omas Affl
eck to [Charles] Griffi
n, August 26, 1867, AC, LR, 1866–
1867, reel 4; A. H. Shanks to Andrew Johnson, May 8, 1867, Andrew Johnson Papers,
Series 1, reel 27; J. W. Th
rockmorton to Andrew Johnson, May 20, 1867, Andrew John-
son papers, Series 1, reel 27; Brownsville Daily Ranchero, May 11, 1867; and Houston
Telegraph, April 30 and May 1, 1867.
28. John M. Morrison, Palestine, to J. P. Richardson, A.A.A.G., February 29, 1868,
AC, AC, ROC, January–February, 1868, reel 24; John H. Morrison, Palestine, to J. P.
Richardson, A.A.A.G., March 31, 1868, AC, ROC, March–April, 1868, reel 25; James
Oakes, Austin, to J. T. Kirkman, A.A.A.G., SAC, June 30, 1867, LS, May 1867–Decem-
ber 1868, reel 12; Walter B. Pease, Houston, to J. T. Kirkman, A.A.A.G., March 6, 1867,
AC, ROC, December 1866–May 1867, reel 20; J. P. Richardson, ASAC, Austin, to James
Oakes, Austin, September 26, 1867, SAC, LS, May 1867–December 1868, reel 12. For
Howard’s concern, see O. O. Howard to Charles Griffi
n, February 9, 1867, AC, LR,
1866–1867, reel 6; Charles Griffi
n to O. O. Howard, February 18, 1867, M752C, LR, Janu-
ary–May, 1867, reel 44; Charles Griffi
n to O. O. Howard, February 12, 1867, AC, LS,
September 1865–March 1867, reel 1.
29. James C. Devine, Huntsville, to James Hentiss, March 6, 1867, SAC, PCLS, Janu-
ary 1867–March 1868, reel 22; James C. Devine, Huntsville, to J. T. Kirkman, A.A.A.G.,
February 3, 1867, AC, ROC, December 1866–May 1867, reel 20; Enon M. Harris, Colum-
bus, to J. T. Kirkman, A.A.A.G., May 1, 1867, AC, ROC, December 1866–May 1867, reel
20; Enon M. Harris, Columbus, to J. T. Kirkman, A.A.A.G., August 3, 1867, AC, ROC,
June–August, 1867, reel 21; Patrick F. Duggan, Columbia, to J. T. Kirkman, A.A.A.G.,
June 30, 1867, AC, ROC, June–August 1867, reel 21. Other examples of the benefi cial
eff ects are James Oakes, Austin, to J. T. Kirkman, A.A.A.G., March 31, 1867, AC, ROC,
December 1866–May 1867, reel 20; William Garretson, Matagorda, to J. T. Kirkman,
A.A.A.G., May 31, 1867, AC, ROC, December 1866–May 1876, reel 20; William Garret-
son, Matagorda, to J. T. Kirkman, A.A.A.G., June 30, 1867, AC, ROC, June–August, 1867,
reel 21; Fred W. Reinhard, Centreville, to J. T. Kirkman, A.A.A.G., July 31, 1867, AC,
ROC, June–August, 1867, reel 21; J. J. Reynolds, Brownsville, to J. T. Kirkman, A.A.A.G.,
September 3, 1867, AC, ROC, June–August, 1867, reel 21; P. B. Johnson, Woodville, to J.
T. Kirkman, A.A.A.G., July 31, 1867, AC, ROC, June–August 1867, reel 21; Hamilton C.
Peterson, Lockhart, to Charles Garretson, A.A.A.G., February 29, 1868, AC, ROC, Janu-
ary–February, 1868, reel 24; Charles F. Rand, Marshall, to Henry A. Ellis, A.A.A.G., Jan-
uary 24, 1867, SAC, LS, December 1866–December 1868, reel 24; Hamilton C. Peterson,
Lockhart, to Charles Garretson, A.A.A.G., AC, ROC, September–October, reel 22;
Hamilton C. Peterson, Lockhart, to J. P. Richardson, A.A.A.G., AC, November 30, 1867,
AC, ROC, November–December, reel 23; Hamilton C. Peterson, Lockhart, to C. S. Rob-
erts, A.A.A.G., December 31, 1867, AC, ROC, November–December, 1867, reel 23;
Edward Collins, Goliad, to [J. T. Kirkman, A.A.A.G.], April 10, 1867, AC, LR, 1866–1867,
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253
reel 4; H. S. Johnson, Sumpter, to J. B. Kiddoo, March 17, 1867, AC, LR, 1866–1867, reel 6;
P. E. Holcomb, Goliad, to [J. T. Kirkman, A.A.A.G.], April 10, 1867, AC, LR, 1866–1867,
reel 6; P. E. Holcomb, Goliad, to [J. T. Kirkman, A.A.A.G.], June 3, 1867, AC, ROC,
June–August, 1867, reel 21; A. G. Malloy, Marshall, to J. T. Kirkman, A.A.A.G., May 31,
1867. AC, ROC, December 1866–May 1867, reel 20; Mortimer H. Goddin, Livingston, to
[Charles Griffi
n], May 13, 1867, AC, LR, 1866–1867, reel 5; H. S. Johnson, Sumpter, to J. T.
Kirkman, A.A.A.G., July 1, 1867, AC, ROC, June–August, 1867, reel 21; P. E. Holcomb,
Goliad, to [J. T. Kirkman, A.A.A.G.], August 31, 1867, AC, ROC, June–August, 1867, reel
21; Charles F. Rand, Marshall, to J. T. Kirkman, A.A.A.G., March 4, 1867, AC, ROC,
December 1866–May 1867, reel 20; and A. G. Malloy, Marshall, to J. T. Kirkman,
A.A.A.G., June 30, 1867, AC, ROC, June–August, 1867, reel 21.
30. Race relations were so good, a few agents admitted there was no need for the
Bureau along the border. Th
is was partly because whites needed the black population
to help protect the frontier and partly because there were so few freedpeople (see
Lewis G. Brown, Rio Grande City, to J. T. Kirkman, A.A.A.G., June 6, 1867, AC, LR,
1866–1867, reel 4; Charles C. Cresson, San Antonio, to Charles A. Vernou, A.A.A.G.,
September 2, 1868, AC, ROC, August–October, 1868, reel 27; John W. Eckles, San
Antonio, to Charles A. Vernou, A.A.A.G., September 30, 1868, AC, ROC, August–
October, 1868, reel 27; J. R. Fitch, San Antonio, to Charles A. Vernou, A.A.A.G.,
November 30, 1868, AC, ROC, November–December, 1868, reel 28; P. E. Holcomb,
Goliad, to [Headquarters], July 15, 1867, AC, LR, 1866–1867, reel 6; Ranald S. Macken-
zie, Brownsville, to J. P. Richardson, A.A.A.G., December 20, 1867, AC, ROC, Novem-
ber–December, 1867, reel 23; S. B. Hayman, Fort Griffi
n, to Charles A. Vernou, July 3,
1868, AC, ROC, May–July, 1868, reel 26; Charles Steelhammer, Weatherford, to J. P.
Richardson, A.A.A.G., February 1, 1868, AC, ROC, January–February, 1868, reel 24; A.
M. Randol, Brownsville, to J. P. Richardson, A.A.A.G., January 7, 1868, AC, ROC,
November–December, 1867, reel 23; A. M. D. McCook, Brownsville, to Charles A. Ver-
nou, A.A.A.G., August 31, 1868, AC, ROC, August–October, 1868, reel 27; George C.
Cram, Camp Verde, to J. P. Richardson, A.A.A.G., February 8, 1868, AC, ROC, Janu-
ary–February, 1868, reel 24; and P. E. Holcomb, Fort Mason, to J. P. Richardson,
A.A.A.G., May 1, 1868, AC, ROC, March–April, 1868, reel 25).
31. J. R. Fitch, Refugio, to J. P. Richardson, A.A.A.G., January 31, 1867, AC, ROC,
January–February, 1868, reel 24; A. H. Mayer, Liberty, to J. T. Kirkman, A.A.A.G., May
1, 1867, AC, ROC, December 1866–May 1867, reel 20; William H. Rock, Richmond, to J.
T. Kirkman, A.A.A.G., March 6, 1867, AC, ROC, December 1866–May 1867, reel 20;
William H. Rock, Richmond, to Charles A. Vernou, A.A.A.G., July 15, 1868, AC, ROC,
May–July, 1868, reel 26; William H. Rock, Richmond, to Charles A. Vernou, A.A.A.G.,
November 8, 1868, AC, ROC, August–October, 1868, reel 27; J. R. Fitch, Refugio, to J. T.
Kirkman, A.A.A.G., August 31, 1867, AC, ROC, June–August, 1867, reel 21; J. R. Fitch,
Refugio, to Charles Garretson, A.A.A.G., October 1, 1867, AC, ROC, September–Octo-
ber, 1867, reel 1867, reel 22; J. R. Fitch, Refugio, to Charles Garretson, A.A.A.G.,
November 1, 1867, AC, ROC, November–December, 1867, reel 23; J. R. Fitch, Refugio, to
J. P. Richardson, A.A.A.G., December 1, 1867, AC, ROC, November–December, 1867,
reel 23; A. H. Mayer, Liberty, to J. T. Kirkman, A.A.A.G., June 2, 1867, AC, ROC,
December 1866–May 1867, reel 20.
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Notes to pages 128–129
32. Hiram Clark, Clinton, to [J. T. Kirkman, A.A.A.G.], July 5, 1867, AC, ROC,
June–August, 1867, reel 21; P. E. Holcomb, Goliad, to J. T. Kirkman, A.A.A.G., August
21, 1867, AC, ROC, June–August, 1867, reel 21; Isaac Johnson, La Grange, to J. T. Kirk-
man, A.A.A.G., September 3, 1867, AC, ROC, December 1866–May 1867, reel 20;
Edward Miller, Millican, to J. T. Kirkman, A.A.A.G., March 31, 1867, AC, ROC,
December 1866–May 1867, reel 20; Edward Miller, Bryan City, to J. P. Richardson,
A.A.A.G., November 30, 1867, AC, ROC, November–December, 1867, reel 23; Hiram
Clark, Clinton, to [J. T. Kirkman, A.A.A.G.], May 28, 1867, AC, ROC, December 1866–
May 1867, reel 20; Hiram Clark, Clinton, to Charles Garretson, A.A.A.G., September
30, 1867, AC, ROC, September–October, 1867, reel 22; Hiram Clark, Clinton, to J. P.
Richardson, A.A.A.G., October 31, 1867, AC, ROC, September–October, 1867, reel 22;
Hiram Clark, Clinton, to J. P. Richardson, A.A.A.G., [December 1867], AC, ROC,
November–December, 1867, reel 23; Edward Miller, Millican, to J. T. Kirkman,
A.A.A.G., May 31, 1867, AC, ROC, December 1866–May 1867, reel 20. More examples
are Charles F. Rand, ASAC, Gilmer, to Charles Garretson, A.A.A.G., October 31, 1867,
AC, LR, 1867–1869, reel 14; Charles F. Rand, ASAC, Gilmer, to J. P. Richardson,
A.A.A.G., November 30, 1867, AC, ROC, November–December 1867, reel 23; Charles F.
Rand, ASAC, Gilmer, to J. T. Kirkman, A.A.A.G., July 1, 1867, AC, LR, 1866–1867, reel 7;
Charles F. Rand, ASAC, Gilmer, to J. T. Kirkman, A.A.A.G., September 1, 1867, AC,
ROC, June–August, 1867, reel 21; Charles F. Rand, ASAC, Gilmer, to Charles Garret-
son, A.A.A.G., October 1, 1867, AC, ROC, September–October 1867, reel 22; Patrick F.
Duggan, Columbia, to J. T. Kirkman, A.A.A.G., August, 1, 1867, AC, ROC, June–
August, 1867, reel 21; Patrick F. Duggan, Columbia, to J. T. Kirkman, A.A.A.G., Sep-
tember 1, 1867, AC, ROC, June–August, 1867, reel 21; and N. H. Randlett, Anderson, to
J. T. Kirkman, A.A.A.G., May 3, 1867, AC, Reports of Operations and Conditions,
December 1866–May 1867, reel 20.
33. Crouch, “Freedmen’s Bureau in Beaumont,” (Part One) 22; James P. Butler,
Huntsville, to J. T. Kirkman, A.A.A.G., May 31, 1867, AC, ROC, December 1866–May
1867, reel 20; Philip Howard, Meridian, to [Headquarters], June 30, 1867, AC, ROC,
June–August, 1867, reel 21; Philip Howard, Meridian, to J. P. Richardson, A.A.A.G.,
November 30, 1867, AC, ROC, September–October, 1867, reel 22; James P. Butler,
Huntsville, to J. T. Kirkman, A.A.A.G., May 25, 1867, AC, ROC, December 1866–May
1867, reel 20; James P. Butler, Huntsville, to J. T. Kirkman, A.A.A.G., June 30, 1867, AC,
ROC, June–August, 1867, reel 21; John H. Archer, Beaumont, to J. T. Kirkman,
A.A.A.G., AC, ROC, December 1866–May 1867, reel 22; John H. Archer, Beaumont, to
J. P. Richardson, A.A.A.G., November 1, 1867, AC, ROC, September–October, 1867, reel
22; Philip Howard, Meridian, to J. T. Kirkman, A.A.A.G., August 31, 1867, AC, ROC,
June–August, 1867, reel 21; Philip Howard, Meridian, to Charles Garretson, A.A.A.G.,
October 31, 1867, AC, ROC, September–October, 1867, reel 22; Philip Howard, Merid-
ian, to J. P. Richardson, A.A.A.G., December 31, 1867, AC, ROC, November–December,
1867, reel 23; Philip Howard, Meridian, to Charles Garretson, A.A.A.G., September 30,
1867, AC, ROC, September–October, 1867, reel 22.
34. A. K. Foster, Hallettsville, to Charles A. Vernou, A.A.A.G., July 31, 1868, AC,
ROC, May–July, 1868, reel 26; Hamilton C. Peterson, Lockhart, to J. P. Richardson,
A.A.A.G., March 31, 1868, AC, ROC, March–April, 1868, reel 25; Louis W. Stevenson,
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Note to page 129
255
Columbus, to Charles A. Vernou, A.A.A.G., May 31, 1868, AC, ROC, May–July, 1868,
reel 26; Fred W. Reinhard, Centreville, to Charles A. Vernou, A.A.A.G., July 10, 1868,
AC, ROC, May–July, 1868, reel 26; Hiram Clark, Clinton, to Charles A. Vernou,
A.A.A.G., July 2, 1868, AC, ROC, May–July, 1868, reel 26; William Holt, La Grange, to
C. S. Roberts, A.A.A.G., October, 31, 1868, AC, ROC, August–October, 1868, reel 27; A.
K. Foster, Hallettsville, to Charles A. Vernou, A.A.A.G., May 31, 1868, AC, ROC, May–
July, 1868, reel 26; A. K. Foster, Hallettsville, to Charles A. Vernou, A.A.A.G., July 1,
1868, AC, ROC, May–July, 1868, reel 26; A. K. Foster, Hallettsville, to Charles A. Ver-
nou, A.A.A.G., August 31, 1868, AC, ROC, August–October, 1868, reel 27; A. K. Foster,
Hallettsville, to Charles A. Vernou, A.A.A.G., September 30, 1868, AC, ROC, August–
October, 1868, reel 27; A. K. Foster, Hallettsville, to Charles A. Vernou, A.A.A.G.,
October 31, 1868, AC, ROC, August–October, 1868, reel 27; A. K. Foster, Hallettsville,
to Charles A. Vernou, A.A.A.G., November 30, 1868, AC, ROC, November–December,
1868, reel 28; A. K. Foster, Hallettsville, to Charles A. Vernou, A.A.A.G., December 2,
1868, AC, ROC, November–December, 1868, reel 28; Hamilton C. Peterson, Lockhart,
to J. P. Richardson, A.A.A.G., April 30, 1868, AC, ROC, March–April, 1868, reel 25;
Louis W. Stevenson, Columbus, to J. P. Richardson, A.A.A.G., April 30, 1868, AC,
ROC, March–April, 1868, reel 25; Louis W. Stevenson, Columbus, to Charles A. Ver-
nou, A.A.A.G., June 30, 1868, AC, ROC, May–July, 1868, reel 26; Louis W. Stevenson,
Columbus, to Charles A. Vernou, A.A.A.G., July 31, 1868, AC, ROC, May–July, 1868,
reel 26; Hiram Clark, Clinton, to J. P. Richardson, A.A.A.G., January 2, 1868, AC, ROC,
November–December, 1867, reel 23; Hiram Clark, Clinton, to J. P. Richardson,
A.A.A.G, March 3, 1868, AC, ROC, January–February, 1868, reel 24; Hiram Clark,
Clinton, to Charles A. Vernou, A.A.A.G., September 2, 1868, AC, ROC, August–Octo-
ber, 1868, reel 27; William Holt, La Grange, to C. S. Roberts, A.A.A.G., September 30,
1868, AC, ROC, August–October, 1868, reel 27; Th
omas H. Baker, Lockhart, to Charles
A. Vernou, A.A.A.G., July 31, 1868, AC, ROC, May–July, 1868, reel 26; Th
omas H.
Baker, Lockhart, to Charles S. Morse, A.A.A.G., August 31, 1868, AC, ROC, August–
October, 1868, reel 27; Th
omas H. Baker, Lockhart, to C. S. Roberts, A.A.A.G., October
31, 1868, AC, ROC, August–October, 1868, reel 27; Th
omas H. Baker, Lockhart, to C. S.
Roberts, A.A.A.G., September 30, 1868, AC, ROC, August–October, 1868, reel 27;
Th
omas H. Baker, Lockhart, to Charles A. Vernou, A.A.A.G., November 30, 1868, AC,
ROC, November–December, 1868, reel 28; Th
omas H. Baker, Lockhart, to Charles A.
Vernou, A.A.A.G., December 31, 1868, AC, ROC, November–December, 1868, reel 28;
Th
omas C. Griffi
n, Kaufman, to Charles A. Vernou, A.A.A.G., December 1, 1868, AC,
ROC, November–December, 1868, reel 28; William J. Neely, Victoria, to C. S. Roberts,
A.A.A.G., October 1, 1868, AC, ROC, August–October, 1868, reel 27; William J. Neely,
/>
Victoria, to Charles A. Vernou, A.A.A.G., October 20, 1868, AC, ROC, August–Octo-
ber, 1868, reel 27; Hiram Clark, Victoria, to [Charles A. Vernou, A.A.A.G.], November
3, 1868, AC, ROC, August–October, 1868, reel 27; [P. E. Holcomb], Goliad, to J. P.
Richardson, A.A.A.G., December 1, 1868, AC, ROC, November–December, 1868, reel
23; [P. E. Holcomb], Goliad, to J. P. Richardson, A.A.A.G., January 21, 1868, AC, ROC,
November–December, 1867, reel 23; P. E. Holcomb, Goliad, to J. P. Richardson,
A.A.A.G., January 31, 1868, AC, ROC, January–February, 1868, reel 24; J. W. Wham,
Goliad, to J. P. Richardson, A.A.A.G., March 1, 1868, AC, ROC, January–February,
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Notes to pages 129–133
1868, reel 24; [Julius A. Hayden], Goliad, to J. P. Richardson, A.A.A.G., March 30, 1868,
AC, ROC, March–April, 1868, reel 25.
35. Carpenter, “Agents of the Freedmen’s Bureau,” 118–119.
36. Mugleston, ed., “Th
e Freedmen’s Bureau and Reconstruction in Virginia,” 49.
37. DeWitt C. Brown, Wharton, to J. T. Kirkman, A.A.A.G., May 31, 1867, AC,
ROC, December 1866–May1867, reel 20.
7. Violence, Frustration, and Yellow Fever: Th
e Charles Griffi
n Era,
Summer–Fall 1867
1. Kathleen Davis, “Year of Crucifi xion: Galveston, Texas,” Texana 8 (1970): 140–
153. Th
e agents who died while in Bureau service were Isaac M. Beebe (died in 1866),
Augustus B. Bonnaff on (1867), George F. Eber (1868), Charles E. Culver (1867), James C.
Devine (1867), L. H. Warren (1867), Patrick F. Duggan (1867), David L. Montgomery
(1868), Ira W. Clafl in (1867), John A. Th
ompson (1867), Sam W. Black (1867), J. D.
O’Connell (1867), William G. Kirkman (1868), and John Williamson (1868). Samuel P.
Voris, William Garretson, and Th
omas Murray Tolman died in 1867, but their deaths
occurred aft er they had left the Freedmen’s Bureau.
2. James Lowrie, Jasper, to J. J. Reynolds, October 22, 1867, AC, ULR, 1867–1869,
reel 18; Mortimer H. Goddin, Livingston, to [Headquarters], August 31, 1867, AC, LR,
1867–1869, reel 1; John Dix, Corpus Christi, to [J. T. Kirkman, A.A.A.G.], September
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