was afraid that some of Xenoetas’s expectations might be fulfilled, left his baggage in his camp and started under cover of night in the direction of Media. Xenoetas, imagining that Molon had fled in terror at his approach, and because he distrusted the fidelity of his own troops, first attacked and took the enemy’s camp, and then sent for his own cavalry and their baggage from the camp of Zeuxis. He next summoned the soldiers to a meeting, and told them that they should feel encouraged and hopeful now that Molon had fled. With this preface, he ordered them all to attend to their bodily wants and refresh themselves; as he intended without delay to go in pursuit of the enemy early next morning.

  [1] λουθήσων πρωῒ τοῖς ὑπεναντίοις. οἱ δὲ πολλοὶ κατατεθαρρηκότες κ�
�ὶ παντοδαπῆς ἐπειλημμένοι χορηγίας, ὥρμησαν πρὸς ἀπόλαυσιν καὶ μέθην καὶ τὴν ταῖς τοιαύταις ὁρμαῖς παρεπομένην ῥᾳθυμίαν. [2] ὁ δὲ Μόλων διανύσας ἱκανόν τινα τόπον καὶ δειπνοποιησάμενος παρῆν ἐξ ὑποστροφῆς, καὶ καταλαβὼν ἐρριμμένους καὶ μεθύοντας πάντας, προσέβαλε τῷ χάρακι τῶν πολεμίων ὑπὸ τὴν ἑωθινήν. [3] οἱ δὲ περὶ τὸν Ξενοίταν ἐκπλαγέντες ἐπὶ τοῖς συμβαίνουσι διὰ τὸ παράδοξον, ἀδυνατοῦντες δὲ τοὺς πολλοὺς ἐγείρειν διὰ τὴν κατέχουσαν αὐτοὺς μέθην, αὐτοὶ μὲν ἀλόγως ὁρμήσαντες εἰς τοὺς πολεμίους διεφθάρησαν, [4] τῶν δὲ κοιμωμένων οἱ μὲν πλείους ἐν αὐταῖς ταῖς στιβάσι κατεκόπησαν, οἱ δὲ λοιποὶ ῥιπτοῦντες ἑαυτοὺς εἰς τὸν ποταμὸν ἐπειρῶντο διαβαίνειν πρὸς τὴν ἀντίπερα στρατοπεδείαν: οὐ μὴν ἀλλ᾽ οἱ πλείους καὶ τούτων ἀπώλλυντο. [5] καθόλου δὲ ποικίλη τις ἦν ἀκρισία περὶ τὰ στρατόπεδα καὶ κυδοιμός: πάντες γὰρ ἐκπλαγεῖς καὶ περιδεεῖς ἦσαν, [6] ἅμα δὲ καὶ τῆς ἀντίπερα παρεμβολῆς ὑπὸ τὴν ὄψιν οὔσης ἐν πάνυ βραχεῖ διαστήματι, τῆς μὲν τοῦ ποταμοῦ βίας καὶ δυσχρηστίας ἐξελανθάνοντο διὰ τὴν ἐπιθυμίαν τὴν πρὸς τὸ σῴζεσθαι, [7] κατὰ δὲ τὴν παράστασιν καὶ τὴν ὁρμὴν τὴν πρὸς τὴν σωτηρίαν ἐρρίπτουν ἑαυτοὺς εἰς τὸν ποταμόν, ἐνίεσαν δὲ καὶ τὰ ὑποζύγια σὺν ταῖς ἀποσκευαῖς, [8] ὡς τοῦ ποταμοῦ κατά τινα πρόνοιαν αὐτοῖς συνεργήσοντος καὶ διακομιοῦντος ἀσφαλῶς πρὸς τὴν ἀντίπερα κειμένην στρατοπεδείαν. [9] ἐξ ὧν συνέβαινε τραγικὴν καὶ παρηλλαγμένην φαίνεσθαι τοῦ ῥεύματος τὴν φαντασίαν, ὡς ἂν ὁμοῦ τοῖς νηχομένοις φερομένων ἵππων, ὑποζυγίων, ὅπλων, νεκρῶν, ἀποσκευῆς παντοδαπῆς. [10] Μόλων δὲ κυριεύσας τῆς τοῦ Ξενοίτου παρεμβολῆς, καὶ μετὰ ταῦτα διαβὰς τὸν ποταμὸν ἀσφαλῶς, ἅτε μηδενὸς κωλύοντος διὰ τὸ φυγεῖν τὴν ἔφοδον αὐτοῦ καὶ τοὺς περὶ τὸν Ζεῦξιν, ἐγκρατὴς γίνεται καὶ τῆς τούτου στρατοπεδείας. [11] συντελεσάμενος δὲ τὰ προειρημένα παρῆν μετὰ τοῦ στρατοπέδου πρὸς τὴν Σελεύκειαν. [12] παραλαβὼν δὲ καὶ ταύτην ἐξ ἐφόδου διὰ τὸ πεφευγέναι τοὺς περὶ τὸν Ζεῦξιν, ἅμα δὲ τούτοις τὸν Διομέδοντα τὸν ἐπιστάτην τῆς Σελευκείας, λοιπὸν ἤδη προάγων ἀκονιτὶ κατεστρέφετο τὰς ἄνω σατραπείας. [13] γενόμενος δὲ κύριος τῆς τε Βαβυλωνίας καὶ τῆς περὶ τὴν Ἐρυθρὰν θάλατταν ἧκε πρὸς Σοῦσα. [14] τὴν μὲν οὖν πόλιν ἐξ ἐφόδου καὶ ταύτην κατέσχε, τῇ δ᾽ ἄκρᾳ προσβολὰς ποιούμενος οὐδὲν ἤνυε τῷ φθάσαι Διογένην τὸν στρατηγὸν εἰς αὐτὴν παρεισπεσόντα. [15] διὸ καὶ ταύτης μὲν τῆς ἐπιβολῆς ἀπέστη, καταλιπὼν δὲ τοὺς πολιορκήσοντας κατὰ τάχος ἀνέζευξε, καὶ κατῆρε μετὰ τῆς δυνάμεως πάλιν εἰς Σελεύκειαν τὴν ἐπὶ τῷ Τίγριδι. [16] πολλὴν δὲ ποιησάμενος ἐπιμέλειαν ἐνταῦθα τοῦ στρατοπέδου καὶ παρακαλέσας τὸ πλῆθος ὥρμησε πρὸς τὰς ἑξῆς πράξεις, καὶ τὴν μὲν Παραποταμίαν μέχρι πόλεως Εὐρώπου κατέσχε, τὴν δὲ Μεσοποταμίαν ἕως Δούρων. Ἀντίοχος δέ, [17] τούτων αὐτῷ προσπεσόντων, ὡς ἐπάνω προεῖπον, ἀπογνοὺς τὰς κατὰ Κοίλην Συρίαν