Age in Love

by Jacqueline Vanhoutte

  dotage, 18, 31, 58, 70, 184–86, 194

  Doty, Jeffrey S., 6, 10, 12, 85

  dress. See costume and dress

  The Duchess of Malfi (Webster), 138, 206

  Dudley, Ambrose. See Warwick, Earl of (Ambrose Dudley)

  Dudley, John, 47

  Dudley, Robert. See Leicester, Earl of (Robert Dudley)

  Dudley bear and ragged staff, 7, 8, 35, 48, 51–53, 65, 86, 87, 89–91, 101, 103

  Dudley family, 47–48

  Dutton, Richard, 26, 98, 107

  Dyer, Edmund, 21

  effeminacy, 16–17, 38, 47, 109, 112, 117, 142, 146, 161, 171, 184

  Eggert, Katherine, 22, 163, 165, 177

  Elizabeth: accession of, 2–3; age of the court of, 3; death of, 195; and identification with Richard II, 82; length of reign and age of, 41–44; moon cult of, 34, 38, 65, 78, 110, 196; Ovidian allusions to, 4, 35, 36, 38, 56, 63–66, 68, 72, 96–97, 104, 109, 113, 145; pet names for favorites of, 48, 62, 96; portraits of, 169–71; Rainbow Portrait of, 78, 169, 170, 171; and the Queen’s Men, 12–13; second reign of, 5, 20–22; and snake symbolism, 169, 170, 171; speculation on age of, 42; Tilbury speech of, 164, 176

  Ellis, Anthony, 16

  emasculation, 52, 67, 93, 96, 113, 150, 173, 186, 190

  Endymion (Lyly): and age-in-love trope, 35, 37, 56–57, 69, 74; and aging Elizabethan court, 3, 33, 38, 41–42, 57–75; Bacon on, 59–60; bearbaiting in, 73; deformity in, 36, 70; Earl of Oxford as patron of, 57; as fable about princes and favorites, 59–60; and Leicester’s Commonwealth, 56–57; male sexuality in, 33–37, 39, 57, 66–75; and Metamorphoses, 36, 46, 66, 72; mundus scenescit trope in, 57–58; and pastimes, 24–26, 27, 31, 56; and royal favoritism, 24, 30, 33, 36, 58–70, 74; and rumor, 56, 59–60, 68–69; and satire, 37; and scandal, 30, 56, 60; and senex amans, 5, 73, 95; on solitary lives of favorites, 61; as source for Merry Wives of Windsor, 23, 78; and Twelfth Night, 122–25, 130–35, 140, 152–54; and vanity, 71, 73; wind metaphor in, 56

  England’s Caesar, 195

  entertainments: of Ditchley, 59; of Kenilworth, 6, 13, 34, 51, 64, 86–87, 92–93, 97, 132, 153, 175; of Woodstock, 97. See also pastimes

  Erickson, Peter, 207, 208

  Essex, Countess of (Lettice Knollys), 61, 67

  Essex, Earl of (Robert Devereux), 8, 26, 27, 117, 165; Blessedness of Brytaine dedicated to, 168; and comparisons to Antonius, 172, 180; contemporary public response to, 21; on Elizabeth’s age, 41, 42; and Falstaff, 111, 114; historical privileging of, 22, 180, 207–8; as “proto-democratic” figure, 207; rebellion of, 42, 138, 172–74; and response to Elizabeth’s letters, 176; and self-love, 131

  eulogies, 199–200

  Every Man Out of His Humour (Jonson), 123, 128, 130, 138–40, 144–46, 151

  The Faerie Queene (Spenser), 86–87, 92, 96, 97–98

  fairies and fairy queens, 25, 71, 74; in Antony and Cleopatra, 15, 178, 181, 202; in Merry Wives of Windsor, 114, 131; in Midsummer Night’s Dream, 96–99, 124

  fairy tales, 121, 123

  Falstaff, 87, 89, 163; in cross-dressing scene, 113, 193; death of, 121; dehumanization of, 110; and desire for new livery, 106; effeminacy of, 110; Elizabeth’s connection to, 77–78; in the haunting of Twelfth Night, 31, 123, 126, 129, 131–34, 141, 147, 149–50; Jonson’s ghosting of, 122; and minion, 78; and the moon, 77–79; in “Munsur Fatpanche,”101; pity for, 109; publicity of, 118; self-description of, 77–78; self-promotion of, 103–4; theatrical ghosting of, 81–82; and transgressions of Elizabethan court, 78, 82; and wit and judgment, 77, 81–84, 101, 112, 147, 149, 181, 182, 187

  favoritism. See royal favoritism

  Fiedler, Leslie A., 2, 124

  The First Part of Sir John Oldcastle (anon.), 100, 129

  fish: as Elizabeth’s caught or tamed favorites, 63–64, 174; as Elizabeth’s pet name for Ralegh, 48, 62, 63

  Fitz, L. T., 128

  The Fountaine of Selfe-Love or Cynthia’s Revels (Jonson), 123, 131, 133, 138, 145–46; “popular breeches” in, 85, 102, 118

  Foxe, John, 100

  Freedman, Barbara, 106

  Frye, Northrop, 141, 148

  Frye, Stephen, 141

  Frye, Susan, 22

  A Game at Chess (Middleton), 26

  Garnier, Robert, 172–73

  Gascoigne, George, 34, 64, 86, 107; Noble Arte of Venerie or Hunting, 86–87, 107, 108, 114; “Princely Pleasures,” 34, 64

  gender: bending categories of, 74, 91, 95–96, 140–41; convergence of, 193; and Elizabethan moon cult, 38; Elizabeth’s exploitation of, 44; versus generational categories, 192; hierarchies of, 12–13, 48; and judgment, 107, 115; and longing, 12; old men and norms of, 2, 3, 5, 14, 16, 21, 48, 91, 95–96; as political asset, 63, 93; and power, 159, 164, 190; and the public sphere, 12, 84; and social decorum, 12

  gerontocracy, 15–16, 20, 190

  “Gertrude Talks Back” (Atwood), 205

  ghosting, 81–82, 122

  Globe, 86, 102, 122, 141, 159, 162

  Goddard, William, 144

  “Golden Age” (film), 39

  Golding, Arthur. See Metamorphoses (Ovid), Golding’s translation of

  Goldring, Elizabeth, 6

  Goodman, Godfrey, 42

  Gorboduc (Norton and Sackville), 138

  gossip, 56, 117, 123, 163, 172, 187, 194; about Hatton, 3–4, 13, 133; about Leicester, 3–4, 84, 87, 93–94, 205; and scandal, 93–94. See also Leicester’s Commonwealth; rumor; scandal

  Gosson, Stephen, 10, 105, 167, 190, 202

  Grady, Hugh, 23

  Greenblatt, Stephen, 22, 97, 130, 148

  Greville, Fulke, 173–74, 184, 196, 197

  Guy, John, 176, 207

  Habermas, Jürgen, 8, 11, 80

  Hackett, Helen, 63, 68, 98

  Halpin, N. J., 25

  Hamlet (Shakespeare), 4–5, 16, 17, 25, 27–28, 106, 122, 159–63, 178, 185–86, 192, 202, 205–7

  Harington, Sir John: on Elizabeth, 43, 64; fishing analogy of, 64; A New Discourse on a Stale Subject, or the Metamorphosis of Ajax, 31, 123–24, 136, 137

  Harvey, Gabriel, 57

  Hatton, Christopher, 13–15, 22, 29, 33–34, 47, 71, 114, 138, 146, 149, 155, 176; and abdication of traditional masculinity, 21, 34, 184; age of, 3–4, 57; on Elizabeth as “fishing” for courtiers, 64, 174; Elizabeth’s preference for men like, 180; and Endymion, 61–64; John Guy on, 207; as pattern, 176; sheep as Elizabeth’s pet name for, 48, 59; theatrical description of, 13–14; and vulnerability to slander, 46

  Hawthorne, Nigel, 141

  Heminge, John, 86

  The Henriad (Shakespeare): 1 Henry IV, 29, 77, 78, 79, 81–84, 99–104, 106, 109–10, 112, 116–19, 124, 126, 154; 2 Henry IV, 9, 28, 79, 81, 83, 99–107, 110, 115–17, 121, 141; Henry V, 85, 87, 117, 121, 147; 2 Henry VI, 9; Richard II, 81–82; Richard III, 45

  Herbert, William, 199, 200

  Hobbes, Thomas, 105

  Holinshed, Raphael, 87, 124

  horizontal exchanges, 84

  Hornback, Robert, 102

  humoral theory of sexuality and aging, 39, 69

  Hunt, Maurice, 23

  Hunter, G. K., 72, 74

  “Hymnus in Cynthiam” (Chapman), 63

  Isle of Dogs (Jonson and Nashe), 24, 144

  James I of England (James VI of Scotland), 5, 41, 163, 172, 195–97

  James IV of Scotland, 57

  James VI of Scotland (James I of England), 5, 41, 163, 172, 195–97

  Jankowski, Theodora, 163, 179

  Jensen, Phebe, 123, 129

  Jones, Rosalind, 86

  Jonson, Ben, 24–26; Bartholomew Fair, 24; on Elizabeth’s age, 42; Every Man Out of His Humour, 25, 26, 29, 122–23, 128, 130, 138–40, 144–46, 151; Fountaine of Selfe-Love or Cynthia’s Revels, 85, 102, 118, 123, 131, 133, 138, 145–46; ghosting of Falstaff by, 122; imprisonment of, 24; Isle of Dogs, 24, 144; and “narrow-eyed decipherers,” 26, 29; and “popular breeches,” 85–86, 102, 118; and Shakespeare, 12, 25, 115, 122–23; Twelfth Night’s allusions to works
of, 122–23, 128, 130–31, 133, 138–40, 144–46, 151

  Jouber, Laurent, 17, 19

  judgment. See wit and judgment

  Kaine, Tim, 3

  Kapur, Shekhar, 39

  Kastan, David Scott, 78, 81

  Kempe, Will, 12, 28, 86, 101–4, 107, 119, 163, 186, 208

  King Lear (Shakespeare), 10–11

  Kingsley, Ben, 141

  Kisery, András, 10, 12

  Knights of the Garter, 51, 53, 110–11, 114–15

  Knollys, Lettice, 61, 67

  Knox, John, 35, 173

  Kyd, Thomas, 89

  Lake, Peter, 10, 12, 52

  Lamb, Charles, 151

  Lee, Sir Henry, 57, 58, 59

  Leicester, Earl of (Robert Dudley): age of, 3–4; aging body of, 48, 50–53; and bearbaiting event, 51–52; and commissioning of Golding’s Metamorphoses translation, 97; in “Dead Mans Right,” 87, 94; death of, 85; and death of son, 62; as Elizabeth’s lapdog, 174, 226n158; Golding’s dedicatory letter to, 35, 65, 87; gossip and scandal about, 3–4, 84, 87, 93–94, 205; as governor-general of the Netherlands, 50; and Kenilworth, 6, 13, 34, 51, 64, 86–87, 92–93, 97, 132, 153, 175; libido of, 6, 50–53; marriage of, 61–62; patronage of traveling troupe by, 85; and printing press, 6, 86; Segar’s portrait of, 48, 49; self-promotion of, 85, 87; and slander, 14, 21, 36, 46, 53, 55, 87, 89–90, 101, 104–5, 114; transgressions of, 52, 95, 118; and vanity, 50, 64, 91, 97. See also Leicester’s Commonwealth

  Leicester’s Commonwealth (anon.), 62, 82, 90–91, 93–95, 114, 162, 184; anonymous Catholic expatriates as authors of, 6, 35, 94; and court trial, 78–79; and Dudley bear and ragged staff, 51–53, 54, 89; Elizabeth’s attempted suppression of, 56; and Endymion, 56–57; as entertainment, 89; as exploitation of public anxiety about favorites, 30, 35; female cameos in, 67; French translation of, 53, 54; impetus for, 8, 124; influence of, 87; on Leicester’s body and libido, 50–53, 55–57; misogynist arguments in, 146–47; popularity of, 52–53

  Leicester’s Ghost, 94–95, 199

  Leoni, Téa, 26

  Levin, Carole, 4, 130, 207

  libel, 10, 30, 53, 55, 80, 100. See also defamation; slander

  life expectancy, 3, 57

  Loomis, Catherine, 195, 198, 199

  Lord Admiral’s Men, 106–17

  Lord Chamberlain’s Men, 86, 106–7, 122

  “A Lover’s Complaint” (Shakespeare), 158

  Love’s Labor’s Lost (Shakespeare), 13

  Lowin, John, 159, 163

  Lyly, John, 3; Earl of Oxford as patron of, 57, 74; and Elizabeth, 74; influence of, 23–24, 74–75. See also Endymion

  MacFaul, Tom, 14

  Machiavelli, Niccolò, 11, 45, 79–80, 89

  Madam Secretary (television program), 26

  Malcolmson, Cristina, 126, 127

  Marc Antoine (Garnier), 172–73

  Marcus, Leah, 25, 147

  Markham, Robert, 124, 130

  Marlowe, Christopher, 46

  Marprelate controversy, 100

  Marston, John, 137

  Martin, Christopher, 16, 40, 157

  Mary, Queen of Scots, 41, 57, 67

  masculinity, 3, 6, 12–14, 16, 21–22, 205–7; abdication of, 21, 59–61, 73; and Antony, 164–65, 175; feminine perspective of, 195, 201, 202, 206; hyper, 48; and old men, 34, 40, 46, 48, 207; and wit and judgment, 84

  A Mastif Whelp with Other Ruff-Island-lik Currs Fetcht from Amongts the Antipedes (Goddard), 144

  McLaren, A. N., 93

  memory: individual and collective, 126, 200; and the theater, 27–29, 82, 95, 102–4, 111, 122, 123

  Merry Wives of Windsor (Shakespeare), 4, 9, 10, 31, 84, 110–17, 122, 194; age-in-love trope in, 2, 84, 110–17; bearbaiting in, 9, 31, 110–17; comparative judgment of, 84, 111–17; Elizabeth’s role in writing of, 77; Endymion as source for, 23, 78; punishment in, 111–12; and Twelfth Night, 131–32, 135

  Metamorphoses (Ovid): and Antony and Cleopatra, 186, 191, 194; Aurora in, 36, 56, 194; Circe in, 4, 35, 96, 104, 109, 114, 132, 145, 171, 174, 184–85, 190, 193, 203; and Elizabethan allusions, 4, 35, 36, 38, 56, 63–66, 68, 72, 96–97, 104, 109, 113, 145; and Endymion, 36, 46, 66, 72; and Merry Wives of Windsor, 113; on passion, 186; and royal favorites, 4, 35; Tithonus in, 36, 38, 46

  Metamorphoses (Ovid), Golding’s translation of: dedicatory letter to Leicester in, 35, 65, 87; Dudley bear and ragged staff displayed on, 35, 65, 87, 88; Leicester’s commissioning of, 97; title page of, 87, 88

  The Metamorphosis of Pygmalions Image (Marston), 137

  Microcynicon (Middleton) 144

  Middleton, Thomas, 12, 29; Game at Chess, 26; influence of Lyly on, 24; Microcynicon, 144; Revenger’s Tragedy, 5, 159–63, 178, 181–82, 185, 188, 189

  A Midsummer Night’s Dream (Shakespeare), 14, 15, 151–52, 172, 181; Bottom in, 2, 14, 95, 96, 98–101, 107, 115, 124, 163, 181, 182, 202; Endymion as source for, 23, 95; Fairy Queen in, 96–99, 124; Kenilworth as inspiration of, 97; and masculine merit versus feminine perspective, 202; and Shakespeare scholars, 22; and women in power, 205

  miles gloriosus, 71, 73, 95, 113, 129, 182–83

  minion, definition of, 78

  misogyny, 12, 22, 44, 146, 180, 201, 203, 207, 213–14n58

  Montrose, Louis, 14, 22, 25, 37, 38, 41, 44

  moon: Elizabeth’s cult of, 34, 38, 65, 78, 110, 196; in Endymion, 58–59, 62–63, 67, 69, 181; and Falstaff, 78–79; and Isis, 169; minions of, 30, 77

  Muir, Kenneth, 178

  Mullaney, Steven, 37, 38, 39, 159–60, 201

  mundus scenescit (trope), 37, 57–58

  Nashe, Thomas: and Bishop’s Ban of 1599, 137; Choice of Valentines,137; Isle of Dogs, 24, 144; Pierce Penniless’s Supplication to the Devil, 87

  Naunton, Robert, 13, 48, 50

  Netherlands, 25, 50, 53, 79, 87, 91, 102

  Neoplatonism, 37, 40, 65, 69, 124, 162, 183, 193

  A New Discourse on a Stale Subject, or the Metamorphosis of Ajax (Harington): bearbaiting in, 123–24; Twelfth Night’s allusions to, 31, 123–24, 136, 137

  news, 10–11; of Antony, 188, 190; of Falstaff’s death, 121; and rumor, 104–5

  News from Heaven and Hell (anon.), 90–95, 121, 133; age-in-love trope in, 94; bearbaiting trope in, 91–93, 112; “bere whelp” in, 92, 113, 194; and castration anxiety, 184; on Dudley bear and ragged staff, 90–91, 101; and judgment, 90–95; on Leicester 101, 102, 103; as precedent for Shakespeare, 90; and punishment, 90–95, 106, 112

  The Noble Arte of Venerie or Hunting (Gascoigne), 86–87, 107, 108, 114

  North, Sir Thomas, 165–66, 171, 187

  Northumberland, Duke of (John Dudley), 47

  nostalgia, 31, 125–26, 132, 152, 153, 155, 166, 200

  Nunn, Trevor, 140–41

  Nyquist, Mary, 175–76

  Ocean to Cynthia (Ralegh), 38, 78, 130

  Oldcastle, Sir John, 100, 123

  Order of the Garter, 51, 53, 110–11, 114–15

  Ormond, Earl of, 53

  Othello (Shakespeare), 15, 19

  Ovid. See Metamorphoses (Ovid); Metamorphoses (Ovid), Golding’s translation of

  Owen, Clive, 39

  Oxford, Earl of, 57–58, 74

  Pack, Roger Lloyd, 141

  Palfrey, Simon, 163, 167

  Parallel Lives (Plutarch; North’s translation), 165–66

  Parker, Patricia, 74, 98

  Paster, Gail Kern, 136, 139

  pastimes: in Antony and Cleopatra, 168; definition of, 24; Elizabeth’s anxiety regarding, 82; in Endymion, 24–26, 27, 31, 56; and Falstaff, 90–100, 109, 110, 114, 116, 119; in Twelfth Night, 133, 139, 149–50

  patriarchy, 3, 6, 16–17, 19, 61, 161, 164, 181, 190–91, 194, 202, 206

  Patterson, Annabel, 27, 216n128

  Paulet, Sir Amyas, 57

  Peck, D. C., 21, 124

  Peele, George, 130, 132

  Pembroke, Countess of (Mary Sidney), 172–73

  Perry, Curtis, 12, 68, 80, 85, 89, 94, 210n15

  personalities, 25,
35

  Petrarch, 19, 58, 65, 71, 72, 130, 140, 143–45, 161, 162

  Philip II of Spain, 57

  Pincus, Steven, 10

  Plato, 128; Symposium, 127–28, 194. See also Neoplatonism

  Platter, Thomas, 42, 169

  Plautus, 15; Menaechme, 128; miles gloriosus, 71. See also miles gloriosus

  playgoers: and Antony and Cleopatra, 163, 167, 177–79, 181, 183, 185, 187–89, 196, 198, 200, 202; collaboration of, 27, 86, 102, 127, 133, 134, 136, 138–39, 181, 183; and Falstaff, 84, 100, 104–7, 110, 112–18; and laughter, 11, 27, 28, 105, 112, 125, 134, 148, 185, 188; and Shakespeare’s allusions to Elizabeth’s suitors, 27–29

  Plutarch: influence on Shakespeare, 166–67; “Life of Marcus Antonius,” 31, 166–68, 171–72, 175–76, 180–82, 184, 187–88, 190–92; Parallel Lives, 165–66

  Pole, John, 48

  “popular breeches,” 85, 102, 118

  popularity: of anticourt satire, 31, 36, 52; control of, 180; of court materials, 85; definition of, 6, 85; of dream-settings, 68; of Elizabethan moon cult, 38; and Leicester, 6, 87; of lost masculine ideal, 153; of verse satires, 137

  printing press, 6, 86, 118

  Privy Council, 3, 24, 55, 114, 138, 195

  promotion, 85, 87, 103–4

  Protestantism: and Falstaff, 100; and Leicester, 8, 25; and News from Heaven and Hell, 83, 94; radicals of, 6, 25; and treason, 100

  publicity, 6, 8–10, 12, 29–30, 36–37, 86, 94, 118, 179

  public-making texts and stories, 28, 90, 166

  public punishment, 10, 112

  public sphere, 6, 10–12, 15, 80, 84, 89, 93, 150, 180

  punishment: charivaris, 20, 214n89; in Merry Wives of Windsor, 111–12; in News from Heaven and Hell, 90–95, 106, 112; public, 20, 112; in Twelfth Night, 106, 139, 149

  Purkiss, Diane, 73

  Queen’s Men, 12–13

  Quinn, Michael L., 4

  Rainbow Portrait of Elizabeth I, 78, 169, 170

  Ralegh, Sir Walter: and Elizabeth, 21, 38, 39, 41, 42, 47, 48, 62, 63, 65, 172, 174, 175; as Elizabeth’s “fish,” 48, 62, 63; “Golden Age” portrayal of, 39; and Jonson, 133, 145; as Middle Templar, 138; Ocean to Cynthia, 38, 78, 130; “Of Favorites,” 142; on old age, 1, 46, 141; as royal minion, 111; and Twelfth Night, 125, 130, 132, 133

  Revenger’s Tragedy (Middleton), 5, 159–63, 178, 181–82, 185, 188, 189

  Richard II (Shakespeare), 81–82

  Richard III (Shakespeare), 45

  Riehl, Anna, 44

  Roach, Joseph, 104