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Page 51
n to O. O. Howard, February 9, 1867, M752C, LR,
January–May, 1867, reel 42; Richter, “Who Was the Real Head of the Texas Freedmen’s
Bureau?,” 151; Foner, Reconstruction, 166.
21. William Garretson, Matagorda, to J. T. Kirkman, A.A.A.G., June 26, 1867, AC,
Letters Received, 1866–1867, reel 5; Byron Porter, Bastrop, to J. T. Kirkman, A.A.A.G.,
September 5, 1867, AC, Reports of Operations and Conditions, June–August, 1867, reel
21; Phineas Stevens, Hallettsville, to Charles Garretson, A.A.A.G., September 2, 1867,
AC, June–August, 1867, reel 21; J. T. Kirkman, A.A.A.G., to [All SACs], June 21, 1867,
AC, Letters Sent, March 1867–May 1869, reel 1; L. H. Warren, Houston, to Alfred T.
Manning, Unassigned, March 1, 1867, AC, Letters Received, 1866–1867, reel 9.
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261
22. General Orders No. 11, July 8, 1867, AC, IRB, October 1865–April 1869, reel 19;
Circular No. 7, September 3, 1867, AC, IRB, October 1865–April 1869, reel 19; Charles
Griffi
n to O. O. Howard, June 12, 1867, M752C, LR, June–August, 1867, reel 46; Charles
Griffi
n to O. O. Howard, June 17, 1867, M752C, LR, June–August, 1867, reel 48; General
Orders No. 18, November 7, 1867, AC, IRB, October 1865–April 1869, reel 19.
23. Charles E. Culver, Cotton Gin, to Charles Garretson, A.A.A.G., AC, ROC, Sep-
tember–October, 1867, reel 22; Th
omas Affl
eck to Charles Griffi
n, August 26, 1867, AC,
LR, 1866–1867, reel 4; Edwin Finch, Milford, to J. T. Kirkman, A.A.A.G., September 2,
1867, AC, ROC, June–August, 1867, reel 21; John Dix, Corpus Christi, to J. P. Richard-
son, A.A.A.G., November 30, 1867, AC, ROC, November–December, 1867, reel 23;
Edward Collins, Brenham, to J. P. Richardson, A.A.A.G., February 1, 1868, AC, ROC,
January–February, 1868, reel 24; Endorsement of letter from Edward W. Whittemore,
Seguin, to J. T. Kirkman, A.A.A.G., November 2, 1867, AC, ES, September 1867–May
1869, reel 2; Charles E. Culver, Cotton Gin, Charles Garretson, A.A.A.G., October 26,
1867, AC, LR, 1867–1869, reel 10; O. O. Howard to Charles Griffi
n, June 25, 1867, AC,
LR, 1866–1867, reel 6; O. O. Howard to Charles Griffi
n, July 2, 1867, M742C, LS, January
2–September 30, 1867, reel 3; O. O. Howard to Charles Griffi
n, July 6, 1867, AC, LR,
1866–1867, reel 6; Endorsement of letter from J. H. Bradford, Centreville, to Charles
Garretson, A.A.A.G., September 11, 1867, AC, ES, April 1866–September 1867, reel 2; J.
H. Bradford, Centreville, to J. T. Kirkman, A.A.A.G., September 11, 1867, AC, LR, 1866–
1867, reel 5. For more problems, see Edward Collins, Brenham, to J. T. Kirkman,
A.A.A.G., August 3, 1867, AC, ROC, June–August, 1867, reel 21; Edward Collins, Bren-
ham, to J. T. Kirkman, A.A.A.G., December 2, 1867, AC, ROC, November–December,
1867, reel 23; Edward Collins, Brenham, to [Charles Griffi
n], June 30, 1867, AC, ROC,
June–August, 1867, reel 21; and William G. Kirkman, Boston, to J. P. Richardson,
A.A.A.G., November 14, 1867, AC, LR, 1867–1869, reel 13.
24. J. H. Bradford, Centreville, to Charles Garretson, A.A.A.G., October 7, 1867,
AC, ROC, September–October, 1867, reel 22; Anthony M. Bryant, Sherman, to Charles
Garretson, A.A.A.G., October 31, 1867, AC, ROC, September–October, 1867, reel 22;
Anthony M. Bryant, Sherman, to J. T. Kirkman, A.A.A.G., August 31, 1867, AC, ROC,
June–August, 1867, reel 21; Anthony M. Bryant, Sherman, to J. T. Kirkman, A.A.A.G.,
September 11, 1867, AC, LR, 1867–1869, reel 10; Richter, “Th
is Blood-
Th
irsty Hole,”
54–56. For other examples of an agent notifying headquarters about an agent fulfi lling
his duties, see C. S. Roberts, Special Duty, to J. T. Kirkman, A.A.A.G., August 31, 1867,
AC, LR, 1867–1869, reel 1; and Ira W. Clafl in File, Pension Record.
25. James P. Butler, Huntsville, to J. T. Kirkman, A.A.A.G., [August 1867] AC,
ROC, June–August, 1867, reel 21; A. H. Mayer, Liberty, to J. B. Kiddoo, December 27,
1866, AC, LR, 1866–1867, reel 7; A. H. Mayer, Liberty, to J. B. Kiddoo, January 2, 1867,
AC, LR, 1866–1867, reel 7; Statement of A. H. Mayer, July 31, 1867, AC, LR, 1866–1867,
reel 7; Special Orders No. 98, July 10, 1866, AC, IRB, October 1865–April 1869, reel 19.
Th
e previous two agents also disputed. Hiram Clark replaced William J. Neely in late
1868. Th
is greatly angered Neely, who wrote to Bureau headquarters accusing Clark of
being “a mere cipher as agent” (see William J. Neely to [Charles A. Vernou, A.A.A.G.],
October 20, 1868, AC, LR, 1867–1869, reel 14). Accusations against Reinhard are in
John Williamson, Centreville, to J. T. Kirkman, A.A.A.G., March 19, 1867, AC, LR,
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Notes to pages 143–145
1866–1867, reel 9; John Williamson, Centreville, to J. T. Kirkman, A.A.A.G., April 3,
1867, LR, 1866–1867, reel 9; John L. Miller to [Headquarters], May 29, 1867, AC, LR,
1866–1867, reel 7; Edward Miller, Millican, to J. T. Kirkman, A.A.A.G., June 15, 1867,
AC, LR, 1866–1867, reel 7; and Charles Griffi
n to O. O. Howard, June 15, 1867, AC, LS,
March 1867–May 1869, reel 1.
26. A. H. Mayer, Liberty, to J. T. Kirkman, July 30, 1867, AC, LR, 1866–1867, reel 7;
Ira P. Pedigo to N. Prime, Secretary, Offi
ce of Civil Aff airs, August 20, 1867, AC, LR,
1867–1869, reel 14; A. H. Mayer, Liberty, to J. P. Richardson, A.A.A.G., December 2,
1867, AC, LR, 1867–1869, reel 14; Special Orders No. 9, February 17, 1868, AC, IRB,
October 1865–April 1869, reel 19; Special Orders No. 13, July 29, 1867, AC, LR, 1866–
1867, reel 7.
27. William G. Kirkman, Boston, to Charles Garretson, A.A.A.G., October 26, 1867,
AC, LR, 1867–1869, reel 13. For cooperation with agents in Arkansas, see Richter, “A
Dear Little Job,” 193; and Richter, “Revolver Rules the Day!,” 316–317.
28. William M. Van Horn, Houston, to J. P. Richardson, A.A.A.G., November, 26,
1867, AC, ROC, September–October, 1867, reel 22; George Lancaster, Hempstead, to J.
T. Kirkman, A.A.A.G.,[September 1867], AC, ROC, June–August, 1867, reel 21; George
Lancaster, Hempstead, to Charles Garretson, A.A.A.G., October 31, 1867, AC, ROC,
June–August, 1867, reel 21; George Lancaster, Hempstead, to J. P. Richardson,
A.A.A.G., November 30, 1867, AC, ROC, June–August, 1867, reel 21; Edward Miller,
Bryan City, to Charles Garretson, A.A.A.G., October 5, 1867, AC, ROC, September–
October, 1867, reel 22; Edward Miller, Bryan City, to William H. Sinclair, A.A.G., Sep-
tember 23, 1867, AC, LR, 1867–1869; Special Orders No. 101, August 18, 1866, AC, IRB,
October 1865–April 1869, reel 19; James P. Butler, Huntsville, to Charles Garretson,
A.A.A.G., September 30, 1867, AC, ROC, September–October, 1867, reel 22; E. M.
Wheelock, Galveston, to Charles Garretson, A.A.A.G.,
September 30, 1867, AC, ROC,
September–October, 1867, reel 22; E. M. Wheelock, Galveston, to J. P. Richardson,
A.A.A.G., October 31, 1867, SUP, LR, 1866–1867, reel 4; N. H. Randlett, Anderson, to
Charles Garretson, A.A.A.G., September 28, 1867, AC, LR, 1867–1869, reel 14; Anne L.
Buckhorn, “Th
e Yellow Fever Epidemic of 1867 in Galveston,” (Master’s Th
esis, Univer-
sity of Houston, 1962), vi, 43–44, 47–49; Isaac Johnson, La Grange, to J. P. Richardson,
A.A.A.G., November 4, 1867, AC, ROC, September–October, 1867, reel 22; Flake’s Daily
Bulletin, September 20, 1867; A. H. Mayer, Liberty, to J. D. O’Connell, Houston, Sep-
tember 1, 1867, AC, LR, 1867–1869, reel 13.
29. William H. Sinclair, Inspector, to J. P. Richardson, A.A.A.G., December 8, 1867,
AC, LR, 1867–1869, reel 15; William H. Sinclair, Inspector, to J. P. Richardson,
A.A.A.G., January 30, 1868, AC, LR, 1867–1869, reel 15; William H. Sinclair, A.A.G., to
O. O. Howard, September 18, 1867, AC, LR, 1867–1869, reel 15; Richter, “Who Was the
Real Head of the Texas Freedmen’s Bureau?” 143–144.
30. William H. Sinclair, A.A.G., to J. P. Richardson, A.A.A.G., December 8, 1867,
AC, LR, 1867–1869, reel 15; Sinclair, “Who Was the Real Head of the Freedmen’s
Bureau?,” 144; Stein, “Consider the Lily,” 13; Louis W. Stevenson, Columbus, to J. P.
Richardson, A.A.A.G., March 20, 1868, AC, LR, 1867–1869, reel 15; William H. Sinclair,
Inspector, to J. P. Richardson, A.A.A.G., December 5, 1867, AC, LR, 1867–1869, reel 15;
William H. Sinclair, Inspector, to O. O. Howard, April– 1, 1868, M752C, LR, January–
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Notes to pages 145–146
263
June, 1868, reel 56; Endorsement of letter from Enon M. Harris, Columbus, to J. P.
Richardson, A.A.A.G., November 21, 1867, AC, ES, March 1867–May 1869, reel 2; Spe-
cial Orders No. 8, February 1, 1868, AC, IRB, October 1865–April 1869, reel 19.
31. Richter, “Who Was the Real Head of the Texas Freedmen’s Bureau?,” 144–145; J.
J. Reynolds to O. O. Howard, April 14, 1868, M752C, LR, January–June, 1868, reel 56;
William H. Sinclair, Inspector, to E. M. Pease, April– 14, 1868, M752C, LR, January–
June, 1868, reel 56.
32. James P. Butler, Huntsville, to N. Prime, Secretary, Offi
ce of Civil Aff airs, Octo-
ber 18, 1867, OCA, LR, April 1867–May 1869, reel 5; Flakes’ Daily Bulletin, September 17
and October 17, 1867; J. D. O’Connell File, Pension Record; Augustus B. Bonnaff on
File, Pension Record; L. H. Warrant File, Pension Record; E. D. Townsend, A.A.A.G.,
to Winfi eld Scott Hancock, Commander, Fift h Military District, September 29, 1867,
5th Military District, Box 3; Acting Assistant Surgeon, Galveston, to [Headquarters],
District of Texas, September 30, 1867, 5th Military District, Box 1.
33. T. J. Krutz, Galveston, to J. G. Williams, Mayor of Galveston, August 20, 1867,
SAC, LS, January 1867–June 1868, reel 19; [T. J. Krutz], Galveston, to L. M. Hosten,
August 20, 1867, SAC, LS, January 1867–June 1868, reel 19; [T. J. Krutz], Houston, to L.
M. Hosten, [August 6, 1867], SAC, LS, January 1867–June 1868, reel 19; [T. J. Krutz],
Galveston, to P. H. Rowe, Assistant Surgeon, August 17, 1867, SAC, LS, January 1867–
June 1868, reel 19; Katherine Masur, “Reconstructing the Nation’s Capital: Th
e Politics
of Race and Citizenship in the District of Columbia, 1862–1878” (Ph.D. diss.: Univer-
sity of Michigan, 2001): 84. For another instance dealing with the disease, see William
Garretson, Matagorda, to J. T. Kirkman, A.A.A.G., June 30, 1867, SAC, LR, May–
December 1867, reel 24. For previous policies toward the health of the freedmen and
sanitation, see General Orders No. 16, April 14, 1866, General Orders and Circulars,
August 1865–April 1870, 5th Military District; Walter B. Pease, Houston, to Alex
McGovern, February 21, 1867, Post Houston, Letters Sent, November 1866–April 1868,
5th Military District; Edward Miller, Victoria, to William H. Sinclair, A.A.G., July 10,
1866, AC, LR, 1866–1867, reel 7; S. J. W. Mintzer, Surgeon in Chief, to [J. B. Kiddoo],
February 28, 1866, AC, LR, 1866–1867, reel 6; Galveston Daily News, May 28, 1866;
Byron Porter, Houston, William H. Sinclair, A.A.G., September 1866, AC, LR, 1866–
1867, reel 7; A. H. Mayer, Liberty, to Henry A. Ellis, A.A.A.G., September 30, 1866, AC,
LR, 1866–1867, reel 7; Randy Finley, “In War’s Wake: Health Care and Arkansas Freed-
men, 1863–1868,” Arkansas Historical Quarterly 51 (Summer 1992): 135–163; Harrison,
“Welfare and Employment Policies of the Freedmen’s Bureau in the District of Colum-
bia,” 81–82; Gaines M. Foster, “Th
e Limitations of Federal Health Care for Freedmen,
1862–1868,” Journal of Southern History 48 (August 1982): 349–372; Alan Raphael,
“Health and Social Welfare of Kentucky Black People, 1865–1870,” Societas 2 (Spring
1972): 143–157; Todd L. Savitt, “Politics in Medicine: Th
e Georgia Freedmen’s Bureau
and the Organization of Health Care, 1865–1868,” Civil War History 28 (March 1982):
45–64; May, “19th Century Medical Care Program For Blacks,” 160–171; Reggie L. Pear-
son, “ ‘Th
ere Are Many Sick, Feeble, and Suff ering Freedmen’: Th
e Freedmen’s Bureau’s
Health Care Activities during Reconstruction in North Carolina, 1865–1868,” North
Carolina Historical Review 79 (April– 2002): 141–181; J. Th
omas May, “Th
e Louisiana
Negro in Transition: An Appraisal of the Medical Activities of the Freedmen’s
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264
Notes to pages 146–152
Bureau,” Bulletin of the Tulane Medical Faculty 26 (February 1967): 29–36; and Gail S.
Hasson, “Health and Welfare of Freedmen in Reconstruction Alabama,” Alabama
Review 35 (April 1982): 94–110.
34. Tyler, ed., New Handbook of Texas, 3:337; Crouch, Freedmen’s Bureau and Black
Texans, 31.
8. General Orders No. 40 and the Freedmen’s Bureau’s End:
Th
e J. J. Reynolds Era, September 1867–December 1868
1. Warner, Generals in Blue, 397–398; Patricia L. Faust, ed., Historical Times Illus-
trated: Encyclopedia of the Civil War (New York: Harper & Row, Publishers, 1986), 626;
Heitman, Historical Register, 1:825; Boatner, Civil War Dictionary, 694–695; Tyler, ed.,
New Handbook of Texas, 5:556–557.
2. J. J. Reynolds to O. O. Howard, January 3, 1868, AC, LS, March 1867–May 1869,
reel 1; General Orders No. 14, September 21, 1867, AC, IRB, October 1865–April 1969,
reel 19; General Orders No. 23, October 23, 1867, AC, IRB, October 1865–April 1869, reel
19; J. J. Reynolds to O. O. Howard, December 3, 1867, AC, LS, reel 1; J. P. Richardson,
A.A.A.G., to O. O. Howard, December 9, 1867, AC, LS, March 1867–May 1869, reel 1;
Ulysses S. Grant to J. J. Reynolds, December 10, 1867, AC, LR, 1867–1869, reel 11; O. O.
Howard to J. J. Reynolds, Janu
ary 7, 1868, AC, LR, 1867–1869, reel 12; Circular Letter
from O. O. Howard, November 28, 1867, M742C, Circulars Issued, May 15, 1865–June
19, 1869 and Special Orders Issued, May 22, 1865–June 27, 1872, reel 7; Circular Letter
from O. O. Howard, December 18, 1867, M742C, LS, October 1, 1867–August 31, 1868,
reel 4.
3. General Orders No. 17, October 29, 1867, AC, IRB, October 1865–April 1869, reel
19; General Orders No. 18, November 17, 1867, AC, IRB, October 1865–April 1869, reel 19;
General Orders No. 20, November 27, 1867, AC, IRB, October 1865–April 1869, reel 19;
J. J. Reynolds to O. O. Howard, December 3, 1867, M752C, LR, September–December,
1867, reel 51.
4. Tyler, ed., New Handbook of Texas, 3:439; J. J. Reynolds to O. O. Howard,
December 17, 1867, AC, LS, March 1867–May 1869, reel 1; Richter, Overreached on All
Sides, 223.
5. J. J. Reynolds to O. O. Howard, December 17, 1867, AC, LS, March 1867–May 1869,
reel 1; Winfi eld Scott Hancock, Commander, Fift h Military District, to J. J. Reynolds,
February 24, 1868, AC, LR, 1867–1869, reel 12; Joseph G. Dawson, III, Army Generals
and Reconstruction: Louisiana, 1862–1877 (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University
Press, 1982), 69; J. J. Reynolds to O. O. Howard, December 31, 1867, M752C, LR, July–
December 1868, reel 60; David M. Jordan, Winfi eld Scott Hancock: A Soldier’s Life
(Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1988), 318, 207; Perry D. Jamieson, Winfi eld
Scott Hancock: Gettysburg Hero (Abilene: McWhiney Foundation Press, 2003), 152–153.
6. A. H. Mayer, Liberty, to J. J. Reynolds, January 24, 1868, AC, LR, 1867–1869, reel
13; A. H. Mayer, Liberty, to J. J. Reynolds, January 15, 1868, AC, LR, 1867–1869, reel 13;
James P. Butler, Huntsville, to J. P. Richardson, A.A.A.G., January 31, 1868, AC, ROC,
January–February, 1868, reel 24; William H. Rock, Richmond, to J. P. Richardson,
A.A.A.G., February 1, 1868, AC, ROC, January–February, 1868, reel 24; William H.
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Notes to pages 152–154
265
Rock, Richmond, to J. P. Richardson, A.A.A.G., January 10, 1868, AC, LR, 1867–1869,
reel 14; J. P. Richardson, A.A.A.G., to William H. Rock, Richmond, January 27, 1868,
AC, LS, March 1867–May 1869, reel 1; C. C. Clark to D. F. Stiles, Waco, December 12,