Tug of War
Page 53
Hermann Goering (“Para-Panzer”), 47, 149, 330, 335, 339, 341
Mountain:
5th, 168, 170, 268, 350, 362
Jaeger:
114th, 268
Battle Gps (KG):
Behr, 168
Doering, 52, 62, 64, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 78, 81, 83, 85, 115
Dornemann, 51, 59, 69, 80
Fabian, 290, 293
Heilmann, 290
Holtey, 52; v. Holtey wounded, 68; recaptures Battipaglia, 69; 71, 72
Kleine Limburg, 72, 83, 85, 87
Kruger, 83, 84; repulsed by US artillery, 86
Schultz, 285, 290
Sperrgruppe Bode, 269 and f.n., 280, 282, 284, 290
Stempel, 51, 64, 65, 68, 71, 80, 115
Strafner, 290, 294
Regts:
1 Para, 203, 284
2 Pz., 87
4 Para., 357
8 Pz. Gren., 171
12 Para, 373
64 Pz. Gren., 78, 80
64th Inf.*, 80
67th Pz. Gren., 77, 354
71st Pz. Gren., 78, 83, 85
71st Nebelwerfer, 173, 211
99 Pz. Gren., 83
100th Mtn., 359, 362
104th Pz. Gren., 325
115th Pz. Gren., 269
117th Inf., 362
131st Inf., 166, 169, 171
132nd Inf., 165
134th Inf., 165, 166
191st Inf., 166, 169
200 Pz. Gren., 113, 316, 324
211th Inf., 171, 168, 203
361 Pz. Gren., 171, 284, 290
576 Inf., 269, 278
– Bns:
1/3 Para., 68
2/3 Para., 218
3/3 Para., 169, 170
1 Para. MG, 170, 268
1/8 Pz. Gren., 169
3/8 Pz. Gren., 170
2/9 Pz. Gren., 83
3/15 Pz. Gren., 69, 73
– Bns: — cont.
15 Engr, 169
16 Pz. Recce., 58
26 Pz. Recce., 83
29 Pz. Gren. Recce., 68, 69, 83
44 Ersatz, 290
1/64 Pz. Gren., 65, 68
2/64 Pz. Gren., 69, 79, 82
2/71 Pz. Gren., 69
94 Recce., 166
2/104 Ersatz Pz. Gren., 325
1/115 Pz. Gren., 119
3/115 Pz. Gren., 269
190 Recce., 292
3/131 Pz. Gren., 168
1/132 Pz. Gren., 169
2/132 Pz. Gren., 170
1/134 Pz. Gren., 166
2/134 Pz. Gren., 167, 169
3/134 Pz. Gren., 166
2/191st, 165, 166
1/200 Pz. Gren., 171
2/200 Pz. Gren., 170
1/361, 169
2/361, 167, 169, 170, 290
400 Recce., 325
* Infantry units as opposed to Panzer Grenadiers were later called ‘grenadiers’.
GENERAL INDEX
Adam, Gen. Sir Ronald, 135
Ahrenfeldt, Robert H., 403
Air observation post squadrons, 262, f.n.
Alexander, Gen. Sir Harold, 18; and Eisenhower, 32; character, 34–6; 81; action during B. of Salerno, 96; 97, 98, 109, 124, 132, 133; opinion of Clark, 136; on projected Anzio landing, 138–9, 140; 150–1, 152, 155; 1st and 2nd Cassino, 178–9; 181, 188, 192, 196, 199, 207, 208; gives Freyberg mission for 3rd Cassino, 209, 214; closes down 3rd Cassino, 222; 233, 241; relationship with Harding, 244; style of command, 244; 247, 248; and relief of Clark, 251; 270, 273, 297, 326, 328; reaction to advance on Rome, 335; 337, 340, 341, 342, 347; alters plan for attack on Gothic Line, 348; reaction to Canadian break-through, 357; 364, 370, 373, 379, 382; mission in 1945, 386; accepts German surrender, 395; 399, 400
Altavilla, 69, 73, 74
Ancon, USS, 73
Anders, Gen. Wladislaw, 255, 260–1, 270, 285–7, 288, 350, 383, 392
ANVIL, op., (later DRAGOON), 129, 131, 209, 248, 340, 343, 347, 400, 404
Anzio, 19; plans developed for landing at, 123–9; landing craft for, 128, 132; code-name SHINGLE, 137; Allied landing force, 138
Arbuthnott, Maj.-Gen. R. K., 392, 393
‘Argenta Gap’, 391, 393
Armistice, Italian request for, 22, 23; 26, 33
Army of Liguria, 387
Arnold, Gen. H. H., 227, 229, 231, 236
Artillery, Allied use of, 82, 86, 258–60, 309–10, 332, 392
Auchinleck, Gen. Sir Claude, 56
AVALANCHE, op., table, 29; (see Salerno, b. of)
AVENGER, op, 183 (see Cassino, b’s of), 190
Baade, Maj.-Gen. Ernst Guenther, 166, 169, 171, 173, 195, 212, 293, 338, 340
Badoglio, Marshal Pietro, deposes Mussolini, 23; and Italian surrender, 39
Bailey, bridging, 115 f.n.
Balck, Lt.-Gen. Hermann, 47, 67, 69, 87, 89
Ballard, Lt. N. A., 292
Battipaglia, 46; secured by 9 R. Fus, 63, 67, 68; lost, 69; 70, 71, 75, 78, 81, 88
Battle-groups, German, 50–1, 51 f.n.
BAYTOWN, op., table, 29; 34, 38, 52
Beelitz, Col., 265–6
Bell, Maj. Robin, 194
Bernard Line, 117, 118
“Bloody River”, see S. Angelo and 36th Div.
Blumenson, Martin (US official historian), 118, 178
Bomb Safety Line, 194 and f.n., 235, 236
Boniface, Col. I. L., 218
Bonin, Col. v., 67
Bradley, Gen. Omar, 34, 133; on close air support, 225–6
Brann, Brig.-Gen., Donald W., 139, 140; conveys Clark’s orders to Juin, 302; 335, 371, 373
Brazilian Expeditionary Force, 367, 384
Brooke, Gen. Sir Alan, opinion of Alexander, 34–5; 129, 241, 397
Brosset, Gen., 314, 315, 323, 324
BUFFALO, op., 329, 330; plans for, 332–5; abandoned, 335; 337
Burns, Lt.-Gen. E. L. M., 255, 260; personal difficulties as comd., 263–4; 281, 328, 337, 343, 350, 351, 352, 353; reports breakthrough of Green Lines, 357; 362, 365
Butler, Brig.-Gen. Frederick, 195, 196
BUTTRESS, op., table, 29; 34, 38
Caesar, or ‘C’ Line, 336 and f.n.; 339
Camino, M., attacks on, 117, 118
Canadian Army, character of, 261–3
Cassino, Battles of; 1st, 159–75 passim 2nd, 191–202 passim; destruction of Monastery, 198–9 3rd, 203–22 passim; bombardment of town, 214 4th, 253; garrison of Cassino Town, 268; 287
Castelforte, defences of, 311–12; French plan of attack on, 312–13; fall of, 315; 324, 330
Castellano, Gen., 23
Casualties, in infantry, 134–7; at Anzio, 154; German infantry, 170–1; U.S. Infantry, 175; comparative table, Commonwealth units, 186; in AAI during DIADEM, 343–4; total, 402–3
Cease-Fire in Italy, 395
CHESTERFIELD, op., 293, 328, 330
Churchill, Winston, 22, 32, 108, 123, 124, 131–3, 149, 155; advises Alexander on method of command, 156; 183, 184, 236, 351, 371, 382, 398, 399, 400
Clark, Lt.-Gen. Mark W., 18, 34; character, 36–7; 39, 40, 52–4, 61, 70; orders offensive, 71; 73–5, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84; prepares to withdraw 6th Corps from beach-head, 85–6; but stands firm, 87; 89; effect of Salerno on, 92; use of airborne troops at, 96;
98; award D.S.C., 99; disapproval of British, of Allied Air forces, 100; orders break-out from Salerno, 110; enters Naples, 111–12; 116; dissatisfaction with McCreery, 117; 118, 126; and ANVIL, 130, 132; relations with Devers, 133; opinion of British infantry, 135; and commanders, 136; plan for January offensive, 139; on role of 6th Corps at Anzio, 140–1; first plan to capture Rome, 143; worried about his position, 156–8; turns attention to Cassino, 159–60; use of NZ Corps there, 176–9; publishes Calculated Risk, 179; involvement with destruction of Monastery, 180–2; 188; plan for 2nd Cassino, 191–2; responses to request for air attack on Monastery, 194, 199; 202, 203; disagreement with Freyberg, 203–4; with Alexander, 209; 214, 221; acts to improve direct air support, 234, 247; dissatisfaction with D
IADEM, 250–2; relief discussed, 251; 270, 273, 297, 302, 321, 322, 327, 328, 330; orders Truscott to advance on Rome, 335–6; 337, 339, 340; enters Rome, 341; 343, 344, 347; accepts altered plan for Gothic Line attack, 348; 362, 367; relations with Kirkman, 370–1, 378–9; 374, 375, 376, 377, 378; appointed comd. AAI, 380; 382, 383, 387, 388, 392, 399–400
Close Support Line (CSL, see also BSL), 229, 235, 236
Cole, David, Capt., 341
Commacchio, Lake, 391, 393
Combined chiefs of staff (CCS), 22, 129, 130, 144, 149, 199, 229, 386, 400
Coningham, A.-M. Sir Arthur, 31, 234
Coriano, 356, 358, 362; falls to Canadians, 364
Coulter, Maj.-Gen. John B., 373, 375
Crittenberger, Lt.-Gen. Willis D., 367, 368, 383, 384
Cunningham, Adm. of Fleet Sir Andrew, 31; belief in German collapse, 137
Darling, Lt.-Col. W. W. G., 356
Davidson, Capt. William, 236
Dawley, Maj.-Gen. Ernest J., 54–5, 70; relations with Clark, 71; 74, 87; relieved of command, 99
Delforce, Maj., at Battipaglia, 69
Devers, Lt. Gen. Jacob L., 132, 133, 348, 379–80
Dewey, Lt. Ryland, 236
DIADEM, op., 230, 231, 233, 245, 248, 266; artillery fire plan, 270; and table, 271; 297, 307, 308; crisis of, 328; 329, 340, 342, 347, 348, 357 f.n.
DICKENS, op., 183, (see Cassino, b’s of), 185, 190, 203, 204, 210, plan of attack, 213–14; reasons for failure, 218–19; 220–1, 222, 231
Dimoline, Brig. H. W., 190, 192; has problems on Montecassino, 195–9
Direct Air Support, Allied systems, 194–5; use of strategic bombers for, 229–31; USAAF develops machinery for, 234–6
Dody, Gen., 305, 309, 310, 314, 315, 323
Dora Line, 316, 322
DRAGOON, op., (see ANVIL), 347
Dulles, Allen, 388
DUNTON, deception plan, 246, 248; effect of, 266
Eaker, Lt.-Gen. Ira C., 182, 192, 200, 214, 227, 228, 229, 231; acts to improve air support, 234–5; 238
Eisenhower, Gen. Dwight D., 22; mission in Italy, 24–5, 28; character and achievements, 27–33; calls off GIANT I, announces Italian surrender, 39, 40, 109; strategic options open to, 124–130
Evelegh, Maj.-Gen. V., 154
Feuerstein, Gen. Valentin, 268; dissatisfied with defence plans, May ’44, 269; 270, 283–4, 290
FISCHFANG, German counter-attack at Anzio, 153, 200, 207, 329
Fisher, E. F., US official historian, 336
Fries, Maj.-Gen., 87
Fraser, Peter (PM of NZ), 183
Freeman, Lt.-Col. Lesley, 154
Freyberg, Lt.-Gen. Sir Bernard, mission at Cassino, 176–7; changing plans, 177–9; in Cassino controversy, 179; 181, 182, 184, 185; character, 187–8; 192, 195, 196, 197, 199, 200, 202; plans for renewed attack, 203–7; insists on air bombardment in 3rd Cassino, 209–10; mission modified by Alexander, 209; 370
Futa Pass, 368, 370, 372, 373
Gairdner, Maj.-Gen. C, 21
Gallipoli, 20
Galloway, Brig. later Maj.-Gen., 111, 221
Gavin, Col. (later General) James M., 111
German soldier, characteristics, 107–8
German Army, defence doctrine, 51
GIANT I, op., table, 29; 38–9 and f.n.
GIANT II, op., table, 29; 98
Glennie, Lt.-Col. J. B., 187, 201–2
GOBLET, op., table, 29; 38
Goodbody, Brig. Richard, 360–1
Gothic Line, (see also Red and Green Lines), 340, 342–3, 348, 350, 360, 375
Graham, Maj.-Gen., D. A. H., 53, 69, 71
Granger, L.-Cpl H., 280
Greek Brigade, 362, 365
Green Line, 351, 352, 353, 356, 357, 360, 362
Groves, Pte E. H., experience of 3rd Cassino, 215
Gruenther, Maj.-Gen. A., 54, 176, 194, 196, 197, 198, 200, 335, 371, 376
Gustav Line, 118, 126, 137, 140, 179, 269, 274, 275, 278, 302, 303; breakthrough by French, 315; 329
Harding, Maj.-Gen. A. F. “John”, 126, 196; impact on planning, 207–8; character, 242–4; 244–8, plans DIADEM; 268, 270, plan of attack on Gothic Line, 347; 348, 368, 371, 375; comd. 13th Corps, 380; 391
Harmon, Maj.-Gen. Ernest N., 330, 333, 335, 340
Harris, Air Marshal Sir Arthur, 231, 233
Hawkesworth, Maj.-Gen. J. L. T., 53, 54, 66, 320, 358–9
Heidrich, Maj.-Gen. Richard, 166, 212; defence of Montecassino, 220, 222; 260, 286, 287, 293, 340, 350, 352
Herr, Gen. Traugott, 48, 67, 68, 70, 77, 87, 330, 357, 362; comd. Tenth Army, 380, 391
Hewitt, Vice-Adm. H. Kent, 31, 37, 73, 80, 85
Hitler, Adolf, strategy in Italy, 25–6; decides his Italian strategy, 103–4; foibles as strategist, 107; 126, 127, 154, 340, 393, 396, 403
Hitler Line, 255, 291, 294, 315, 316–17, 318, 326, 329, 337, 339
Hoffmeister, Maj.-Gen. B. T., 263, 353, 356, 357, 358
HONKER, op., 270–1
Horrocks, Lt.-Gen. Sir Brian, 34–6, 40, 56
‘Horsefly’ (air observation post), 236
Hull, Maj.-Gen. Richard, 351, 358, 359, 360
Il Giogo Pass, 368, 372; forced by 2nd Corps, 373–5; 376
Indian Army, characteristics of, 189–90
Jackson, Gen. Sir William, 279, 280
Jefferson, Fusilier, wins Victoria Cross, 285
Johnson, Pte Oscar B., wins Congressional Medal of Honour, 374–5
Journalists, British, reach Salerno, 96–7
Juin, Gen. Alphonse, 123, 160, 252, 269, 273, 284, 297; character of, 300–2; plan to break through Gustav Line, 302–4, 306–7; 309, 314, 315, 323, 327, 329, 337, 339, 340
Keightley, Maj.-Gen. Charles, 273, 280, 281, 289, 291, 292, 350, 353, 359, 360, 391, 393
Kendall, Brig.-Gen. Paul W., 376, 378
Kendall, Lt.-Col. Raymond E., 321
de Kerautem, 2nd Lt., 326
Kesselring, F.-M. Albert, 18, 25; character of, 37–8; 40; plans to meet
invasion, 49–50; assesses position at Salerno, 89; 91–2; commands Army Group ‘C’, 103; strategy for defence of Italy, 106–7; orders withdrawal into Gustav Line, 118; 126, 127; view of Allied intentions, 142, 143; reaction to Anzio landing, 149–50; 166, 202, 213, 245, 246, 257; view of Allied intentions before DIADEM, 266; 269, 284, decides on withdrawal from Gustav Line, 285, 293; mans Hitler Line, 315–16; 328, 329, 330, 337, 341, 342, 347, 350, reaction to op. OLIVE, 352; 356, 364–5, 370, 371, 372; C.-in-C. West, 380; 383, 387, 394, 395, 399, 403, 404
Keyes, Maj.-Gen. Geoffrey, 123, 145, 172, 177, 178, 195, 197, 252, 307; initial attack on DIADEM, 318–22; 337, 367, 370, 373, 374, 375, 376, 384
Kingsmill, Capt. H. A., 278
Kippenberger, Brig., later Maj.-Gen. Sir Howard, on infantry casualties, 137; as NZ official historian, 179; 192, 204, wounded, 211; on failure of DICKENS, 218
Kirkman, Lt.-Gen. Sir Sidney C., 188, 248; and Clark, 250; 255, character, 272–3; prepares for HONKER, ibid; 111, 280–1, 284, 287, 291, 348, 367, relations with Clark, 370–3; attacks Gothic Line, 375; 378, departs, 380; 388
Knuth, Col., 203
Landing craft, problems, 127, 138, 144, 208–9
Leese, Gen. Sir Oliver, comd. 13 Corps, comd. Eighth Army, 132, 187, 188, 253; character, 253–4; plans for DIADEM, 255–6; 273, 281, 282; relations with Anders, 287–8; 293, 340; relations with Clark, 343; change of plan for attack on Gothic Line, 348, 350–1; 353; reaction to Canadian breakthrough, 357–9; 362; congratulates Canadians, 365; departs, 380
Lemelsen, Gen. Joachim, 368, 373, 375
Lennitzer, Brig.-Gen. Lyman L., 178
Lilienthal, strongpoint, 65, 67
Liri, R., 248, 254, 256, 289, 290, 314, 323, 337, 340
Livesay, Maj.-Gen. William G., 373, 374
Loewen, Maj.-Gen. Charles, 368 and f.n., 372, 375
Lovett, Brig. O. de T., 190
Lubljana ‘gap’, 340, 400
Lucas, Maj.-Gen. John P., 99, 100, 123, character of, 124;
127; opinion of plans for Anzio landing, 137–41; action after landing, 149, 150–1; 152; relieved of command, 155, 305
Lyne, Brig. L. O., 62–3
Mack, Col. Stephen, 210
Mackensen, von, Col.-Gen. Eberhard, to command Fourteenth Army, 103; assumes comd. at Anzio, 150; counter-attacks, 153–4; 165, 207, 284, 328, 334
Mackenzie King (PM of Canada), W. L., 184
Macmillan, Harold (British Minister Resident), opinion of Alexander, 35 and f.n., 36, 244; 251, 341, 392
Maggazeno, action at, 65
Magrath, Pte. D., wins Congressional Medal of Honour, 393
Majdalany, Fred, 179, 181
Mark, Eduard, 232
Marshall, Gen. George C, 22; his fears concerning Mediterranean strategy, 23; 30, 32–3, 54, 124, 236, 348, 388, 397, 398
Martin, Col. William, after-action report on US Infantry, 94–5
Matthews, S. T., US Official Historian, 336
McAvity, Lt.-Col., 354
McCreery, Lt.-Gen. Sir Richard L., 54, character, 55–6; narrow escape, 64; 70, 71, 75; breaks out from Salerno, 89; addresses mutineers, 94; Volturno crossing, 116–17; 118, 136; crosses Garigliano, 142–3; 144, 145, 146, 370; comd. Eighth Army, 380–1; 383, 384, 386; plan for final offensive, 390–1; 392, 393
McNair, Gen. Lesley, 36, 37
Messina, straits of, 16; German withdrawal across, 25; town, 21
Meierkord, OberLt. Gustav, attacks 5 Hampshire, 65–6
MICHAEL, German counter-attack at Cassino, 173, 195
Middleton, Maj.-Gen. Troy H., 53, 70, 75
Moltke, strongpoint, 65
Monash, Lt.-Gen. Sir J., 253
Monsabert, Gen., 311, 313, 314, 323, 324
Montecassino, 19, 151, 159; topography, 163; controversy over bombing of Monastery, 179–82; 192, 196; bombardment of, 201; research notes, 421–4
Montecorvino, airfield, captured, 62–3, 70
Montgomery, Gen. Sir Bernard L., 16, 20, 21, 24, 32, 40, 81; attitude during B. of Salerno, 96–7; 98, 99, 109; Adriatic advance, 112–13; 115, closes down offensive, 119; 126, 129, 131, 183, 241; relations with Canadians, 262–3, 300, 375
Morale, comparative table, 186; Allied, winter, 1944–5, 382–4; studies of, 402–3
Morgan, Gen. Sir William, 395
Mueller, Lt., recce troop leader, 81, 82
Munemori, Ptd. Sadao S., wins Congressional Medal of Honour, 392–3
Murphy, Brig. W. C., 263
Murray, Maj.-Gen. H. (“Nat”), 393
MUSKET, op., table, 29; 38
Namdeo, Jadhao, Sepoy, wins Victoria Cross, 393
Naples, 18, 90; Allies enter, 111–12