Pramosio (Friuli) 138
Premariacco (Friuli) 114–15, 116–18
prostitution, in Nazi concentration camps 277, 309, 319
Pünder, Hermann 274
Qualso (Friuli) 112–13
Rabichev, Leonid 236, 237–8
Rabinovici, Raja 222–3, 243–4
Rabinovici, Schoschana 218, 222, 225, 227, 243–4
Rach, Hans 220–21
Rafforth, Fräulein (Buchenwald guard) 287–8, 324–5, 401
Raphael 46
Rascher, Sigmund 293–4, 320–21
Rastenburg (East Prussia) 70, 131
Rath, Ernst von 58
Ravensbrück concentration camp 143, 196, 277, 278–9
Regensburg (Bavaria) 294–6, 302
Reichenau labour camp (Innsbruck) 1, 177, 330–32, 333
Rheinsberg (Brandenburg) 332
Ribbentrop, Joachim von 54, 56–7
Rilke, Rainer Maria 214; ‘Love Song’ 210
Rinn (Tyrol) 13
Ritter, Gerhard 395
Robilant, Irene di 50
Roettiger, General (chief of staff at Bolzano) 343
Rogers, Ginger 47
Rohde, Lothar 312–13, 322
Rolnikaite, Maria 223–5
Romano, Giulio 49
Rome 43, 46–7, 54, 107–8; under German occupation 105, 107–8; Allied liberation 139, 367, 390; see also Madama, Villa; Wolkonsky, Villa
Rome–Berlin Axis (1936) 53
Rommel, Erwin 75, 128
Roosevelt, Franklin D. 65
Rosmini, Augusto 83–4
Rottach (Bavaria), orphanage 379–80
Rüdnitz (Brandenburg) 267–8
Rundstedt, Gerd von 395
Sachsenhausen concentration camp 58, 268, 285, 310, 331
Salerno 79, 92, 107
Salò Republic 92
San Giovanni al Natisone (Friuli) 116
San Remo 22
Sarre, Puppi 143
Savorgnan family 35
Schacht, Hjalmar 341–2, 343
Schatz, Dietrich 295
Schellenberg, Walter 317, 322–3, 334–5
Schiller, Jutta 303
Schlabrendorff, Fabian von 69, 70–71, 143–5, 344–5
Schmidt, Helmut 146–7
Schmundt, Rudolf 66
Schönberg (Bavaria) 297–301, 303–4
Schroeder, Frau (prisoner at Buchenwald) 280, 289
Schuschnigg, Kurt von 309, 319, 322, 328, 342, 353, 355
Secret Intelligence Service (British; SIS): Adlestrop Mission 169–70; Section Z 274
Seedorf (Saxony) 398–9
Selvester, Thomas 399–400
Sicily, Allied invasion (1943) 78
Sillian (Tyrol) 352
Sippach (SS lieutenant at Buchenwald) 288
Sippenhaft (doctrine of ‘blood guilt’) 154, 194
SIS see Secret Intelligence Service
Skorzeny, Otto 91–2
Slocomb, Cora see Brazzà Slocomb, Cora di
Smolensk 69–70, 72
SOE (Special Operations Executive): Cisco Red Mission (Central Italy) 124; Coolant Mission (Friuli) 28–9, 123–6, 139, 169
Special Investigation Bureau (Metropolitan Police) 357
Speer, Albert 148, 318
Stalag Luft III (POW camp), ‘Great Escape’ (1944) 310, 331
Stalin, Joseph 65, 332, 380
Stalingrad, Battle of (1943) 67, 127, 202
Stauffenberg, Alexander von: appearance and character 201, 202, 204; childhood and early life 202; pre-war career 200, 202, 395; wartime service 202; imprisoned in Hindenburg Baude with other July plotters’ families 196, 200, 201–5; development of relationship with Fey Pirzio-Biroli 201–5, 212, 213, 354; transported to Stutthof concentration camp with rest of group 207–211; stripped of uniform 207–8; life at Stutthof camp 211–14, 227, 230–31, 284; evacuation of group from Stutthof 247–8; during journey to Buchenwald 265; life in Buchenwald 279–80; flying visits from wife 283–5; group evacuated from Buchenwald ahead of approaching American forces 294, 302; group held in village school in Schönberg 300–301, 303; learns of death of wife 303; during transportation of prisoners to Tyrol 349; at Hotel Pragser Wildsee 354; group transported to Naples by Americans 355; taken to POW camp on Capri 356; later life and death 394–5
Stauffenberg, Alexandra von 270
Stauffenberg, Berthold von 130, 196, 202–3, 395
Stauffenberg, Claus von: background, appearance and character 128; childhood and early life 202; military career 128, 202; marriage 203; plans assassination of Hitler 128–9, 202–3; first attempts 129–30; 20 July 1944 attempt 130–34; execution 137
Stauffenberg, Clemens von (father of Gagi) 193, 213, 246, 264, 267–8, 284, 285, 396
Stauffenberg, Clemens von (son of ‘Uncle Moppel’) 270
Stauffenberg, Elisabeth von 193, 213, 268, 284, 285, 303, 396
Stauffenberg, Gagi von: arrested following July plot 193; imprisoned in Hindenburg Baude 191, 192–3; taken to Stutthof camp 209; life at Stutthof 213, 226–7; moved to Matzkau military camp 252, 254, 255; group transported through Danzig to Lauenburg 257, 260; held at Lauenburg 262, 263; separated from parents during journey to Buchenwald 267–8; life in Buchenwald 284, 287, 301; reunited with mother in Buchenwald 285; evacuated group held in village school at Schönberg 304; group taken to Dachau 305; with group at Hotel Pragser Wildsee 353; held by Allies on Capri 395–6; later life 396–7
Stauffenberg, Ines von 270
Stauffenberg, Maria von (‘Mika’) 197–8, 199, 213, 227, 231, 281, 284, 396
Stauffenberg, Markwart von (son of Clemens and Elisabeth) 193, 196, 214, 279
Stauffenberg, Markwart von (‘Uncle Moppel’) 195, 207–8, 214, 232, 246, 253, 257, 264, 270, 338, 395
Stauffenberg, Melitta von (‘Litta’): appearance 285; family background 203; career in Luftwaffe 203, 283; marriage to Claus 203; arrest following July plot 203; released on Göring’s endorsement 203; flying visits to husband in Buchenwald 283–5, 301; death 301–3, 304
Stauffenberg, Nina von 255, 283, 284–5, 397
Stauffenberg, Otto Philipp von 191, 192–3, 208, 214, 231, 279, 361
Steegen (East Prussia) 248–9
Steiner, Rudolf 10–11, 12
Stiller, Edgar (SS guard): escort for evacuated group of Prominenten (special prisoners) from Buchenwald 299; at Reichenau labour camp 333; transport of group to Tyrol 337–9, 341–2, 343
Straubing (Bavaria) 302
Stringher family (Brazzà neighbours) 164
Stülpnagel, Carl 194
Stutthof concentration camp: construction 216–17; processing of arrivals 217–20; mass killings 217, 218, 220–21; life at camp 221–4, 227; diseases and death 224–5; ‘Warhorse 1’ (special barrack for July plotters’ families) 211–15, 226; evacuation 242–51, 264; war-crimes tribunal 401
Sutrio (Friuli) 138
Tacoli, Federico 119
Tacoli, Fernando 119
Tacoli, Pia 85, 161, 164
Tannenberg, Battle (1410) 131
Tarcento (Friuli) 27, 86
Theresienstadt concentration camp 11
Thomas, Georg 340, 345, 346, 347
Thyssen, Fritz 272, 289, 290, 299, 319, 341–2, 343
Tirana 96
Tirpitz, Alfred von 60, 65, 377
Tirpitz, Marie von 145, 191–2
Titanic, RMS 258
Tito, Josip Broz 27, 30
‘trekkers’ (German civilians fleeing advancing Russian Army) 235–40, 242–3, 248, 250–51, 258
Tresckow, Henning von: background and early life 68–9; failed plots against Hitler 68–72, 127, 274; and 20 July plot 128, 195; suicide 195
Tricesimo (Friuli) 88
Trieste 30
Truman, Harry S. 332–3, 334–5
Überlingen (Baden-Württemberg) 395
Udine 21; after Italian armistice 85; during German occupation 90, 92–4, 112, 139, 159–60, 167–8; Allied bombing raids 113–14; Yugoslav atrocities a
nd planned Communist coup 27, 28–30
UNRRA (United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration), Child Search 370–72
Valkyrie, Operation (German emergency continuity government plan) 127–8, 133; see also July 1944 assassination plot
Valmarana, Princess Pia 89
Vannas, Meta 242
Venice 89; Allied bombing 21–3
Venlo incident (1939) 274
Vermehren, Erich 278, 331n
Vermehren, Isa: pre-war career as actress and cabaret artist 278; becomes novice nun 278; arrested 278; imprisoned in Ravensbrück and Buchenwald 274, 278–9, 287–8; evacuated from Buchenwald ahead of advancing American forces 289–91; group held in village school at Schönberg 300, 304; in Dachau 307, 324–5; transportation of group to Tyrol 329–30, 331, 333, 337, 353; held by Allies on Capri 357–8; transferred to Versailles 395–6; later life 396–7
Vermehren, Kurt and Petra 331n
Verona 355
Versailles 396
Versailles, Treaty of (1919) 51, 64
Victor Emmanuel III, King of Italy 31–2, 159
Vienna: anti-Jewish violence following Anschluss 11; Russian occupation 304
Vietinghoff, Heinrich von 342–3, 346, 347, 349, 351
Villabassa (Tyrol) 340, 342–9
Villach 38, 168, 170, 172
Vincent, Hedley 124–5, 139, 169–70, 170–71
Vistula–Oder offensive (1945) 232–40
Volkssturm (Nazi militia) 233, 235, 307
‘Vorhof’ brothers see Pirzio-Biroli, Corrado and Roberto
Wannsee Conference (1942) 44
Warsaw 188
Weiss, Siegmund 10, 11
Weiter, Eduard 307–8, 309, 312, 319, 320
Weizsäcker, Ernst von 61–2
Wells, C. J. 400–401
Whittaker, Norman 401
Wiesenhof estate (Tyrol): location 8–9; architecture and appearance 10; early history 10; Anthroposophy Society spa 10–14, 16, 386; Nazi takeover 14–15; Nazi orphanage 15–16, 386–8; life in orphanage 16–17; post-war history 15
Wilhelm Gustloff, MV, sinking of (1945) 258
winter offensive, Soviet (1945) 232–40
Wittelsbach family 309
Wolff, Karl 346
‘Wolf’s Lair’ (Hitler’s Eastern Front military HQ) 131, 133, 136
Wolkonsky, Villa (Rome) 50, 55
World Jewish Congress 314, 316
Würzburg University 202
Xavier, Prince of Bourbon 309, 353
Zanuttini, Vittorio 117, 118
Zeughaus (Berlin Armoury) 71, 129
Ziracco (Friuli) 28
THE BEGINNING
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PENGUIN BOOKS
UK | USA | Canada | Ireland | Australia
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PENGUIN BOOKS is part of the Penguin Random House group of companies whose addresses can be found at global.penguinrandomhouse.com.
First published 2019
Copyright © Catherine Bailey, 2019
The moral right of the author has been asserted
Maps illustrated by Ian Moores
Jacket photograph © Popperfoto / Getty Images
ISBN: 978-0-241-25782-1
This ebook is copyright material and must not be copied, reproduced, transferred, distributed, leased, licensed or publicly performed or used in any way except as specifically permitted in writing by the publishers, as allowed under the terms and conditions under which it was purchased or as strictly permitted by applicable copyright law. Any unauthorized distribution or use of this text may be a direct infringement of the author’s and publisher’s rights and those responsible may be liable in law accordingly.
Prologue
1 Office of Strategic Services, the forerunner to the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA).
2 The armed forces of Nazi Germany.
Chapter 1
1 Nazi Party regional leader.
Chapter 4
1 Allied Military Government.
2 Special Operations Executive, the British unit formed in 1940 to conduct espionage, sabotage and reconnaissance in occupied Europe.
Chapter 7
1 National Socialist Motor Corps.
2 The Night of the Long Knives.
3 Second butler at the embassy and a Gestapo spy.
4 The Nazi Party’s term for Aryans sympathetic to Jews.
Chapter 8
1 The Berlin Armoury.
Chapter 10
1 Guido Marchetti was the estate overseer at Brazzà.
2 This was Detalmo’s cousin, Carlo, who had joined the partisans in Albania, where he was stationed as an Italian officer.
3 There were three maids at Brazzà: Ernesta, Cilla and Mila.
Chapter 11
1 Some months later, in February 1944, several of these properties would be raided by the SS.
Chapter 12
1 The daughter of Scipione Borghese, 10th Prince of Sulmona.
2 Contessa Andreina di Caporiacco, a friend who lived in a nearby village.
3 A mission to capture or kill an SS general who had carried out reprisals in central Italy, killing scores of villagers.
Chapter 13
1 Ernst Busch replaced Field Marshal Günther von Kluge as commander, Army Group Centre, in October 1943.
Chapter 14
1 Hans Dieter was convalescing from the wounds he had received on the Eastern Front in March 1943.
2 The Germans were using troops of Cossacks to carry out reprisals in the area.
Chapter 15
1 Schlabrendorff had also been involved in an earlier attempt to assassinate Hitler. He was the man who planted the explosives, concealed in bottles of cognac, on the plane carrying the Führer back from the Eastern Front in March 1943.
2 Term used by the Gestapo.
3 Exactly thirty years before – on 8 September 1914 – Hassell had received a near-fatal wound at the First Battle of the Marne. There were traces of the bullet still lodged in his heart.
4 Approximately £2,500 in today’s money.
Chapter 17
1 Fey’s nickname.
2 Nonino’s wife.
Chapter 18
1 Secret Intelligence Service.
Chapter 20
1 Detalmo’s work for the new anti-Fascist government in the south of Italy was known to the Germans.
Chapter 22
1 Her name was actually Ilse-Lotte but the group called her Lotte.
2 Countess Melitta Schenk von Stauffenberg.
3 Markwart, Count Schenk von Stauffenberg.
Chapter 23
1 The prisoners of kin.
Chapter 24
1 According to one estimate, between 10,000 and 20,000 prisoners were murdered immediately on arrival.14
2 Prisoners who had been appointed by the Nazis as guards.
3 So terrible were the conditions at Stutthof, it is thought that 47,000 registered inmates died during its existence, the vast majority from illness.41
Chapter 25
1 Carl Friedrich Goerdeler’s niece.
Chapter 26
1 Alt-Pillau, a suburb of Pillau, now Baltiysk, on the Baltic Coast.
Chapter 31
1 Carl Friedrich Goerdeler’s wife.
2 Literally, ‘special construction’.
Chapter 33
1 A naval officer associated with the Abwehr circle of conspirators.
2 Probably a relative of Wehrmacht officer General Fritz Lindemann, one of the 20 July plotte
rs.
3 SS Lieutenant Edgar Stiller.
Chapter 34
1 The final death toll at Dachau remains unknown. At the American military tribunal held at the camp in November 1945, the prosecution stated that 161, 939 prisoners had been processed through Dachau between 1940 and 1945 and that over 25,000 of them had died. An official report estimated that 14,700 of these deaths occurred in the first four months of 1945.
2 Seventy-six men succeeded in escaping from the camp on 25 March 1944. Seventy-three were recaptured, most of them within a few days. Of these, fifty were executed on the personal orders of Adolf Hitler.
3 Office of Strategic Services.
4 The first SS Panzer division, Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler, an elite unit initially responsible for guarding the Führer.
5 Kriminal Polizei, the police department in charge of criminal investigations in the Third Reich.
6 According to a report submitted to Winston Churchill, Bernadotte told Himmler that he would not relay his offer to the Americans unless he agreed to this condition.
Chapter 35
1 Kommandaturarrest.
2 Of the 7,000 prisoners who left Dachau that night, over 1,000 died on the march to the Alps. In what was to be the last week of the war, SS guards shot those unable to maintain a steady pace. Others died from physical exhaustion or starvation.
The Lost Boys Page 49