Hanser, Josef 352
Hassell, Almuth von: in Rome during father’s posting as ambassador 55, 56; at sister’s wedding 73; visits sister at Brazzà 74; living with parents at Ebenhausen 104, 142; arrest of father following July plot 142; arrest and imprisonment following father’s execution 161; attempts to visit imprisoned sister in Austria 192; immediate post-war life at Ebenhausen 377, 391; helps mother in search for nephews 379–86; finds nephews at Wiesenhof 386–8, 391–2
Hassell, Fey von see Pirzio-Biroli, Fey
Hassell, Hans Dieter von 55, 72, 73, 138, 192, 286–7, 377
Hassell, Ilse von: background, character and early life 377; in Rome during husband’s posting as ambassador 55, 160; arrest, trial and execution of husband following July plot 142, 145–9; arrest and imprisonment 161, 197; learns of daughter’s arrest and deportation from Italy 183, 184–5, 377–8; writes to daughter in Buchenwald 286–7; immediate post-war life at Ebenhausen 377–8, 391; searches for grandchildren 378–86; finds grandchildren at Wiesenhof 386–8, 391; later life and death 394
Hassell, Ulrich von: appearance and character 44–5, 49, 50, 51, 52; background and early life 50, 65; early views on Nazi regime 50, 51–5; Ambassador to Italy 44–9, 50–56; private diaries 51–2, 60–63; Gestapo surveillance of and reports on 50, 51, 55; dismissal as ambassador 56–8; reaction to Kristallnacht 58; formation of German Resistance 58–9; wartime life at Ebenhausen 60; initial planning for coup against Hitler 60–67, 272; exploration of possible peace negotiations with Allies 64–6, 77; and possible assassination of Hitler 66–7; coup fails to materialize 67–8; further surveillance by Gestapo 68; son wounded on Russian Front 72; reaction to Allied invasion and fall of Mussolini 78; fading hopes of overthrowing Hitler 127; proposed Foreign Office role in event of July plot success 130; arrest and interrogation following failure of plot 142–5; trial and execution 145–9, 271
Hassell, Wolf Ulli von 55, 72, 73, 183–4, 197, 377
Hauschka, Rudolf 11, 12, 14
Heimschulen (Nazi boarding schools) 369–70
Heisenberg, Werner 57
Heiss-Hellenstainer, Emma 350
Hercolani, Santa 50, 113, 160
Hess, Rudolf 12, 13–14, 16, 53, 57, 386
Heydrich, Reinhard 11, 14, 44; surveillance of Hassell 50, 51; visits Rome with Himmler 44–5, 47–9, 56
Hilliges, Werner 177
Himmler, Heinrich: introduction of concentration camps 179, 306; visits Rome during Hassell’s ambassadorship 43–9, 53, 56, 57; aware of Hassell’s views on Nazi regime 50; vows to eliminate homosexuality 252; encourages use of prostitution in work camps 277; with Hitler during assassination attempt at Zeughaus 71; visits Stutthof concentration camp 216; on Kapos scheme in concentration camps 222; ‘blood guilt’ policy for treatment of July plotters’ families 154, 194; orders plotters’ families to be kept alive 226, 254–5; appointed commander of Eastern Front 264; assembling of Prominenten (special prisoners) at Buchenwald 271–5, 293; regrouping of prisoners at Dachau 308–310; secret attempts to open peace negotiations with Allies 313–18, 322–3, 332–3; intended use of special prisoners in negotiations 308, 310–311, 318; transportation of prisoners to Tyrol 311–13, 323, 333; learns of Allies’ rejection of peace offer 334–5; orders liquidation of special prisoners 335; flees Berlin following sacking by Hitler 351; remains determined to kill special prisoners 351–2; attempts to go into hiding after German surrender 397–8; arrest and interrogation by Allies 398–400; suicide 400–401; burial 401
Hindenburg Baude (Lower Silesia) 190–91, 196, 199
Hindenburg, Paul von 52, 131
Hitler, Adolf: Munich beer-hall putsch 196, 320; appointment as chancellor 52; early years of regime 52–3; relations with Mussolini and pacts with Italy 45, 53, 55, 56–7; 1939 assassination attempt 320; reaction to Hess’s flight to Scotland 11, 13–14; generals’ reluctance to oppose 63–4, 66, 67–8; security measures against assassination attempts 66, 127; Tresckow’s failed assassination plots against 68–72, 127; rescue of Mussolini 91–2; survives July 1944 plot 127–36; broadcasts to nation following assassination attempt 135–7; treatment of plotters and their families 145, 148, 154; Nacht und Nebel directive 164; last days in Reichstag bunker 311, 316, 351; sacks Himmler 351; suicide 351
Hitler oath 63
Hofacker, Ännerle von: at Stutthof concentration camp 197, 213, 215; ill with scarlet fever 227, 228, 229–30, 246; evacuated from Stutthof 246–7, 249; transported to Lauenburg 261; learns of father’s execution 261; in Buchenwald 284, 286; evacuated from Buchenwald ahead of advancing American forces 295; held in village school at Schönberg 298, 299–300, 304; taken to Dachau 305
Hofacker, Cäsar von 194, 197; execution 228, 230
Hofacker, Eberhard von 197, 209, 228–30
Hofacker, Ilse-Lotte von (‘Lotte’): appearance and character 198; arrested following July plot 197, 198; imprisoned with elder children at Hindenburg Baude 197, 198, 199; transported to Stutthof concentration camp 207, 208, 209; life at Stutthof 213, 215, 227; learns of husband’s execution 228–30; evacuated from Stutthof 246; transported to Lauenburg 261; in Buchenwald 281; receives news of younger children 281; evacuated from Buchenwald ahead of advancing American forces 295
Hofer, Franz 9, 12, 339, 342
Hoffmann, Marlene 395
Hohenlychen sanatorium (Brandenburg) 317, 318, 322–3
homosexuals, persecution of 252–3, 276
Hoppe, Paul-Werner 211–12, 218, 226, 227–8, 242, 244–5, 246
Innsbruck 172–3, 176; Gestapo operations 176–8; Allied bombing 1, 2–3, 187; Allied intelligence operations 1, 2; post-war 382–5; see also Reichenau
James, Bertram ‘Jimmy’ 310, 337, 342, 344, 348, 350, 352
Jettingen (Bavaria) 294, 396
Joanaz, Mount (Friuli) 164; Allied supply dropping site 123–6, 169
July 1944 assassination plot against Hitler 127–36; Hitler broadcasts to nation following attempt 135–7; arrest, interrogation and execution of plotters 137, 138, 142–9, 230, 300; ‘blood guilt’ policy on treatment of plotters’ families 154–5, 193–5
Kahlberg (East Prussia) 242
Kaiserwald concentration camp 217, 218
Kallay, Nikolaus von 309
Kapos (concentration-camp prisoner–guards) 219, 221–3
Karlsruhe 304
Keegan, Charles 379, 380, 382–3
Keitel, Wilhelm 71, 132, 133
Kersten, Felix 314
Kesselring, Albert 85–6, 367
Kitzmüller (German lieutenant) 115
Kleist, Ewald Heinrich von 129
Kluge, Günther von 69, 70, 129n
Knocke, Fräulein (Buchenwald guard) 287–8, 290, 325, 401
Knott, Otto 221, 224
Kokorin, Vassily 274, 310
Königsberg (East Prussia) 131, 238
Kopelev, Lev 233–4
Kovno (Lithuania) 217, 219
Kretschmann, Hans: senior German officer stationed at Brazzà 99–100; appearance and character 99–100; relations with Fey and children 100, 103, 121, 141, 373; informs Fey of father’s execution 153–4; visits Fey in prison 157–8; surveillance of Fey on her return to Brazzà 159; and Fey’s deportation 162; post-war contact with Fey 401–3
Kristallnacht (1938) 58, 69, 272, 306
Kuhn, Arthur and Hildegard 195, 202, 209, 213
Kuhn, Joachim 195
Kupfer, Sergeant (SS guard): in charge of transport of group of July plotters’ families 247, 249; evacuation of group from Stutthof camp 247, 248–9; transportation of group through Danzig to Lauenburg 258, 259, 260, 261; at Lauenburg 262, 263; continuation of journey westwards 266, 267; arrival at Buchenwald 269; post-war imprisonment 401
La Malfa, Ugo (‘Cornali’) 76, 77, 140
Landshut (Bavaria) 305
Larysz, Genowefa 222
Lauenburg (Pomerania) 242, 250, 262–4
Lautlingen (Baden-Württemberg) 198
League of Nations, Italian withdrawal 45
&n
bsp; Lebensborn (Nazi organization) 370
Lenz, Sergeant (official at Reich Main Security Office) 281–3, 286, 380
Leonardo, St 390
Leopold, Prince of Prussia 309
Lerchenfeld, Anni von (‘Aunt Anni’) 196, 199, 200–201, 213, 231; illness and death 252, 253, 255–6
Lerchenfeld, Hugo von 196
Ley, Robert 53
Liedig, Franz 293
Lindemann, Fritz 298
Lizzero, Mario 29
Lonsdale-Bryans, James 64, 77
Lotti (governess to Fey von Hassell) 164, 165, 192
Lübeck 317
Lüneburg (Saxony) 399, 400
Macher, Heinz 398, 399–400
Madama, Villa (Rome) 46–9, 56
Mallet, Sir Victor 315
Manfred, King of Sicily 48
Manzano (Friuli) 28
Marchetti, Guido 86, 92
Maria di Rosa, Saint 156–7
Marienburg (Pomerania) 254
Martignacco (Friuli) 121
Masur, Norbert 316–17
Matzkau military camp 250, 252–3
Mauthausen concentration camp 277
Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor 1
Mayer, Fred 311–12, 313
Meadhurst, Charles 374–5
medical experimentation, on concentration-camp prisoners 276–7, 293
Medici, Giulio de (later Pope Clement VII) 46
mezzadria (share-cropping system) 87
Milan 28
Mirko (horse) 39, 121, 376, 388
Misciattelli, Marchese 50
Moller (German major in Udine) 115
Molotov, Vyacheslav 274, 310
Monte Cassino 109, 356
Montgomery, Bernard (later 1st Viscount Montgomery of Alamein) 107, 108, 400
Mortara (Lombardy) 76, 78, 80
Müller, Josef 274, 293
Munich 305, 320; Allied bombing 305, 326; post-war 378, 379
Munich beer-hall putsch (1923) 196, 320
Murphy, Michael 400–401
Mussolini, Benito: relations with Italian aristocracy 47; relations with Hitler 45, 55; conquest of Abyssinia 43, 45; relations with Hassell 51, 55; Himmler’s visit to Rome 43–9; pacts with Germany 53, 55, 56–7; fall of 78; arrest and imprisonment 91; rescue 91–2; installed as puppet head of Salò Republic 92; meets Hitler following failed July 1944 assassination plot 136
Mutschlechner, Anna 2–3
Nacht und Nebel directive 164
Naples 356
Napoleon I, Emperor 131
Narat, Monte (Friuli) 138
Nemmersdorf massacre (1944) 234
Neuhäusler, Johannes 378, 380, 396
Neurath, Konstantin von 56
New Orleans 36
Niemöller, Martin 309
Night of the Long Knives (1934) 53, 55
Nigris, Maria 168–9
Nimis (Friuli) 112–13, 159, 170–71
Nimis, Feliciano 111
Nonino, Giuseppe (butler at Brazzà) 35–9, 73–4, 163–4, 166, 365, 375
Norbourne, Thomas A. 302
Nördlingen (Bavaria) 193
Nuremberg 54
Nuremberg Laws (1935) 277
Nuremberg rallies 53
Nuremberg trials 12
occultism 11–14
Ohlendorf, Otto 12, 16, 386
Olbricht, Friedrich 128
Osoppo (partisans) 119, 139–40, 164; German rastrellamento offensive against 167–8, 170–71
OSS (US Office of Strategic Services) 2, 311
Oster, Hans 61
Padua 89; see also Frassanelle
Paluzza (Friuli) 138
Pantelleria, Allied occupation (1943) 78
Papafava family 89
Papagos, Alexandros 309
Papen-Köningen, Hubertus von 302
Papke, Fräulein (SS guard): appearance and character 253; assigned to escort group of July plotters’ families 247, 401; evacuation of group from Stutthof camp 247, 248; at Matzkau military camp 253, 256, 257; transportation of group through Danzig to Lauenburg 258, 259, 260, 261; at Lauenburg 262, 263; continuation of journey westwards 264, 266–7; arrival at Buchenwald 269
Parri, Ferruccio 389
Pasolini, Maria 50
Paviotti, Umberto 112, 115, 118, 120
Payne Best, Sigismund see Best, Sigismund Payne
Philipp, Hans 352
Piguet, Gabriel, Bishop of Clermont-Ferrand 309
Pillau (East Prussia) 236, 238, 251
Pirzio-Biroli family origins 35–6
Pirzio-Biroli, Carlo 96
Pirzio-Biroli, Corrado: appearance and character 7, 17, 37; birth 37, 74; life at Brazzà 39, 74, 76; taken briefly to Padua following imposition of martial law 89, 92; returns to Brazzà with mother 94, 95–6, 97–8; life at Brazzà under German occupation 109–110, 114, 120–21; arrest of mother following grandfather’s execution 155, 158; deportation of family to Austria 36, 37–8, 162–6; the journey to Innsbruck 167–72; arrival in Innsbruck 172–4; separation from mother 38, 174–5, 186–7; identity changed 8, 38; journey to Germany 7–9, 38; arrival at Wiesenhof orphanage 8–9; life at orphanage 16–17, 387, 393; parents’ search for 368–9, 371–4, 376; grandmother and aunt search for 377–87; found by grandmother and aunt at orphanage 386–8, 393; reunited with parents 389–92; later life 393–4
Pirzio-Biroli, Detalmo: meets Fey von Hassell 73; marriage 37, 73; early married life in Rome 73; couple moves to Brazzà 37, 73; joins cavalry regiment 74, 75; birth of sons 37, 75; posting to Udine 75–6; life at Brazzà 76; posting to Allied POW camp at Mortara 76–80; family visits Ebenhausen 77–8; reaction to Allied invasion and Italian surrender 78–80; in hiding following German occupation 92; sought by German security service 95–6, 97; secret meeting with family before leaving for Rome 97–8; reaches Rome 104; active in underground movement in Rome 105–6, 108; visited by Fey 107–9; decides to stay in Rome after Allied liberation of city 139–40; works for new anti-Fascist government 140, 184–5, 365; reunited with Fey on Capri 359–61; returns to Rome with Fey 366–7; the search for the children 368–9, 371–4, 376; visits Brazzà with Fey 374–6; reunited with children 389–92; later life 393, 401; death 404
Pirzio-Biroli, Fey (née von Hassell): appearance and character 37; childhood 52; in Rome during father’s posting as ambassador 52–3, 55–6; on father’s dismissal as ambassador 57; meets Detalmo Pirzio-Biroli 73; marriage 37, 73; early married life in Rome 73; couple moves to Brazzà 37; early life at Brazzà 73–4, 76; birth of sons 37, 75; family visits Ebenhausen 77–8; reaction to Allied invasion and Italian surrender 78–9, 83–4; life at Brazzà after armistice 84–5; reluctantly agrees to leave Brazzà after imposition of martial law 86, 89; learns of SS troops’ requisitioning of Brazzà 92; returns to Brazzà 92–8; secret meeting with Detalmo before he leaves for Rome 97–8; life at Brazzà under German occupation 99–104, 109–110, 111, 114, 120–21, 140–41; visits Detalmo in Rome 104–9; placed on Communist partisans’ blacklist following German reprisals in local villages 119–20; concerns at growing partisan violence in neighbourhood 121–2, 126, 138–40; learns of failed July plot against Hitler 135–6, 138; disappointment at Detalmo’s decision to stay in Rome after Allied liberation 139–40; learns of father’s execution 153–4; arrested by SS 155–6, 160; imprisonment in Handmaids of Charity institution in Udine 156–8; allowed to return to Brazzà under house arrest 158–62; learns of deportation to Austria 162–3; preparations for deportation 36, 37–8, 163–6; the journey to Innsbruck 38, 167–72; arrival in Innsbruck 172–4; separation from children 38, 174–5, 186–7; taken for questioning by Gestapo 174–8; imprisonment in Gestapo HQ in Innsbruck 178–86; interviewed by Gestapo agent 182–5; taken by train from Innsbruck 186–9; arrival in Lower Silesia 189–90; imprisonment with other July plotters’ families in Hindenburg Baude hotel 190–205; development of relationship with Alex von Stauffenberg 201–5, 212, 213, 354; group transported to Danzig and taken to Stutthof concentration camp 205–211; l
ife at Stutthof 211–15, 226–32, 241–2; suffers severe illness 227–31, 284; group evacuated from Stutthof 246–50; arrival at Matzkau military camp 250; life at Matzkau 252–7; group transported through Danzig to Lauenburg 257–61; held in former lunatic asylum at Lauenburg 262–4; continuation of journey westwards 264–8; arrival at Buchenwald 269–71; life among Prominenten (special prisoners) at Buchenwald 271, 275, 279–89; visiting SS official brings no news of children 280–83, 286; flying visits of Alex’s wife to Buchenwald 283–6; evacuated from Buchenwald ahead of advancing American forces 289–97; group held in village school in Schönberg 297–301, 303–5; learns of death of Alex’s wife 303; group moved to Dachau 304–9; in Dachau 324–7; evacuation of Dachau and transportation of group to Tyrol 327–32, 336–40, 349; at Hotel Pragser Wildsee 349–51, 352–5; arrival of American forces 352–3; group transported to Naples by Americans 355–6; taken to Capri 356–9; separated from Alex 356, 358–9, 361; questioned by Allied security services 357; reunited with Detalmo 359–61; returns to Rome with Detalmo 366–9; decides to write memoir 368; the search for the children 368–9, 371–4, 376; visits Brazzà with Detalmo 374–6; completes memoir 376; reunited with children 389–92; later life 395, 401–4; death 404
Pirzio-Biroli, Marina 83, 86, 89, 107–8
Pirzio-Biroli, Roberto: appearance and character 7, 17, 37; birth 37, 75; life at Brazzà 39, 76; taken briefly to Padua following imposition of martial law 89, 92; returns to Brazzà with mother 94, 95–6, 97–8; life at Brazzà under German occupation 109–110, 114, 120–21; arrest of mother following grandfather’s execution 155, 158; deportation of family to Austria 36, 37–8, 162–6; the journey to Innsbruck 167–72; arrival in Innsbruck 172–4; separation from mother 38, 174–5, 186–7; identity changed 8, 38; journey to Germany 7–8, 38; arrival at Wiesenhof orphanage 8–9; life at orphanage 16–17, 387, 393; parents’ search for 368–9, 371–4, 376; grandmother and aunt search for 377–87; found by grandmother and aunt at orphanage 386–8, 393; reunited with parents 389–92; later life 394
Pirzio-Biroli, Vivian 395
Pius XII, Pope 274
Plettenberg, Gisela von 274, 290
Pohl, Oswald 277
Potsdam 267; Sanssouci 394
Povoletto (Friuli) 113
Pragser Wildsee, Hotel (Tyrol) 338, 339, 349–51, 352–5
The Lost Boys Page 48