lemmal
become tight (bindings)
lemlemci
strong, robust, tied tightly
___
loloci
damp, humid (perspiration, fog,
drizzle)
lotzmal
coagulate, curdle
lotzlotzci
coagulated, curdled
loppmal
shrink, wrinkle (leather, parchment) ___
AFFECTS
293
Table 12-1. (cont’d) Colonial affect verbs and related adjectives in the Calepino de Motul.
Verb
Gloss
Adjective
Gloss
lotħmal
shrink, wrinkle (leather, parchment, ___
arm, leg)
luumal
become soaked or soggy (clothes,
luluci
soft, soaked
soil, fish), soft when becoming wet
or in a humid place (tail, leather,
parchment, jerked beef, dried fish)
mazmal
fray, wear out (cord rubbing against mazmazci
fraying, wearing out (cord)
something hard)
makmal
become soft, tender (lettuce, chaya mamakci
soft, tender
leaves, well-cooked meat)
motzmal
shrink, contract (thread, rawhide,
___
parchment, nerves) var. motzmol
mochmal
become lame, crippled, disabled
mochmochci
retracted, pulled back,
shrunken, lame, crippled
motħmal
tangle (hair)
___
muɔmal
wrinkle, wither, fade (plants, trees); ___
decrease var. muɔmul
muchmal
wither, fade, decay; curl (hair), ruffle ___
var. muchmul
___
mumukci
patient, long-suffering
___
mulmulci
piled up
___
muymuyci
pulverized, sifted
mumuyci
pulverized, sifted
nacħmal
become tight, narrow (dress);
___
become weak from illness
nakmal
lose weight
___
nakmal
burn, scorch (pot, frying pan,
___
caldron)
nocħmal
become very thin, lose much weight ___
nolmal
harden; become dull
nolnolci
hardened (clay, bread)
nonolci
hardened (clay, bread)
notħmal
become very thin, lose much
nonotħci
thin, feeble, frail (man because
weight; wear out, dry up (land)
of some illness); poor, impov-
erished, dried out (soil that
lacks moisture and substance
and is not good for cornfields,
where there are rocks)
294 AFFECTS
Table 12-1. (cont’d) Colonial affect verbs and related adjectives in the Calepino de Motul.
Verb
Gloss
Adjective
Gloss
nulmal
harden; become dull
___
oɔmal
wrinkle
ooɔci
wrinkling
oolmal
become soft (plants, shoots)
___
oppmal
drying out from fire or sun (corn,
ooppci
dried out from too much
bread)
toasting, roasting, or cooking
pakmal
stick, go about sticking one thing to papachci
stuck, sticky, viscous {papakci
another
misspelled}
pecmal
be down and very sick from
___
weakness without being able to
get up; be lying down or sleeping
all day long
pechmal
be tasteless because of lack of fire
___
(boiled or roasted food)
pecħmal
become smashed, flattened (early
___
fruit of fig tree, wax)
___
pipizci
ordinary, common
pitmal
become loose from being poorly
___
tied
poɔmal
leak out (liquid); be very muddy; get ___
stuck in mud
pokmal
become drenched from a heavy
pokpokci
drenched
shower, soaked or saturated in
water or from heavy perspiration
potmal
slip, slide, slide along
popotci
smooth, slippery
poxmal
stuff, inflate (stomach)
popoxci
stuffed
poxpoxci
stuffed
puzmal
dry in the sun (like drying earth)
___
ppomal
drench with perspiration
ppooppoci
filthy and drenched with
perspiration (clothes)
ppochmal
be gradually overloaded with fruit
___
ppotmal
go with curled or wavy hair
___
ppulmal
gorge
ppulppulci
stuffed, swollen (boot)
___
ppuuyppuyci
abraded, crumbled
takmal
become sticky
___
___
tepalci
enough
AFFECTS
295
Table 12-1. (cont’d) Colonial affect verbs and related adjectives in the Calepino de Motul.
Verb
Gloss
Adjective
Gloss
teppmal
go about swelling
teppteppci
swollen, taut
___
titici
noisy
tochmal
become impotent
___
tohmal
become stiff
___
tucħmal
stiffen (arm, leg, body, neck)
___
tħanmal
become swollen, numb (foot, leg,
___
arm)
tħohmal
harden (clay, bread)
___
uahmal
dry well (corn, beans, and vanilla in
uauahci
dry (corn on the cob, beans in
their husks or pods)
pod)
uilmal
sway back and forth (leaves or
___
branches on tree from wind)
vuɔmal
become wrinkled
___
ukmal
imbibe, soak (water, ink), spread
ukukci
humid
(stain); leak (water or other liquid
in vessel, ink through paper)
ulmal
become soft (fish in water), sea-
___
soned well (cooked food); dirty
(something wet, juicy)
uolmal
become dry (wound)
___
xakmal
become disarranged, mussed (hair); ___
decompose
xaxmal
pass to one side while encircling
___
xekmal
> become overcooked (beans,
xekxekci
fallen apart from overcooking
chickens)
xeppmal
swell
___
xicħmal
become full, swollen (from food,
xixicħci
full, stuffed, swollen
gas)
xohmal
become worm-eaten, half rotten,
___
moth-eaten, decayed (corn, beans,
teeth, wood)
___
xuxulci
to the utmost
yulmal
become polished, smooth
___
296 AFFECTS
The suffix -i replaced -al in the perfective stem of such affects:
(2a)
acħmi in nok ti manteca
‘my clothes became greasy from the fat’ (Ciudad Real 1600?: fol. 3v)
(2b) hokmi çum caanal xenex chochex
‘the rope became hooked up there; go and loosen it!’ (Ciudad Real 1600?: fol. 190v)
(2c)
oɔmi v uich in yum
‘my father’s face became wrinkled’ (Ciudad Real 1600?: fol. 345r)
(2d) pokmi in nok t u men in keluc
‘my clothes became drenched with my perspiration’ (Ciudad Real 1600?: fol. 380r)
Sometime between the end of the second decade of the seventeenth century and the 1950s, -m became
-b as a result of denasalization. Exactly when this process began is not evident in my database. Although
this seems like a simple change in stem suffixes, of -m-al to -b-al and -m-i to -b-i, it had significant conse-
quences because it neutralized the distinction between affects and passives of derived transitives (already
-b-al and b-i). Probably for this reason, a further modification was implemented in the perfective stem of
this group of verbal affects, adding the antipassive suffixes -n-ah to -b-al, yielding -b-al-n-ah-i (as in [6f–g]
in 1.2.1. below).
This change must have taken place gradually over a long period of time, because Mopan still has ca.
40 examples of verbal affects in -m-al and -m-i, compared with only ca. 20 imperfective stems with -b’-a(h)
(Hofling 2011:16–17). The other Yucatecan languages that are spoken today — Itsaj, Lacandon, and Modern
Yucatec — have completely replaced the -m in this group of affects with -b’-al or b’-ah (see 1.2.1. below for
Modern Yucatec).
1.1.2. VERBAL AFFECTS MARKED BY -ANCIL/-ANCAL. The imperfective stems of the -ancil/-ancal affects in
Colonial Yucatec are listed in Table 12-2. Examples of the use of the -ancil form in context appear in (3a–c),
followed by contextual examples of the -ancal form in (3d–f):
(3a)
ma tan cici ychancil t u kinil lae
‘they are not bearing fruit well at this time’ (Kaua n.d.:I, 12L)
(3b)
lay c u hach luluccancil
‘this becomes very tender’ (Kaua n.d.:II, 17R)
(3c)
ti y alancil ix mehen lokbayenob
‘then the adolescent daughters give birth’ (Tizimin n.d.: fol. 7v)
(3d)
lic y oltic ca yumil ti D.s vy alancal cħuplal
‘if Our Lord who is God wishes it, the woman gives birth’ (Kaua n.d.:II, 12L)
(3e)
xul: 24 octubre ti lic y alancal cayi
‘Xul is October 24, when fish spawn there’ (Gordon 1913:23)
AFFECTS
297
Table 12-2. Colonial affect verbs marked by -ancil/ancal in the Calepino de Motul (Ciudad Real 1600?).
Verb
Gloss
alancil
give birth; be fertile; lay eggs (birds); gather eggs
alancil
overflow
atancil
marry (man)
babacancil
expand, enlarge; rise, grow while rising (river)
babalancil
go into hiding
babalancil
turning, walking to and fro
babchalancil
stumble around; turn patient in bed
beelancil
rule, govern people or town
bikchalancil
wriggle about
bibikancil
wriggle
bibixancil
be slow, deliberate, lazy, late
bocancil
give off odor
bozchalancil
boil hard
bobokancil
shake violently
botħancil
bruise (flesh)
bucancil
be clothed
bubuchancil
lose time while walking, wander alone sadly
buɔancil
smoke, emit smoke
cicilancil
tremble (living thing)
cocooancil
behave foolishly, commit folly
cotzpalancil
go along cutting
coolchalancil
become loose, lax
coolɔalancil
become loose, lax
coolkalancil
become loose, lax
cucchalancil
revolve
cuckalancil
revolve
cucpalancil
revolve
cucuyancil
tremble
cuncumancil
make noise or sound of feet or person walking
çebchalancil
do in haste
çolancil
molt (snake, iguana); change [one’s life], forsake [sins]
çuzuancil
be present frequently, attend
çutancil
rotate
çuzutancil
go around like a horse pumping water from a draw-well
tzayancil
quarrel, speak rudely, riot; var. tzayancal.
tzubancil
live in concubinage
chemulancil
navigate, sail
chictalancil
come across while seeking
chuhancil
sacrifice
elancil
burn, spoil from heat; var. eelancil.
haazancil
suffer
298 AFFECTS
Table 12-2. (cont’d) Colonial affect verbs marked by -ancil/ancal in the Calepino de Motul.
Verb
Gloss
hachilancil
invite oneself; come uninvited; var. hachilincil.
hakalancil
complain, grumble; become frightened, upset; be dying
hecancil
produce young ears of corn
helancil
lay eggs (birds), spawn (fish)
heheppancil
creak, squeak (wood)
hiɔaancil
be engrossed
homchalancil
sink
hoplancil
burn, smart (mouth or tongue from chili)
hulancil
lodge, provide hospitality
humancil
make many sounds and much noise
yamancal
recuperate, recover, have respite
yiyincil
overflow, run over
ilibancil
reside with in-laws (daughter-in-law)
kabancil
be defamed, dishonored, disgraced
kelucancil
sweat
koancil
grow paunch, become fat (animal), grow wattles (turkey cock)
kuuancil
make a nest
kukancil
sprout
lahancil
conclude, cease
lakalancil
go about accompanied [positive or negative implication]; var. lakilancil.
loocancil
bri
ng to a boil
lolocancil
boil violently (honey)
lolancil
flower, bloom
maklancil
become soft, tender
meexancil
sprout hair on face
motzancil
produce roots; take root
nahancil
gorge, cloy, fill to excess
nicancil
bloom, blossom, produce flowers; var. nicincil
nolchalancil
creak, screech, squeak
nunumancil
wander
nupancil
contradict, persecute
oomancil
boil, heat up; var. oomancal
oppchalancil
clatter, rustle, squeak
ootancil
throb (pus in abscess or wound)
ouoxancil
exhale or emit fumes or vapor (pot, earth)
oxancil
heal (sore, wound)
papalancil
tremble from fear and fright
pepetancil
encircle
picħkalancil
go about playing with women
pitkalancil
slip away
ppolancil
blister
AFFECTS
299
Table 12-2. (cont’d) Colonial affect verbs marked by -ancil/ancal in the Calepino de Motul.
Verb
Gloss
tepplancil
swell, tighten
tijcilancil
bustle (ants), riot (community)
tixancil
fill completely; var. tixancal
uecchalancil
go spilling, scattering, shedding
ueyuncil
live in concubinage
uichincil
bloom
xacalancil
creep, crawl
xayancil
separate, divide, fork (road, branches in tree)
(3f)
sac: 1 febrero licil u lolancal sacob
‘Sac is February 1, when white [flowers] bloom’ (Gordon 1913:23)
Several other verbal affects in the Calepino de Motul have both -ancil and -ancal stems:
(4)
-ancil Variant
-ancal Variant
Gloss
botħancil
botħancal
bruise (flesh)
tzayancil
tzayancal
quarrel, speak rudely, riot
mutancil
mutancal
be defamed, dishonored
nicancil
nicancal
bloom, blossom, produce flowers
oomancil
oomancal
boil, heat up
tixancil
tixancal
fill completely
The alternation between /i/ and /a/ in these variants may be evidence that the vowel in question was schwa
(see 2.3.3. in Chapter 3).
The perfective stem of the -ancil/-ancal affects was marked by the antipassive suffix, -n:
(5a) oomni in kikel t u men kin
‘my blood took fire because of the sun’ (Ciudad Real 1600?: fol. 350v)
(5b) pocni in keban vokol
‘I paid what I deserved for my sins’ (Ciudad Real 1600?: fol. 378r)
(5c) mutni Juan t u men vinicob
‘John was defamed by the people’ (Ciudad Real 1600?: fol. 313v)
1.2. VERBAL AFFECTS IN MODERN YUCATEC. As in Colonial Yucatec, there are two kinds of verbal affects in
Modern Yucatec, one marked by -b’-al, which is a reflex of Colonial -m-al, and the other by -(á)ankil, which
A Historical Grammar of the Maya Language of Yucatan (1557-2000) Page 49