Atlas missile, 120–121
Autour de la Lune (Around the Moon), 42
Baikonur Cosmodrome, USSR, 76, 79
Baldwin, Hansen W., 82
Bay of Pigs Invasion, 95–96, 107
Bean, Alan L., 171, 184–186
Bell, David E., 94
Bergerac, Cyrano de, 41–42
Berkner, Lloyd V., 14, 20
Blagonarov, Anatoly A., 107
Boeing Company, 148
Bonney, Walter T., 62–63, 65
Borman, Frank, 130, 171, 173–176
Bossart, Karel J., 120–121
Brand, Stewart, 195–196
Braun, Wernher von, 5–6, 7–10, 11, 82, 115, 146, 160, 208
and American response to Sputnik, 27–34
and Apollo 8 mission, 173–176
and Apollo 11 mission, 176–184
and Apollo 13 mission, 186–187
and Apollo flights, 170–93
and Apollo mode decision, 151–154
and Apollo organizational culture, 149–151
and Apollo prestige, 204–206
and Apollo program management concept, 146–151
and Apollo spacecraft fire, 161–164, 174
and Explorer 1
and Moon landing decision, 89–112
and origins of space age, 20–27
and rocket development, 117–123
and Saturn V rocket, 10, 123, 146, 148–149, 155–159
and “Urgent National Needs” speech, 100–101
Bridges, Styles, 97
Buchanan, Pat, 212
Buck Rogers, 44, 213
Butryrka Prison, USSR, 2
Bykovsky, Valery, 81, 84
Carpenter, M. Scott, 66, 83
Carson, Rachel, 195
Cernan, Eugene A., 130, 171, 188
Chafee, Roger B.: and Apollo spacecraft fire, 161–164
Challenger, 198
Chapman, Sidney, 20
Chelomy, Vladimir, 112, 114, 166
Cobb, Geraldyn “Jerrie,” 86
Cochran, Jackie, 86
Cold War, and American response to Sputnik, 27–34
and American rocket development, 117–123
and Apollo 8 mission, 173–176
and Apollo 11 mission, 176–184
and Apollo 13 mission, 186–187
and Apollo flights, 170–93
and Apollo funding, 140–144
and Apollo personnel mobilization, 144–146
and Apollo spacecraft fire, 161–164, 174
and Apollo technological excellence, 196–201
and approval of Soviet Moon program, 112–114
and astronauts and cosmonauts, 59–88
and atom bombs, 19
and birth of NASA, 35–38
competition between USA/USSR, 16–20
and early human spaceflight competition, 59–88
and first race to the Moon, 39–58
and first satellites in space after USA/USSR, 136–137
and “freedom of space,” 34–35
and interpretations of Apollo decision, 104–109
and Moon landing decision, 89–114
and origins of space age, 20–27
and possible joint USA/USSR Moon landing program, 138–139
and Soviet rocket development, 116–117, 166–169
and space suits, 165–166
and spacewalking, 130–133
and “Urgent National Needs” speech, 100–101
Collier’s, 9
Collins, Eileen, 87
Collins, Michael, 130, 171
and Apollo 11 mission, 176–184
Columbia, 198
Conrad, Charles “Pete,” 60–62, 130, 171, 184–186
Cooper, J. Gordon, 66, 69, 83, 130
Cosmonauts, 59–88
Cronkite, Walter, 183
Crouch, Tom D., 213
CSAGI (Comité Speciale de l’Année Géophysique Internationale), 13
Cunningham, R. Walter, 171
Dark, Taylor E., III, 207–208
De la Terre a la Lune (From the Earth to the Moon), 42
Discovery Channel, 80
Disney, Walt, 9–10, 28
Donlan, Charles J., 62
Douglas Aircraft Corp, 148
Dryden, Hugh L., 97, 107, 111
Duke, Charles M., Jr., 188
Edwards AFB, CA, 127
Eisele, Donn F., 171
Eisenhower, Dwight D., 19, 102–103
and American response to Sputnik, 27–34
and birth of NASA, 35–38
and competition between USA/USSR, 16–20
and “freedom of space,” 34–35
Mercury Seven, 60–70
and origins of space age, 20–27
and rocket development, 118–120
El-Baz, Farouk, 197, 199
Evans, Ronald E., 188
Explorer Program, 21, 31
launch of Explorer 1, 31–34
and origins of space age, 25–27
F-1 engine, 148, 157
Fédération Aéronautique Internationale (FAI), 78–79
Feoktistov, Konstanin Petrovich, 27, 81
First Men in the Moon, 42
Flash Gordon, 44, 213
Foreign Affairs, 17
Fort Bliss, Texas, 9
Frau im Mond, Die (The women in the Moon), 43–44
Freedom 7, 80–82
Friendship 7, 81, 82–83, 121
From the Earth to the Moon, 213
Gagarin, Yuri, 5, 70–73, 94–95, 107, 117
and Vostok 1, 75–80, 81
Gandhi, Indira, 135–136
Gemini, Project, 6, 115, 126–130
missions of, 130
and shift in world opinion, 134–138
and spacewalking, 132–133
Gemini 3, 81
Gemini 8, 81
Gilruth, Robert R., 5–7, 10–11, 115, 121–122
and Apollo 8 mission, 173–176
and Apollo 11 mission, 176–184
and Apollo 13 mission, 186–187
and Apollo flights, 170–193
and Apollo mode decision, 151–154
and Apollo organizational culture, 149–151
and Apollo program management concept, 146–151
and Apollo spacecraft development, 159–160
and Apollo spacecraft fire, 161–164, 174
and birth of NASA, 35–38
and Gemini program, 6, 115, 126–130
and interpretations of Apollo decision, 104–109
and Lunar Module, 164–165, 186
and Mercury program, 80–88
and Mercury Seven, 60–70
and Moon landing decision, 89–112
and rocket development, 117–123
and space suits, 165–166
and spacewalking, 132–133
training first astronauts, 73–75
and “Urgent National Needs” speech, 100–101
GIRD (Gruppa Isutcheniya Reaktivnovo Dvisheniya), 1
Glenn, John H., Jr., 66, 67–68, 75, 78, 81, 87, 183, 195, 218
and Friendship 7, 82–83, 121
Glenn L. Martin Co., 121
Glennan, T. Keith, 37–38, 64, 66, 95
Glushko, Valentine, 1–2, 4, 10, 11, 216
and approval of Soviet Moon program, 112–114
and first race to the Moon, 39–58
and origins of space age, 23–27
and Soviet rocket development, 116–117, 166–169
and space suits, 165–166
and Vostok, 75–80, 123–124
Goddard, Robert H., 208
Goddard Space Flight Center, Robert F., 146
Goodpaster, Andrew, 22
Gordon, Richard F., Jr., 130, 171, 184–186
Grissom, Virgil I. “Gus,” 66, 120, 129, 130
and Apollo spacecraft fire, 161–164
and Liberty Bell 7, 80
Grumman Corp, 165
Guillaume, Robert, 200–201
Hagen, John P., 12, 13, 14
Haise, Frederick, 171, 186–187, 211, 213
Hart, Janie, 86
Hart, Philip, 86
Hickam, Homer, 28
Houbolt, John C., 153
Houston, Texas, 7
Huffman, Felicity, 201
Humphrey, Hubert H., 35
Huntsville, AL, 9, 10
Indian National Committee for Space Research (INCOSPAR), 135
Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO), 135–136
International Business Machines (IBM), 148
International Council of Scientific Unions (ICSO), 20–21
International Geophysical Year (IGY), 12, 13, 14
and origins of space age, 20–27
Irwin, James B., 188
Ivanovsky, Oleg, 26–27
J-2 engine, 148
Jefferson, Thomas, 207
Jet Propulsion Laboratory, CA, 146
and first race to the Moon, 39–58
and launch of Explorer 1, 31–34
Johnson, Lyndon B., 30, 207
and Apollo funding, 140–144
and Apollo personnel mobilization, 144–146
and Apollo spacecraft fire, 161–164
and interpretations of Apollo decision, 104–109
and Moon landing decision, 89–112
and “Urgent National Needs” speech, 100–101
Johnson Space Center, Lyndon B., 6, 7, 146
Juno 1, 32
Jupiter missile, 9, 118–119, 120
Kapustan Yar, USSR, 4
Kartashov, Anatoli, 71
Keldysh, Mstislav Vsevolodovish, 26
Kelly, Thomas J., 165
Kennan, George F., 17
Kennedy, John F., 48, 49, 209, 215–216
and Apollo funding, 140–144
and Apollo mode decision, 151–154
and Apollo personnel mobilization, 144–146
and definition of early space policy, 90–93
and interpretations of Apollo decision, 104–109
and Moon landing decision, 89–112
and possible joint Moon landing program, 138–139
and “Urgent National Needs” speech, 100–101
Kennedy Space Center, John F., FL, 80, 146, 173
Kepler, Johann, 41
Kerr, Robert, 97–98
Khrunov, Yevgeny, 132
Khrushchev, Nikita, 14, 94–95, 215
and approval of Soviet Moon program, 112–114
and cosmonauts, 70–73
and first race to the Moon, 39–58
and interpretations of Apollo decision, 104–109
and Moon landing decision, 89–112
and origins of space age, 20–27
and Soviet rocket development, 116–117
and Soyuz, 124–126
and Valentina Tereshkova, 84–85
and Voshkod, 123–124
and Vostok, 75–80, 123–124
Killian, James R., 35–36
King, Martin Luther, Jr., 176, 180
Kleynmenov, Ivan, 2
Komarov, Vladimir, 81, 124–125
Korolev, Sergei, 1–4, 5, 10, 11, 139, 216
and approval of Soviet Moon program, 112–114
and cosmonaut training, 73–75
and cosmonauts, 59–88
and first race to the Moon, 39–58
and “freedom of space,” 34–35
and Moon landing decision, 89–114
and origins of space age, 23–27
selecting cosmonauts, 70–73
and Soviet rocket development, 116–117, 166–169
and Soyuz, 124–126
and space suits, 165–166
and spacewalking, 131–132
and Valentina Tereshkova, 84–85
and Voshkod, 123–124
and Vostok, 75–80, 123–124
Kraft, Christopher C., 7, 163
Kranz, Gene, 186
Krechet space suit, 165–166
Kuznetsov, Nikolay, 114
Laika, 31, 47
Lang, Fritz, 43–44
Langemak, Georgy, 2
Langley Memorial Aeronautical Laboratory (Langley Research Center), 5–6, 127, 153, 161
Lavochkin La-7R, 2
Le Voyage dans la Lune (A trip to the Moon), 42–43
Lee, Dottie, 6
Leonov, Alexei, 81
Life magazine, 62
Litvinov, Maxim, 16
Lovelace, William “Randy,” II, 85–86
Lovell, James A., 130, 171, 173–176, 186–187, 211, 213
Lovell, Marilyn, 212
Low, George M., 173
Lowman, Paul D., 202
Luna 1, 47
Luna 2, 47, 50
Luna 3, 47, 50
Luna 9, 47, 50, 51, 52
Luna 10, 47, 50
Luna 13, 52
Luna 16, 50, 57
Luna 17, 50
Luna 20, 50, 57
Luna 21, 50, 57
Luna 24, 50, 57
Lunar Landing Research Vehicles, 176
Lunar Module, 164–165, 173, 186
Lunar Orbiter Program, 48–58
Lunar Orbiter 1, 47
Lunokhod 1, 54–56
Lunokhod 2, 54, 56–57
Lunokhod 3, 57
Macmillan, Harold, 154
Mailer, Norman, 211
Manned Spacecraft Center, TX, 6, 7, 160
Mao Zedong, 183
Marshall Space Flight Center, George C., 10, 97, 153, 154, 163
Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 111
Mattingly, T. K., II, 188
McClellan, John L., 35
McDivitt, James A., 130, 171
McDonnell Aircraft Corp., 126
McLeish, Archibald, 195
Meade, Margaret, 28–29
Méliès, George, 42–43
Mercury, Project, 6–7, 126
and astronauts, 59–88
and birth of NASA, 35–38
comparison to Soviet program, 80–82
and Freedom 7, 80–82
and Friendship 7, 82–83
and Liberty Bell 7, 80
and Mercury program, 80–88
and Mercury Seven, 60–70
training first astronauts, 73–75
Mercury 13, 86–88
Metraux, Rhoda, 28–29
Mezhrabpom-Rus Studio, USSR, 43
Michin, Vasily, 79, 112, 114, 167, 216
Miller, Perry, 201
Minuteman missile, 147
Mississippi Test Facility ( John C. Stennis Space Center), MS, 146
Mitchell, Edgar D., 188
Mueller, George P., 158, 159, 160
N1 rocket, 112, 167–169
NII-88, 2–4
National Academy of Sciences (NAS), 13
and launch of Explorer 1, 31–34
National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA), 5–6
and birth of NASA, 35–38
National Aeronautics and Space Act (1958), 36–37
National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), 6
and Apollo 8 mission, 173–176
and Apollo 11 mission, 176–184
and Apollo 13 mission, 186–187
Apollo and the idea of progress, 206–208
Apollo as nostalgia, 209–214
and Apollo flights, 170–93
and Apollo funding, 140–144
and Apollo mode decision, 151–154
and Apollo organizational culture, 149–151
and Apollo personnel mobilization, 144–146
and Apollo prestige, 204–206
and Apollo program management concept, 146–151
and Apollo science return, 202–204
and Apollo spacecraft development, 159–160
and Apollo spacecraft fire, 161–164, 174
and astronauts, 59–88
birth of, 35–38
and Cold War competition, 16–20
and first race to the Moon, 39–58
and Freedom 7, 80–82
and Friendship 7, 82–83
and Gemini program, 6, 115, 126–130
and impact on environmentalism, 194–196
and interpretations of Apollo decision, 104–109
and Liberty Bell 7, 80
and Lunar Module, 164–165, 186
and Mercury program, 80–88
and Mercury Seven, 60–70
and Moon landing decision, 89–112
and rocket development, 117–123
and Saturn V rocket, 10, 123, 146, 148–149, 155–159
and space suits, 165–166
and spacewalking, 132–133
and technological excellence, 196–201
training first astronauts, 73–75
and “Urgent National Needs” speech, 100–101
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), 217
National Security Council (NSC), 21
Naval Research Laboratory (NRL), 12–13
and origins of space age, 20–27
Nedelin, Mitrofan Ivanovich, 76
Nelyubov, Grigori Grigorevich, 71
Neutral Buoyancy Simulator, 176
New York Times, 13, 14, 68, 82, 162, 192
Newport, Curt, 80
Newsweek, 192
Nikolayev, Andriyan, 70, 81
Nixon, Richard M., 111–112, 178
North American Aviation Corp, 127, 148, 150–151, 160, 163
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), 18
NPO Lavochkin, USSR, 57
Nye, Joseph S., 205
Oberth, Hermann, 8, 43–44
Object-D, 25–26
Object-7K, 124
O’Connor, Carroll, 200
Of a Fire on the Moon, 211
OKB-1, 25, 124
OKB-456 (NPO Energomash), 4
O’Leary, Brian, 203
Paine, Thomas O., 180–182
Paperclip, Project, 9
Petrone, Rocco, 163
Phillips, Samuel C., 147, 148, 173
Pickering, William H., 33
Pilotless Aircraft Research Division (PARD), 5–6
Pioneer, Project, 39
Pioneer 4, 47
Pioneer 5, 45
Plesetsk, USSR, 5
Poloskov, Sergei M., 13
Poor People’s Crusade, 180–181
Popovich, Pavel, 70, 81
Porter, Richard W., 13
Powers, John, 212
Pravda, 108
President’s Science Advisory Committee (PSAC), 35–36, 107
Proton-K rocket, 166, 167
Quarles, Donald A, 34–35
Quinlan, Kathleen, 212
R-1 missile, 4
R-2 missile, 4
R-5 missile, 4
R-7 missile (SS-6), 4–5, 25, 45, 75, 122
and origins of space age, 23–27
and Soviet rocket development, 116–117
R-9 missile, 5
R-16 missile, 76
Rakete zu den Planetenräumen, Die (The rocket into interplanetary space), 43
Ranger, Project, 48–49, 58
Ranger 4, 47
Raymond, Alex, 44
RD-170/RD–180 rocket engines, 4
Reagan, Ronald, 212
Rebrov, Mikhail Fyodorovich, 27
Reaching for the Moon Page 23