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labor; gender
Constitutional Convention of 1868–1869,
Dial, James L. , 53
119, 161
Dickes, Primus, 70
contract and contract ideology, 23, 26,
District of Texas, 52, 112
37–41, 43, 49, 50, 72–74, 80–81, 82, 84, divorce, 91–92, 235n4. See also domestic-
86, 88, 91, 94, 97, 100, 102, 104, 106,
ity; marriage, Subassistant
108–109, 112, 140–143, 150, 152, 154,
Commissioners
164–165, 169–171, 175, 210–211n21,
Dodge, Samuel, 171–172
211–212n24, 237n11. See also Bureau
domesticity, 84, 89–96, 171, 232n37; and of Freedmen, Refugees, and Aban-composition of cases, 89; custody,
doned Lands; free labor
93; and number of cases, 89; and
Convention of 1836, 11
outcome, 94–95; and types of cases,
Corpus Christi, Nueces County, Texas,
90, 94–95. See also divorce; mar-
16, 25, 34, 85, 132, 156
riage; Subassistant Commissioners
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302 Index
Donaldson, Dr. Johnathan, 95
freed community, 38, 51, 55, 68, 70, 74, 77,
Du Bois, W. E. B. , 30
87–88, 100, 116, 121, 123, 158, 169, 176
freedman/men, 13, 19, 23–24, 27, 39–42, education, 28, 55, 88–89, 96–99, 144–145,
48, 52, 60–61, 67, 69, 76, 78, 84,
148, 165, 175, 181, 239n15. See also
92–93, 99, 106, 115, 122–123, 125, 128,
Bureau of Freedmen, Refugees, and
130–131, 152–153, 156, 158, 160–161, 163,
Abandoned Lands; Subassistant
170
Commissioners
Freedmen’s Bureau. See Bureau of Freed-
Edwards, Laura, 86
men, Refugees, and Abandoned
Ellis, Henry Ashfi eld, 245n39
Lands
Emancipation Proclamation, 31, 180
Freedmen’s Bureau bill, 32, 59, 63, 68, 77,
enfranchisement. See voter registration
88
enticement. See Bureau of Freedmen,
freedmen’s schools. See education
Refugees, and Abandoned Lands
freedpeople, 3, 9, 15, 23–26, 29–30, 32,
Ex parte Milligan. See Supreme Court
37–41, 45, 51, 53, 56, 58, 61, 65–66, 69,
70, 72, 75, 77–80, 85–86, 88–89, 91,
Farmer-Kaiser, Mary, 84, 87, 171
97–98, 102–105, 107, 111–113, 116, 120–
federalism, 151, 165, 168, 178, 229n2,
124, 127–130, 132, 134, 138–146, 148,
270n28, 271n32
150, 153–159, 161, 163, 165–171, 174–175,
Fift h Military District, 115, 148, 150–153;
177–180
and General Orders No. 40, 148,
freedwoman/women, 69, 82–83, 86–87,
151–152, 165, 177; and Winfi eld Scott
92–95, 108, 110, 171; and Bureau Hancock, 148, 150–154, 165, 177; reac-agents protecting, 84–85, 92–96,
tions to, 151–152. See also Assistant
236n9; and violence against, 69.
Commissioners; Reconstruction
See also apprenticeship; Bureau
Act of 1867; Subassistant Commis-
courts; Bureau of Freedmen,
sioners
Refugees, and Abandoned Lands;
Flake’s Daily Bulletin, 59
domesticity; Subassistant Commis-
Florida, 104
sioners
Fort Sumter, 5, 13, 72
Fourteenth Amendment, 115, 226–227n13
Galveston, Galveston County, Texas, 12,
Frank (no last name), 84–85
31, 49–50, 55, 59, 66–67, 69, 79, 81, 95,
Franke, Katherine M. , 91, 171
99, 104, 118, 122, 130, 134, 144–146,
free labor: and freedpeople’s confusion of,
149, 171, 173, 175
40; and labor disputes, 40, 49, 138;
Galveston Daily News, 99, 109
policy and ideology, 25–26, 37–38, 41,
Galveston Republican, 145
84–85, 121, 169, 175, 210nn19,20, 211–
Galveston Tri Weekly News, 55
212n24, 217n8, 242n25; and wages,
Garretson, Charles (Quartermaster),
39, 49–51, 80, 126, 141, 152, 155, 169,
35–36, 101
176, 181; and white acceptance of, 42,
gender, 86–87, 91–94, 95–96, 97–98, 171,
49, 242n26; and white resistance to,
232n37, 234n3, 235n6, 236n10. See also
40, 50. See also Assistant Commis-
apprenticeship; domesticity; freed-
sioners; Bureau of Freedmen,
man/men; freedwoman/women;
Refugees, and Abandoned Lands;
marriage; prostitution
Subassistant Commissioners
Georgetown Medical College, 13
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Index 303
Georgia, 17, 18, 21, 65–66, 82, 86, 148, Hunter, Rachel, 83
204n32
Huntsville, Walker County, Texas, 26,
Gilmer, Upshur County, Texas, 127, 138
61, 93, 97, 119, 122, 126, 128, 144, 146,
Goliad, Goliad County, Texas, 84, 129
151–152, 164
Gonzales, Gonzales County, Texas, 164
Hurricane Katrina, 5
Goodman, William J., 36
Gouldsy, Henry, 92
Illinois, 17, 128
Granger, General Gordon, 31
Indiana Territory, 137, 148, 161
Grant, General Ulysses S. , 76, 138
Indianola, Calhoun County, Texas, 17, 26,
Great Lakes, 10
146
Greenville, Hunt County, Texas, 97, 10, 11,
intemperance, 65, 67, 106, 162, 164, 176.
142
See also Bureau courts; morality
Gregory, Edgar M. See Assistant
Internal Revenue Department, 12–13,
Commissioners
26
Grey, Dick, 95
Ireland, Judge John, 57, 126
Griffi
n, Charles. See Assistant
iron-clad oath, 123–125, 250n23. See also
Commissioners
Reconstruction Act of 1867
Griffi
th, Ben, 138–139
Grossberg, Michael, 91
Jameson, James J., 144
gun control, 138, 259n15
Jameson, Mrs. , 145
Jasper, Jasper County, Texas, 132, 135–136
Halliday, Andrew, 158
Jeff erson, Marion County, Texas, 120,
Hallettsville, Lavaca County, Texas, 29,
160–161
63, 95, 129, 140
Johnson, Andrew (President), 52, 56,
Hamilton, Governor Andrew Jackson, 11,
59–60, 69, 77–79, 111–112, 115, 132, 134,
25, 53, 118–119, 124, 137
155–157, 176, 221–222, 26, 267n17; and Hancock, John, 53
Johnson’s reconstruction plan, 52.
Hancock, Winfi eld Scott. See Fift h Mili-
See also violence
tary District
Johnson, Guy, 84
Harrison, Robert, 99
Johnson, P. (not Subassistant Commis-
Hartfi eld, Emma, 93–94
sioner), 84
Hempstead, Waller County, 33, 144, 146,
; Johnson, Robert, 84
157, 207n7
Jordan, David M. , 153
Henderson, John, 138
Hendrick, Obadiah, 51
Kaczorowski, Robert J., 77
Hopkins, Presser, 85
Kansas, 18
Houston, Harris County, Texas, 52–53,
Kaufman County, Texas, 127, 129
59, 69, 84, 92, 100, 107, 126, 134, 144,
Kentucky, 18, 149
146
Kerr-Ritchie, Jeff rey R. , 38
Howard, Oliver Otis (Assistant Commis-
Kiddoo, Joseph B. See Assistant
sioner). See Bureau of Freedmen,
Commissioners
Refugees, and Abandoned Lands
King, Bob, 92
Howard, William (freedman), 106
King, Sally, 92
Hubert, Toney, 95
Knights of the Rising Sun. See violence
Hunter, Mary, 83
Kosary, Rebecca, 227n14
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304 Index
La Grange, Fayette County, Texas, 40, 60,
Mexican War, 148
85, 128–129
Mexico, 10, 124
Lathrop, Solon H. , 245n39
Michigan, 17
Le Claire, Jennette, 95
Middle Atlantic, 10
Lee, Robert E. , 111
military commissions, 125
Leona, Leon County, Texas, 42, 72, 122,
Millican, Brazos County, Texas, 96, 158–
207n7
159, 207n7
Libby Prison, 13
Mississippi, 7, 82
Liberty, Liberty County, 35, 37, 51, 100–101,
Mitchell, E. H. , 134
132, 142–143
Montana, 5, 17, 149
Lincoln, Abraham, 12–13, 123
morality, 88, 91–92, 94, 96, 98, 110, 162,
Little Big Horn. See Custer, George A.
171, 175, 237n11. See also Bureau
Livingston, Polk County, Texas, 49, 97,
courts; education; intemperance;
107, 119, 136
prostitution
Lockhart, Caldwell County, Texas, 60,
Morgan, Elisa, 85
121, 129
Morgan, Lynda J., 87
Loughery, Robert W. , 178
Mugelston, William F. , 129
Lowe, Richard G. , 18, 20, 28, 203n28,
203n29
Nacogdoches, Nacogdoches County,
Loyal League. See Union Leagues
Texas, 159
Navasota, Grimes County, Texas, 158,
Marlin, Falls County, Texas, 35, 59, 91,
207n7
107, 121, 156
New England, 10
marriage, 84–85, 91–95, 110, 171, 181,
New Jersey, 10
234n3, 235n6. See also Bureau of
New Orleans, Louisiana, 12, 17, 77, 79, 104,
Freedmen, Refugees, and Aban-
115, 144, 148, 150, 152–153, 173, 237n11
doned Lands; custody; divorce;
New York City, New York, 10, 12–13, 17, 31,
domesticity; Subassistant
48, 51, 53, 59, 128–129, 138, 161
Commissioners
New York Herald, 48
Marshall, Marion County, Texas, 35, 51,
Nieman, Donald J., 60
65, 81, 98, 104, 138, 154, 165
North, 9, 16, 28–29, 80–81, 96, 98, 132, 180
Marshall Texas Republican, 178
North Carolina, 86
Maryland, 17, 31, 86, 111
Northeast, 28
masculinity, 84–85, 92–93. See also Northern Cheyenne, 149
domesticity; freedman/men;
marriage
Ohio, 111, 127
Matagorda, Matagorda County, Texas, 72,
138
Palestine, Anderson County, Texas, 24,
Matilda (no last name), 93
27, 144, 158
McGary, Daniel Leonidas, 54–56, 58, 68,
Paris, Lamar County, Texas, 159
106
patriotism, 24–26, 124, 167
McKenzie, Lacy, 94
Pease, Elisha Marshall, 44
Medal of Honor, 12–13, 16, 18
Pedigo, Henry Clay, 44
Meridian, Bosque County, Texas, 40,
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 10, 18, 31, 43,
61–62, 127–128
47–48, 57, 66, 128
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Index 305
Philips, William, 120
Roosevelt, Th
eodore, 16
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 47
Round Top, Fayette County, Texas, 98
politics. See Subassistant Commissioners
poor relief, 51–52, 57
Sabine County, Texas, 120
Powell, Lawrence, 28
Saint Louis, Missouri, 18
prostitution, 92, 95–96, 236n10
San Antonio, Bexar County, Texas, 16, 43,
Prussia, 9, 17, 118
56, 99
San Augustine, San Augustine County,
Quinan, George, 133, 159–160
Texas, 103, 105, 133
San Diego, 13
Radical Republicans. See Republicans:
Santo Domingo. See violence
Radical
San Francisco, 17
Random, Lorenzo, 94
scalawag, 10, 24, 28, 44–45, 53, 61, 98,
Random, Mariah, 94
101, 107–108, 118, 124, 142, 200n9,
Rapport, Sara, 72
204n35
Reconstruction, 1–3, 5–6, 10, 12, 16, 23, 26,
Schenk, Robert, 1
29–30, 38, 47, 52, 59, 61, 68, 102–103,
Schmidt, James D. , 49
115, 117–119, 132, 145, 155, 160, 169, 176,
Schultz, Julius, 99
178–181; and historiography, 196n6,
Schwalm, Leslie A. , 87
197nn7,8, 198n9. See also Bureau of
Seguin, Guadalupe County, Texas, 53,
Freedmen, Refugees, and Abandoned
55–57, 68, 156
Lands; Johnson, Andrew (President);
sharecropping. See Bureau of Freedmen,
Reconstruction Act of 1867
Refugees, and Abandoned Lands;
Reconstruction Act of 1867, 73–74, 77–79,
free labor
86, 111, 114–115, 122, 125–127, 128, 130,
Shelby County, Texas, 133
132, 137, 151, 153, 168. See also Con-Shelton, J. K. P. , 125
gressional Reconstruction
Sheridan, General Philip H. , 112, 115
Redman, Captain W. H. , 107
Sherman, General William T. , 30, 32
Refugio County, Texas, 127
Sherman, Grayson County, Texas, 85, 124,
Republicans, 10, 12–13, 17, 21, 23, 25, 37, 116,
133
118, 120, 122–123, 130, 132, 157, 170, 176;
Simpson, Brooks, 180
Radical, 12, 25, 52, 58, 60, 114, 116, 118,
slavery/slaves/slave owners, 11, 18–20, 24,
120–121, 124, 160–161, 176
28, 30–32, 37–39, 60, 81, 85, 88, 102–
Reynolds, Joseph J. See Assistant
103, 117–118, 121, 123–124, 128, 143, 153,
Commissioners
156, 212n24
Richardson, Joe M. , 40, 180
Small, Sandra Eileen, 98
Richmond, Fort Bend County, Texas,
Smith, George Washington. See violence
41–42, 59, 76, 96, 127, 151, 164
social behavior/norms. See morality
Richter, Will
iam L. , 44–45, 60, 99, 108,
Soltow, Lee, 20
114, 178
South, 16, 18, 20, 23, 27–30, 68, 78–81, 89,
Roark, Henry, 93
98, 102, 105, 124, 130–132, 159, 167,
Roberts, Mrs. (no fi rst name), 82
169–170, 174, 177–180
Robertson County, 48, 134
South Carolina, 32, 60, 99
Rocky Comfort, Arkansas, 6–7, 9, 144,
South Dakota, 16
262n27
Southern Banner, 54–55
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306 Index
Spanish-American War, 5, 16–17, 202n21
95, 245n39; Duggan, Patrick F. , 27, 75,
Sprague, John W. , 202n18
96, 99, 126, 139, 146, 256n1; Eddleson, Stanton, Edwin M. (Secretary of War), 30
Henry H. , 25, 66, 224n6; Eber,
Sterling, Robertson County, Texas, 121,
George, 26, 161, 256n2; Emerson,
125, 134
James Jay, 98; Evans, Albert, 28, 133;
Strong, Inspector General William E. , 32
Evans, Ira H. , 12–13, 97, 118, 133,
Subassistant Commissioners (personnel):
247n11; Farner, William H. , 24, 32,
Abbott, George C. , 23, 42, 45, 71, 79,
162, 207n7; Ferguson, Alex, 123, 159;
168, 207n7; Allen, H. W. , 33; Archer,
Ferguson, Joseph, 43; Finch, Edwin,
John H. , 97–98, 128, 136, 247n11;
28, 123, 247n11; Fitch, J. R. , 127; Fos-Arnold, B. J., 43, 93, 207n7, 247n11;
ter, A. K. , 129, 247n11; Garretson,
Baker, Th
omas H. , 61, 117, 121, 129,
William, 72, 101, 118, 140, 146, 247n11,
174, 247n11; Barnes, L. S. , 97, 104;
248n13, 256n1; Gillette, James, 165;
Barrett, Gregory, 17, 83, 125, 156, 163,
Goddin, Mortimer H. , 41, 71, 97, 118–
247n11; Bayley, Th
omas, 98; Beebe,
119, 132, 142, 247n11; Goodman, J.
Isaac M. , 25, 65, 97, 256n1; Beath, Ernest, 25, 49, 67, 76, 98, 241n24;
David S. , 27, 82, 92, 165; Black, Sam Green, Eli W. , 23, 43; Griffi
n,
W. , 146, 256n1; Bledsoe, Willis A. , 43;
Th
omas C. , 129, 247n11; Hall, Hiram
Bonnaff on, Augustus B. , 146, 256n1;
Seymour, 17, 81, 207n7; Harden-
Bradford, J. H. , 95, 142; Brown,
brook, Charles C. , 59, 241n24;
DeWitt C. , 131, 159, 169; Brown, John
Harris, Enon M. , 126, 144–145; Hart,
F. , 32, 44, 207n7; Bryant, Anthony
Hardin, 10, 97, 101, 117, 142, 247n11;
M. , 85–86, 123–124, 139, 142, 173,
Haughn, Charles, 15, 26, 75, 85, 119,
247n11; Burke, James, 28, 123; Butler,
121, 156, 163, 247n11; Heistand, Wil-James P. , 26, 61, 93, 97, 128, 146, 151–
liam H. , 29, 63, 167; Henshaw,