Guerrilla Warfare
Page 56
31. A. K. Gregorie, Thomas Sumter (Columbia, 1931).
32. James Graham, The Life of General Daniel Morgan (New York, 1859).
33. Esmond Wright, Washington and the American Revolution (London, 1973), 135·
34. Jac Weiler, "Irregular but Effective: Partisan Weapons Tactics in the American Revolution: Southern Theatre," Military Affairs (Fall 1967), 120.
35. W. D. James, A Sketch of the Life of Brigadier General Francis Marion (Charleston, 1824), 59.
36. Weller, loc. cit., 126.
37. Ibid., 119.
38. Ch. I. Chassin, La Vendee Patriotique (Paris, 1892), II, 293.
39. This account is based mainly on the works of Ch. I. Chassin, Emile Gabory, Joseph Clemenceau and Savary. Of the recent literature A. Montagnon, Une guerre subversive (Paris, 1959), Charles Tilly, The Vendee (London, 1964), and Peter Paret, Internal War and Pacification: The Vendee 1789-1796 (Princeton, 1961) are the most important.
40. P. Paret, Internal War..., 34.
41. Quoted in Tilly, The Vendee, 333.
42. Chassin, La pacification del'ouest, II.
43. Gabory relates the story of the peasant Guitton who killed twenty-seven soldiers after having found his wife and children dead after a punitive raid (Napoleon et la Vendee [Paris, 1914], 12).
44. Chassin, La preparation, III, 441.
45. Chassin, La Vendee patriotique, 1,439·
46. Tilly, The Vendee, 334.
47. Chassin, La Pacification, 1,187.
48. Paret, Internal War ..., 33.
49. For a military analysis of the Vendean wars see A. Montagnon, Une guerre subversive.
50. Chassin, La Pacification, III, 219.
51. Some of their leaders, such as Bonchamp, had participated in the American War of Independence. But it would be wrong to attribute undue importance to this fact, just as it is no doubt accidental that some of the Vendeans (and their conquerors) subsequently saw service in Spain. It is possible to establish a genealogy of guerrilla warfare — from South Carolina to the Vendée, from there to Spain, from Spain to North Africa to the Fenians (John Devoy). But such exercises are of no great significance.
52. Raymond Carr, Spain 1809-1939 (Oxford, 1966), passim. 53· Quoted in Geoffrey de Grandmaison, L'Espagne et Napoleon (Paris, 1931), IV, 219.
54. The main sources used in this account are Gomez de Arteche y Moro, Guerra de la Independencia (Madrid, 1868-1903), 14 vols.; A. Grasset, La Guerre d'Espagne, 1807-1813 (Paris, Nancy, 1914); Toreno, Histoire du Souèvement de la Guerre et de la Révolution d'Espagne (Paris, 1836-38), 5 vols.; Oman, A History of the Peninsular War (Oxford, 1902-22), 6 vols.; Geoffrey de Grand-maison, Espagne et Napoleon (Paris, 1931), 3 vols.; Diccionario Bibliográfico de la Guerra de la Independencia Española (Madrid, 1944-52), 3 vols. Most recently: Juan Priego López, Guerra de la Independencia (Madrid, 1973), 3 vols.
55. The main sources for Mina are A Short Extract from the Life of General Mina published by himself (London, 1825); Memorias del General Don Francisco Espoz y Mina (New Edition) (Madrid, 1962), I; I. M. Iribarren, Espoz y Mina el guerrillero (Madrid, 1965); Hermilio de Oloriz, Navarra en la Guerra de la Independencia. Biografia del guerrillero Don Francisco Espoz y Mina (Pamplona, 1955).
56. Oman, loc. cit., III, 489.
57. Mina, Memorias, 86-87.
58. A Short Extract, 31.
59. Archives de la Guerre, 20 April 1813. Quoted in Grandmaison, III, 246.
60. There is a great deal of literature, much of it apocryphal, on the Empecinado, some of it also in English, e.g., "Passages in the Career of the Empecinado" in Peninsular Scenes and Sketches by the author of "Student of Salamanca * [Frederick Hardman] (Edinburgh, 1846), 1-97. The following account is based mainly on French sources and on The Military Exploits etc. etc. of Don Juan Marin Diaz the Empecinado who First Commenced and then Organized the System of Guerrilla Warfare in Spain (London, 1823).
61. The Military Exploits, 153.
62. See documents quoted in Grandmaison, III.
63. The Military Exploits, 60.
64. The Military Exploits, 14.
65. C. F. Henningsen, The Most Striking Events of a Twelve Months Campaign with Zumalacarregui (London, 1836), 1,177.
66. On Somaten and Miqueletes, see Arteche, VII, 56; and Boucheman, "Apergu sur l'organisation d'Armee espagnole et des corps de partisans de 1808-1814," Le SpectateurMilitaire, XXII (1859).
67. About the subsequent fate of the guerrilla leaders see Diccionario Bibli-ogräfico; Ε. Guillon, Les Guerres d'Espagne sous Napoleon (Paris, 1902), and Grandmaison.
68. Mina, Memorias, 112.
69. Toreno, III, 340.
70. Mina, Memorias, 169.
71. Jac Weiler, "Wellington's Use of the Guerrillas," Royal United Services Institute Magazine (May 1963), 155.
72. Grandmaison, 219.
73. Toreno, III, 30.
74.Aus dem Leben des Generals der Infanterie z.D. Dr. Heinrich von Brandt, (Berlin, 1870), 76, 212; Soldats suisses au service etranger (Geneva, 1909), II, 35; Artèche, VII, 64; Grandmaison, 246.
75. R. Wohlfeil, Spanien und die deutsche Erhebung (1965), 180 et seq., 230 et seq.
76. The following account is based chiefly on the three main works on the Tyrolean rising: Josef Hirn, Tirols Erhebung im Jahre 180g (Innsbruck, 1909); Hans von Voltelini, Forschungen und Beiträge zur Geschichte des Tiroler Aufstandes in Jahre 1809 (Gotha, 1909); Karl Paulin, Das Leben des Andreas Hofer (Innsbruck, 1959). A full bibliography is in Hans Iiochenegg, Beihefte zu Tiroler Heimat (Innsbruck, 1960).
77. Hans Kramer, Andreas Η of er (Vienna, 1970), 40.
78. Tirol und die Tiroler im Jahre 1809 (1810), 32.
79. F. Schulze, ed., Die Franzosenzeit in deutschen Landen (Leipzig, 1909), I, 244; Helden der Ostmark (Vienna, 1937), 135.
80. Kramer, 47.
81. The most important source is Denis Davydov, Voennie Zapiski (Moscow, 1940). There is much interesting material in Russkaya Starina, e.g., Löwenstern's Zapiski, serialized in 1900-1901. One of the earliest major analyses oi the war of 1812-13 is Mikhailovski-Danilevski, Opisanie otechestvennoi voini υ i8i2 godu (St. Petersburg, 1839), 3 vols, and the same author's Imperator Alexander I i evo spodvizhniki v 1812, 1813, 1814 i 1815 godakh (St. Petersburg, 1849). Among Soviet accounts E. Tarle's Napoleon's Invasion of Russia (London, 1942) and V. A. Garin, Izgnanie Napolona iz Moskvi (Moscow, 1938) should be mentioned.
82. Davydov, op. cit., 209.
83. Ibid., 22.
84. Ibid., 158. See also Mémoires du Général Löwenstern (Paris, 1903), I,296.
85. Mikhailovski-Danilevski, Opisanie, III, 132.
86. D. Cherviakov, "Partisanskie Otryadi ν otechestvennoi voine 1812," Voenno-Istoricheski Zhurnal, 6-7 (1941), 54.
87. Davydov, 177.
88. Sovremennik 3, 1836. Pushkin wrote to him: "Your essay did not escape the red ink. Military censors wanted to show that they can read."
89. Davydov, 424.
90. Quoted in Tarle, 250.
91. Garin, 93.
92. Mikhailovski-Danilevski, Opisanie, III, 102.
Chapter Two: Small Wars and Big Armies
1. On Tupac Amaru, L. E. Fish, The Last Inca Revolt (Norman, 1966); Daniel Valcaral, La Rebelión de Tupac Amaru (Mexico, 1947); idem, Rebeliones indigenas (Lima, 1946); German Arciniegas, Los Comuneros (Bogotá, 1959); Bo-leslao Lewin, La Rebelión de Tupac Amaru (Buenos Aires, 1963).
2. Fish,Last Inca Revolt, 214.
3. On Pumacahua, I. C. Bouroncle, Pumacahua. La Revolución de Cuzco de 1814 (Cuzco, 1956); Juan José Vega, La Emancipación frente el indio peruano (Lima, 1958).
4. Pedro M. Arcaya, Insurección de los negros de la serrania de Coro (Caracas, 1949), 31-32·
5. C. L. R. James, The Black Jacobins (New York, 1963), 54,116-117. For the military aspects of the campaign see A. Metra, Histoire de l'expedition des Frangais à Saint Domingue (Paris, 1825), and Lemmonier-Delafosse, Seconde campagne de Saint Domingue (Le Havre, 1846).
; 6. Oswaldo Diaz Diaz, Los Almeydas (Bogota, 1962); Raul Rivera Serna, Los Guerrilleros del centre en la emancipacion peruana (Lima, 1958).
7· Memoirs of General Miller, quoted in John Lynch, The Spanish American Revolutions (London, 1973), 181.
8. Robert L. Gilmore, Caudillism and Militarism in Venezuela, 1810-1910 (Athens, [Ohio], 1964), 71; V&ez,Autobiografía (New York, 1946), 1,7,
9. Gilmore, Caudillism and Militarism, 83.
10. Jasper Ridley, Garibaldi (London, 1974), 185.
11. The standard works in English are Hugh M. Hamill Jr., The Hidalgo Revolt (Gainesville, 1966), and Wilbert H. Timmons, Morelos of Mexico (El Paso, 1963). An important early work is F. Robinson's Mexico and her Military Chieftains, first published in 1847, reprinted in 1970.
12. J. A, Dabbs, The French Army in Mexico (The Hague, 1963), 70
13. Julio C. Guerrero, La Guerra de guerrillas (La Paz, 1940), 89.
14. Hugh Thomas, Cuba (London, 1971), 254. See also Ramiro Guerra, Guerra de los diez años (Havana, 1960), and Antonio Pirala, Anales de la guerra de Cuba (Madrid, 1896).
15. The chief sources are Wyler's autobiographical account, Mi mando en Cuba (Madrid, 1910) 6 vols. See also Hugh Thomas, Cuba, and M. F. Almagro, Historia político de la España contemporanea (Madrid, 1959), II.
16. "A nossa Vendeia" is the title of two articles by Euclides da Cunha in Ο estado de São Paulo, March 17 and July 17, 1897, reprinted in Canudos e ineditos (São Paulo), 1967. Da Cunha's classic Os sertões, published in English under the title Rebellion in the Backlands (Chicago, 1944), is devoted to the campaigns against Canudos.
17. While da Cunha's epic presents a magnificent literary account, its historical accuracy has been disputed. The literature on Canudos is considerable; for a modern biography of Consilheiro see Abelardo Montenegro, Antonio Consel-heiro (Fortaleza, 1954); for the general historical background, Jose Maria Bello, A History of Modern Brazil 1889-1964 (Stanford, 1966); for a modern interpretation, Ralph della Cave, "Brazilian Messianism and National Institutions: A Reappraisal of Canudos and Joaseiro," Hispanic American Historical Review (August 1968); for the military aspects of the campaigns, U. Peregrino, Os sertões como historia militar (Rio de Janeiro, 1956).
18. Da Cunha, Rebellion, 149.
19. Ibid., 194.
20. Ibid., 475.
21. Edgar Holt, The Carlist Wars in Spain (London, 1967), is a recent historical study. Antonio Pirala, Historia de la guerra civil (Madrid, 1868), 6 vols., is the most detailed account. See also A. Risco, Zumalacarreguy en campañà (Madrid, 1935); T. Wisdom, Estudio histórico militar de Zumalacarreguy y Ca brera (Madrid, 1890); and most recently Roman Oyarzuni: Vida de Ramon Cabrera (Barcelona, 1961).
22. Holt, Carlist Wars, 117.
23. Franz von Erlach, Die Freiheitskriege kleiner Völker gegen grosse Heere (Bern, 1867), 323.
24. George Finlay, History of the Greek Revolution (London, 1861), I, 189. See also T. Gordon, History of the Greek Revolution (Edinburgh, 1832), 2 vols. C. W. Cranley, The Question of Greek Independence (Cambridge, 1930); C. M. Woodhouse, The Philhellenes (London, 1968), and his earlier The Greek War of Independence (London, 1952). For a modern Greek view of the war of independence, see G. K. Asporas, Politika historia tes neoteras Hellados (Athens, 1930).
25. Finlay, Greek Revolution, 194-195.
26. W. F. Reddaway et. al., Cambridge History of Poland (London, 1941), II, 161. The standard (Polish) biography of Kosciusko is by T. Korzon (Cracow, 1906).
27. Friedrich von Smitt, Geschichte des polnischen Aufstandes (Berlin, 1839), II, 159·
28. William Ansell Day, The Russian Government in Poland (London, 1867), 131.
29· Smitt, Polnischen AufStandes, 383·
30. Ludwik Mieroslawski, Kritische Darstellung des Feldzuges vom Jahre 1831 und hieraus abgeleitete Regeln für Νational-Kriege (Berlin, 1847), I, 302. See also the Mieroslawski biography (in Polish) by Μ. Zychowski (Warsaw, 1963).
31. Pisacane, quoted by J, Ridley, Garibaldi, 253.
32. G. M, Trevelyan, Garibaldi's Defence of Rome (London, 1933), 89. See also the Autobiography of Giuseppi Garibaldi (London, 1889), 3 vols.
33. Trevelyan, Garibaldi and the Thousand (London, 1933), 218.
34. Ridley, Garibaldi, 605.
35. H. d'Ideville, Memoirs of Marshall Bugeaud (London, 1884), I, 211. Of the many Bugeaud biographies, Lucas-Dubreton (1931), E. de Lamaze (1943), Μ. Andrieux (1951), and L. Morard (1947) should be mentioned.
36. Geo. Wingrove Cooke, Conquest and Colonisation in North Africa (London, 1860), 211-212. For a general account see also J. Pichon, Abd el-Kader (Paris, 1899), and A. Bellemore, Abd el-Kader, sa vie politique et militaire (Paris, 1863).
37. Count P. Castellan, Military Life in Algeria (London, 1853), I,204.
38. d'Ideville, Marshall Bugeaud, I,299.
39. Ibid., 252.
40. The literature on the Caucasian campaigns is immense. The most detailed Russian account is General Potto's Kavkazkaya voina (St. Petersburg, 1887-1897), 4 vols.; the standard English history is John F. Baddeley, The Russian Conquest of the Caucasus (London, 1908). Modern descriptions are Lesley Blanch, The Sabres of Paradise (London, 1960), and Paul Chavchavadze, The Mountains of Allah (London, 1953). An interesting account from a Turkish point of view is Μ. M. Zihni's Seyh Samil (Ankara, 1958).
41. Baddeley, Conquest of the Caucasus, 146.
42. Friedrich Wagner, Schamil als Feldherr, Sultan und Prophet (Leipzig, 1854), 95·
43. W. E. D. Allen and Paul Muratoff, Caucasian Battlefields (London, 1953), 51.
44. Compare Ν. I. Pokrovsky, "Miuridism u vlasti," in Istorik-Marksist, 2 (1934), with the debate in Voprosy istorii, II, 1947. The extensive literature on the subject is analyzed in Paul B. Henze, "The Shamil Problem" in W. Z, Laqueur, ed., The Middle East in Transition (London, 1958), 415-443. For a post-Stalinist appraisal of Shamil see N. A. Smirnov, Miuridism na Kavkaze (Moscow, 1963)·
45. Baddeley, Conquest of the Caucasus, 393.
46. J. A. MacGahin, Campaigning on the Oxus and the Fall of Khiva (London, 1874), 378·
47. Byron Farwell, Queen Victoria's Little Wars (London, 1973), 169. Another recent account is Donald Featherstone, Colonial Small Wars (Newton Abbot, 1973)·
48. A recent Indian analysis is Dharm Pal, Tantia Topi (New Delhi, 1957). The most detailed account is Kaye and Malleson, History of the Indian Mutiny (London, 1888-89), 6 vols.
49. Edgar Holt, The Strangest War (London, 1962), 150. The most detailed account is James Cowan, The New Zealand Wars (Wellington, 1922), 2 vols. For a recent account, Keith Sindar, The Origins of the Maori Wars (Wellington, 1957).
50. Frederick W. Turner III, Geronimo: His Own Story (London, 1974), introduction, 23; according to the same source, Che Guevara found considerable inspiration in reading about Geronimo.
51. C. L. Alderman, Osseola and the Seminole Wars (New York, 1973), 72.
52. John B. Trussell, "Seminoles in the Everglades," Army (December 1961).
53. V. C. Jones, Gray Ghosts and Rebel Raiders (New York, 1956), introduction.
54. Carl W. Breiham, Quantrill and his Civil War Guerrillas (Denver, 1959), 42.
55. C. F, Holland, Morgan and his Raiders (New York, 1942); Jones, Gray Ghosts; L. L. Butler, John Morgan and his Men (New York, 1960); James Williamson, Mosby's Rangers (New York, 1909); J. Scott, Partisan Life with Col. J. S. Mosby (New York, 1867); A. R. Johnson, The Partisan Rangers (New York, 1904).
56. Williamson, Mosby's Rangers, 23.
57. Stanley F, Horn, The Army of Tennessee (Indianapolis, 1941), 195.
58. Mark M. Boatner, Cassel's Biographical Dictionary of the American Civil War (London, 1973), 568.
59. Holland,Morgan, 170,350.
60. Wyeth, Forrest, 635.
61. The War of the Rebellion: A Compilation of the Official Records (Washington, 1864-1927), series I, vol. 39,121.
62. Quoted in Carl E. Grant, "Partisan Warfare, Model 1861-5," Military Review, (Nov. 1958), 45.
63. Lieber's comments were published under the title Guerrilla Parties Considered with Reference to the Laws and Usages of War (New York, 1862).
64.La Guerre de 1870: la defense nationale en Provence; mesures générales d'organisation (Paris, 1911), 553. See also Freycinet, La Guerre en Provence (Paris, 1871).
65. Ibid., 557.
66. Michael Howard, The Franco-Prussian War (London, 1961), 254. The most detailed histories of the war are Pierre Lehautcourt, La Défense nationale (Paris, 1893-1898), 8 vols.; and Histoire de la guerre de 1870-71 (Paris, 1901-1908), 7 vols. The multivolume official German and French accounts provide comparatively little material about partisan warfare.
67. H. Genevois, Les Coups de main pendant la guerre (Paris, 1896), 111.
68. See for instance, Fritz Hönig, Der Volkskrieg an der Loire (Berlin, 1893-1897), 6 vols., passim, and A. Ehrhardt, Kleinkrieg (Potsdam, 1935), 49.
69. Georg Cardinal von Widdern, Der Krieg an den rückwärtigen Verbindungen (Berlin, 1893-1899), pt. II, 14.
70. Ibid., pt. III, 35.
71. Howard, Franco-Prussian War, 252-253.
72. Christian Rudolf de Wet, Three Years War (London, 1902), 78.
73. The main sources are the (semiofficial) history by General Frederic Maurice and Captain Μ. H. Grant in 4 vols. (London, 1906-1910), and the Times History of the War in South Africa, 1899-1902 in six vols. (London, 1900-1909). In addition there are countless eyewitness reports, autobiographical and biographical accounts.
74. History of the War in South Africa, IV, 265.
75. Ibid.
76. Ibid., 397.
77. Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, The Great BoerWar (London, 1903),404.
78. The raid is described in the most vivid eyewitness account of the whole war in Denys Reitz's Commando (London, 1942), 199 et seq.
79. De Wet, Three Years War, 305.
80. Ibid., 321 et seq.
81. Reitz, Commando, 310.
82. J. C. Smuts,Jan Christian Smuts (London, 1952), 83.
83. De Wet, Three Years War, 279-282.
84. Ibid., 93.
85. Richard L. Maullin, The Fall of Dumar Aljure, a Colombian Guerrilla and Bandit (Santa Monica, 1968).