A History of the Pyrrhic War
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Index
Abruzzi region of central Italy 18
Achilles 14, 92
Aemilius Barbula, Lucius 42, 44, 46, 50, 124–5; campaigning sophistication of 32–3, 34–5
Aemilius Papus, Quintus 64, 106
Agathocles of Syracuse 86, 95, 96, 97, 98, 102, 124; Carthaginian control in Sicily following death of 75; Carthaginians and, antagonism between 24; civil strife in Syracuse since death of 74, 82–3; condotierre in Italy and Sicily 23; death of (289 BCE) 25, 29–30; dream of war with Carthage 25; embodiment of complex nature of Sicilian affairs 23–4, 25; influence of Syracuse after death of 84; Phyrrus’ relationship with 36–7, 70, 86, 87; political division in Sicily, problems for 24; regional power vacuum left by 34; rule of, combination of generosity and brutality of 23–4; tyranny in Sicily following death of 82–3
Agis 34–5, 38, 119
Alexander, son of Pyrrhus 36, 86, 96, 105, 107
Alexander the Great 58, 67, 84, 86, 89, 111, 112, 124, 125, 127; army of, Pyrrhus’ command of force modeled on 37; Ausculum in comparison with campaigns of 54; avatar for, Pyrrhus of Epirus as 128; coinage of 87; conflicts between Greece and Macedonia after death of 6; Darius III Codomannus of Persia and 94, 97, 111; Iliad and Achilles, veneration of 92; Malloi, siege of the 92; Persians, achievements against, Plutarch’s comparison of Pyrrhus in terms of 43–4; Pyrrhus of Epirus, comparisons between 13–15, 16–17; relationships between Pyrrhus of Epirus and 35–6
Alexander the Molossian 30, 35, 36, 87
Annals (Ennuis) 7
Antigonus Gonatas 7, 14, 37
Antigonus II Gonatas 117
Appian 29, 66, 90, 96, 104; beginnings of Pyrrhic War, view on 6; defeat of Rome at Arrretium, perspective on 26–7; diplomacy in 279 BCE, on situation of 72–3; risk-taking of Phyrrus and Alexander, on shared quality of 14; survival of writings of 8; Tarentine attack on Roman fleet, narrative on 30, 33
Apulia and Apulians 18, 28, 29, 30, 46, 47, 51, 57, 76, 123
Aristarchus 43
Artemidorus 117–18
Athena 116
Athena Promachos 97
Atilius Regulus, M. 78, 95
Ausculum, Battle of (summer 279 BCE) 10, 12, 16, 17–18, 41, 56, 106, 113, 114, 115; Decius at 5, 50, 51, 52, 55; diplomatic negotiations after 62, 67, 69, 70, 71, 72, 76, 79; narratives of 12, 16, 54, 55; Pyrrhus of Epirus and 50–55, 57–8, 77–8; Samnites at 51, 53
Beneventum, Battle of (summer 275 BCE) 102, 109, 111, 112–16, 118; climax of Roman narrative of Pyrrhic War 123–4
Britomaris 27, 30
Bruttians 17, 51, 53, 54, 56, 66, 82, 85, 123; conflict and competition before Pyrrhus 23, 25, 27, 28, 33; end of war and involvement of 103, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108, 109, 113–14, 118; rebeliousness of 127
Campania and Campanians 12, 17, 18, 26, 29, 69, 70, 75–6, 127; end of war, involvement in 102–3, 104–5, 109, 114, 116; military campaigns (280/279 BCE) 48, 49, 50, 51, 53, 57
Cannae, Battle of (216 BCE) 17, 49, 64, 127
Carthaginians 3, 7, 9, 11–13, 15–16, 19, 124; conflict and competition before Pyrrhus 23, 24, 25, 30; diplomatic negotiations (280/279 BCE) 62, 64, 75–6, 78; end of war, involvement with 102, 103, 108, 110, 112, 117, 118, 119; military forces of 88–90; Rome and, negotiations and diplomacy between 69–72; Sicily, involvement in 82–3, 84–8, 88–90, 91, 93–4, 95, 96, 97, 98–9
Carvilius Maximus, Spurius 118
Cassander of Macedonia 36
Cato the Elder 10
Cineas 64, 65, 66–7, 68, 73, 96, 111, 128; arrival with troops in Taras 35; ‘council of kings,’ description of Senate as 10, 78; peace-making with Rome, attempts at 76, 77, 78; Pyrrhus and, command of substantial force in Taras 37; Pyrrhus and, discussion of campaign goals 13–14; Rome diplomatic mission to 11; Sicilian Greeks, diplomacy with 84
Claudius Caecus, Appius 15, 17, 50, 67–9, 78
Claudius Canina, Gaius 118–19
Claudius Caudex, Appius 85
Cleitus 112
Cleonymus 44
Cornellius Dolabella, Publius 64
Cornelius Rufinus, Publius 106–7, 108, 125
Cornelius Scipio Africanus, Publius 14, 45, 110, 127
Coruncanius, Tiberius 42, 50
Croesus 37
Croton 25, 30, 34, 74, 99, 105, 107, 108, 117
Curius Dentatus, Manius 112–13, 114–15, 116, 123
Curtius Rufus, Quintus 15, 112
Darius III Codomannus of Persia 94, 97, 111
De Viris Illustribus (Hieronymous) 8
Decii Mures, self-sacrifices of 52
Decius Mus, Publius 7, 10, 11, 56, 57, 104; Ausculum, Battle of (summer 279 BCE) 5, 50, 51, 52, 55
Decius Vibellius 43, 103
Demetrius Poliorcetes 14, 23, 36, 86
Dexous 2
Dio Cassius 5, 65, 66, 77, 97, 104, 105, 111–12, 114; Ausculum, treatment of battle by 54; conscription in Rome, military demands for 49; Decuis’ survival at Ausclum, indication of 52; differences between Plutarch and 5; early campaigns, perspective on 55–6; prophesy on Pyrrhus’ conquest of Rome, ambiguities in 37–8; Pyrrhus’ reputation, inflation of 16; survival of writings of 8; Tarentine plotting, assertion of 30
Diodorus 7, 44, 83, 86, 92, 94, 103, 110, 116
Dionysii 23, 97
Dionysius I of Syracuse, model for Agathocles 25
Dionysius of Halicarnassus 4, 9, 10, 62, 63, 64, 77, 78, 96, 97, 123, 125; Alexander and Pyrrhus, comparison of 1
4; Ausculum, account of Battle of 54; Ausculum, line of battle described by 12; Cincinnatus, writings on ideal of 9, 10; early campaigns, perspective on 55–6; end of war, narratives concerning 103, 104, 105, 110, 111, 113–14, 115; Italian allies of Rome, speculation on numbers of 51–2; Italian peoples gathering for war, description of 17–18; Oblacus and Pyrrhus, description of encounter between 46; preservation of writings of 8; Romans as Greeks for 13
Dodona, shrine of Zeus at 47
Ennius 3, 7, 16, 65; early campaigns, perspective on 56
Etruscans 15–16, 25, 26–7, 30, 32, 42, 48, 50, 68–9, 70, 76, 106
Eusebius 8
Eutropius 8, 77; early campaigns, perspective on 55–6
Fabius Maximus Gurges, Quintus 108, 124
Fabius Pictor, Numerius 124
Fabius Pictor, Quintus 3
Fabius Rullianus, Quintus 15
Fabricius Luscinus, Caius 10, 11, 28, 30, 31, 49, 124–5; diplomatic negotiations (280/279 BCE) 63–4, 65, 68; end of war, involvement in 102–6, 108, 111–12; Pyrrhus of Epirus and, relationship between 76–9
Fasti Capitolini (list of magistrates of Republic of Rome) 52
Ferentani 1, 17, 45, 51
First Punic War (263-241 BCE) 3
First Samnite War 70
Florus 8, 46, 114, 123; early campaigns, perspective on 55–6
Frontinus 8, 46, 51, 119; early campaigns, perspective on 56
Fulvius Flaccus, Quintus 111
Gauls 18, 26, 27, 30, 48, 76, 123
Genucius Clepsina, Caius 108
Glaucias of Illyria 36
Gracchi, Tiberius and Gaius 11
Halicyae 91
Hamilcar, son of Gisco 24–5
Hamilcar Barca 92
Hannibal 3, 64–5, 113, 118, 126–8; diverse forces, skills in coordination of 53; losses of Rome at Cannae against 49; offer to Samnites of return to past glories 47; Pyrrhus and, Dionysius’ comparison of 14; Roman perceptions of 16, 17; Roman perspective on victory over, comparison with defeat of Pyrrhus 43–4; Second Punic War, brutal campaign of 19; Second Punic War and harsh defeats of Rome by 57; Tarentines and, alliance between 33
Helenus, son of Pyrrhus 36, 86, 96, 117, 118–19
Hellenistic east, Pyrrhus’ goals in 97, 99, 117, 124
Hellenistic kingdoms 13, 15, 26, 28, 35–6, 64, 66, 74, 86–7, 88, 116
Hellenistic period 28, 87
Heraclea, Battle of (summer 290 BCE) 1–2, 17, 30, 41, 42, 43–7, 51–2, 53, 54–5, 56; aftermath of 48, 63–9; before battle, events leading to (summer 280 BCE) 62–3; negotiations following battle (winter 280/279 BCE) 63–9
Heracleides of Leontini 83, 91
Heracles, son of Zeus and Alcmene 86, 92, 97
Herodotus 54
Hicetas of Syracuse 82–3
Hiero of Syracuse 86, 98, 117–18
Hieronymus of Cardia 7, 14, 86; early campaigns, perspective on 56
Homer 54, 92
Iliad (Homer) 92
Ineditum Vaticanum 6, 66
Italiote Greeks 17–18, 53, 57, 105, 108, 113, 114, 117, 119; conflict and competition before Pyrrhus 23, 25, 29, 31, 32, 34; diplomatic negotiations (280/279 BCE) 62, 63, 64, 66, 68, 70, 74; Sicily, involvement in 82, 83, 88, 90, 98
Italiote League 29, 106
Italy: affairs in, outbreak of Pyrrhic War and 26–8; Pyrrhus’ absence from, conditions during (278/276 BCE) 105–9; return of Pyrrhus to (early 276 BCE) 108–10
Julius Caesar, Gaius 11, 15
Junius Bubulcus Brutus, Gaius 106–7, 108
Justin 8, 43–4, 64, 86, 96, 117; diplomacy in 279, on situation of 72–3; early campaigns, perspective on 55–6
Lanassa of Syracuse 36, 86
Latium 17, 18, 26, 41, 51, 53, 57, 114, 116; campaign in (late summer 280 BCE) 47–50; diplomatic negotiations (280/279 BCE) 63, 65, 67, 73, 78
Lentulus Caudinus, Lucius 112–13, 114, 115, 116
Leonnatus 1
Life of Alexander (Plutarch) 77
Life of Pyrrhus (Plutarch) 7–8, 11, 13, 54, 84, 95
Lilybaeum 50, 89, 91–2, 93, 94, 95, 96, 98, 108, 116
Livy 4, 71–2, 75, 104, 105, 110, 114, 123, 126, 127; Alexander and Pyrrhus, comparison of 14; Ausculum, description of battle as Roman victory 16; Cincinnatus, story of 9; diplomacy in 279 BCE, on situation of 72–3; early campaigns, perspective on 55–6; language, use of 18; relevant histories of, survival of 8; Second Samnite War, narrative on 15
Locri 25, 34, 74, 85, 87, 99; end of war, involvement in 105, 107, 108, 109, 110, 116–17, 119
Lollius 118
Lucanians 9, 17, 23, 30, 33, 66, 82, 83, 90, 123; attacks on Thurii 27–8, 29–30, 31; Beneventum, Battle of (summer 275 BCE) 112–13, 113–14, 116; end of war 9, 17, 23, 30, 33, 66, 82, 83, 90, 105, 106, 107–8, 112–13, 113–14, 116, 118, 123; end of war, involvement in 105, 106, 107–8, 118; military campaigns (280 and 279 BCE), involvement in 42, 43, 45, 47, 51, 53, 54, 56; rebeliousness of 127
Lysimachus 14, 15, 36, 74
Lysippus 74
Magna Graecia 17, 25, 28–9, 31, 35, 42, 48, 66, 86, 104, 108, 113, 117
Mago, Carthaginian Admiral 12, 69, 70, 71, 72, 93, 126
Maharbal 127
Marius, Gaius 11
Marrucini 17, 51
Masinissa (Numidian King) 72
Megacles 2, 46, 127
Messapia and Messapians 28, 33, 37
Meton 33–4
Milo 64, 84, 105, 106, 107, 117, 118, 119, 126, 127; arrival with troops in Taras 35; Pyrrhus and, command of substantial force in Taras 37
Moralia (Plutarch) 14
Mucius Scaevola, Gaius 10
Nico 118
Nicomachus 107
Oblacus (or Oplax) Volsinius 11, 45, 46, 56, 103, 127; Pyrrhus of Epirus and, violent encounter between 1–3, 53
Ogulnius Gallus, Q. 124
Olympias of Macedonia 35, 36
Orosius 8, 30, 114, 126; early campaigns, perspective on 55–6
Oscans 12, 102
Papirius Cursor, Lucius 15, 118–19
Peligni 17
Periochae (Livy) 8, 72
Persephone, temple in Locri of 110, 111, 116
Philinus Romano-Carthaginian Treaty 30, 69, 70, 126
Phillip II of Macedonia 35
Philocharis 30
Philonides 22
Phintias of Acragas 82
Picentes 18
Plutarch 9, 11, 62, 66, 67, 77, 83–4, 97, 99, 105, 109, 110, 114; Alexander and Pyrrhus, comparison of 14; Ausculum, account of Battle of 54, 55; conquest of Italy, aim of Pyrrhus in writings of 36–7; on derision of Laevinius by Fabricius in Senate 49; differences between Dio Cassius and 5; diplomacy in 279, on situation of 72–3; early campaigns, perspective on 55–6; Heraclea, account of Battle of 43–5, 46; Oblacus and Pyrrhus, description of encounter between 46; Persians, Alexander’s achievements against, comparison of Pyrrhus in terms of 43–4; on Pyrrhus’ campaign in Sicily (277 BCE) 92, 93–4, 95; Romans in space between Greeks and barbarians for 13; smoothing out of complexities of topics 7–8
Polyaenus 66
Polybius 17, 27, 53, 86, 117–18; on Romano-Carthaginian agreement (summer 279) 70–71
Pompeius-Trogus 8
Pompeius, Gnaeus 15
Porsena, Lars 10
Postumius Megellus, Lucius 22, 32, 35, 38
Ptolemy Ceraunus, King of Macedonia 37, 74, 83, 84
Ptolemy II Philadelphus 36, 37, 124, 125, 127
Punic Wars (263-241, 218–202) 3, 19, 126–7
Punica (Silius Italicus) 17
Pyrrhic War (281-275 BCE) 2–3; beginning of, Tarentines and 22; beginnings of, Appian’s view on 6; Beneventum as climax of Roman narrative of 123–4; early campaigns of, memories of 55–8; events of, evaluation of 6; interpretation of events of, problems of 4–5; Italy, outbreak of war and affairs in 26–8; literary sources for 6; modern considerations of 8–9; Roman Italy, realization following 128; Roman tradition as basis for information on 7–8; Second Punic War (21
8-202 BCE) and, parallels with events of 126–7; Sicily, outbreak of war and affairs in 23–6
Pyrrhus of Epirus 2–3, 6, 35–8; Alexander the Great and, comparisons between 13–15, 16–17; ambitions of 36–7, 124; army of Alexander, forces modeled on 37; Ausculum, Battle of (summer 279 BCE) 50–55, 57–8, 77–8; authority in Sicily, collapse of (276 BCE) 98–9; avatar for Alexander the Great 128; coins of 86–7; comparisons between Alexander the Great and 13–15, 16–17; conflicts within Hellenistic world 36; consolidation of authority in Sicily (276 BCE) 96–7; coordination of diverse forces, effectiveness in 53; Dio Cassius’ inflation of reputation of 16; diplomacy before Heraclea (summer 280 BCE) 62–3; domination of Sicily by 85–8; dream before battle of Beneventum 123; Fabricius and, vitrue at odds 76–9; Fabrisius and, relationship between 76–9; Greek tradition as basis for information on 6–7; Hannibal and, comparison between 127–8; Hellenistic east, goals in 97, 99, 117, 124; Heraclea, Battle of (summer 290 BCE) 1–2, 43–7; image of Pyrrhus at Eryx 92; instability and weakness of Epirus 35, 36; Italy, limits of ambitions in 57–8; Latium campaign (late summer 280 BCE) 47–50; Macedonia, Epirus and relationship with 35; martial skill and character, portrayal of 14–16; military forces of 88–90; military reputation 36; negotiations after Heraclea (winter 280/279 BCE) 63–9; notable character in era of chaos 6–7; Oblacus and, description of encounter between 1–2, 46; opportunities of united Sicily for, failure to grasp 97, 99; personal power, assertion of 96–7; preparations for war (spring 280 BCE) 41–3; relationships between Alexander the Great and 35–6; Rome and, diplomatic situation between (279 BCE) 72–6; Sicily, campaign in (277 BCE) 90–96; stormy crossing into Italy for 37; strategos autokrater 38; Syracusan disaffection with, growth of 97–8; youth of, dangers in 36
Quinctius Cincinnatus, Lucius 9–10, 11, 77
Rhegium 12, 23, 34, 42–3, 85, 99, 108–10; matters in 102–4
Roman Antiquities (Dionysius) 54
Roman Italy: Carthaginian violation of 70; idea of 18–19; Pyrrhic War and realization of 128
Rome: achievement of, Dionysius perspective on 125; ancient past of, Pyrrhic War as bridge to empire from 128; annalistic tradition of, development of 4; Carthage and, negotiations and diplomacy between 69–72; Carthaginians and, negotiations and diplomacy between 69–72; Carthaginians and, views on relationship between 125–6; Cineas peace-making with, attempts at 76, 77, 78; community of 9–13; conscription in, military demands for 49; control in Italy, realization of 18; Decemvirate in 4; defeat at Arrretium, Appian’s perspective on 26–7; Dio Cassius’ prophesy on Pyrrhus’ conquest of, ambiguities in 37–8; diplomatic and political warfare 31–5; Fasti Capitolini (list of magistrated of Republic of) 52; gens Decia, military and religious ideal of 5; historical memories, Pyrrhic War as morality tale on periphery of 128; historical tradition, problems with early years narratives 3–4; idealist virtues of, representations of 10; Italian allies of, speculation on numbers of 51–2; narratives of, problem of flexibility in early years 3–4, 5; Polybius on Pyrrhus as foe of 125–6; power of, Dionysius and pan-Italian nature of 17–18; Pyrrhus of Epirus and, diplomatic situation between (279 BCE) 72–6; Romans of the Pyrrhic War 11; sacrifice of the individual, stories of 11; Saturnalia festival in 65, 78; Second Punic War and harsh defeats by Hannibal 57; status as major power, confirmation of 124–5; strength of community of 11–12; Taras and, relationship between 28–31; tenacity of, Pyrrhus, Hannibal and inability to overcome 127