Cartesian dualism, 273, 274, 280
cataplexy, 111–38 (see also Adrian; Phil), 114–15, 116, 118, 121–3, 124, 126, 130–1, 132–7
laughter’s association with, 123, 124, 132, 139
laughter triggers, 122
REM linked with, 122
Catholic Inquisition, 287
cerebral cortex, 52, 165, 170, 171–2
superior parietal lobule in, 191
channelopathy, 252, 253
Charcot, Jean-Martin, 95–6, 110, 208
Charles Bonnet syndrome, 188–9
Christian (narcolepsy), 259–64, 271–3, 280–1, 283–5
Cinderella, 58, 65, 75
cingulate cortex, 40–1, 47
circadian clock, 18–20 (see also sleep)
and all forms of life, 18–19
and blindness, 27
body’s ‘control room’ for, 21
and cancers, 30–1
and DNA, 31
genes’ influence on, 11, 23
and ‘givers of time’ (Zeitgebers), 19, 22, 27, 29
and Great Oxygenation Event, 19–20
hardwired into life, 19
and knitted lives, 35
and life’s phases, 23–4
and melatonin, 27–8, 33
and school times, 30
and shift work, 30, 31, 34–5
and sleep phases, 17, 29, 32
and suprachiasmatic nucleus, 21–2, 27
thwarted attempt to change, 18
Claire (insomnia), 288–90, 296, 297–9, 303, 305–7
A Clinical Lesson at the Salpêtrière (Brouillet), 96
cognitive behavioural therapy (CBTi), 302–3, 304–6
continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP), 55, 89–93, 104–5, 308–9
cortisol, 291, 294
Creutzfeldt–Jakob (mad-cow) disease, 296
Crick, Francis, 278
DNA co-discovered by, 2
Dahlia (Vincent’s mother), 15–17, 25–6, 32
David (RLS), 142–4, 149–50, 157, 158–60
Debra (wife of David), 142, 143, 144, 150, 158–9
Dement, William, 63–4
Descartes, René, 27
diabetes, 30, 31, 84, 85
DiCaprio, Leonardo, 284
Dickens, Charles, 81
Dionysius, 82
Don (sleep-eating), 217–22, 223–30
and psychological factors, 228
types of food eaten by, 221–2, 223
dopamine, 136, 152, 153, 155–6, 158, 163, 227, 229
and iron, 156
dreams (see also sleep):
of animal attacks, 60–1, 67, 71
and brain lesions, 11
and dreamer’s model of world, 279
in Egyptian Dream Book, 265–6
emotional content of, 73
Freud’s view of, see Freud, Sigmund function of, 2, 275–6, 315
and jerky eye movements, 63
and lesions, 11
lucid, 193, 280–2
many forms of, 191
as narrative structure, 61–2
and night terrors, 59–61, 63, 65, 66 (see also John)
and paralysis, 187
and perceived mind–body rift, 273
in religious texts, 266
REM, see sleep: non-REM; sleep: REM
and sleep behaviour disorder, see REM sleep behaviour disorder
and sleep deprivation, 286
and sleep paralysis, 193
stories developing over time, 66
subjective, 268
and suppressed emotions, desires, 273
on waking from REM, 120
while awake, 119, 188
Ed (Jackie’s partner), 50–1
EEG (electroencephalogram), 164–5, 173–4, 178, 179–81, 203, 208, 243, 267, 281, 309
Egyptian Dream Book, 265–6, 273, 308
Ekbom, Karl-Axel, 145, 155
electroencephalogram (EEG), 164–5, 173–4, 178, 179–81, 203, 208, 243, 267, 281, 309
encephalitis lethargica, 115–16
epilepsy, 105, 111, 171–82
passim, 202, 211
and amygdala, 123
brain onset of, 172
and brain surgery, 172
and electrical impulses, 169–70
familial forms of, 253
frequent description of, 169
frontal-lobe, 175
and insular cortex, 177–8
and music, 7
and religious experiences, 171
and sex hormones, 173
and sleep apnoea, 86
sleep’s links with, 173–4
and sleepwalking, 41–2
and stress, 97
and sudden emotion, 123
unusual forms of, 242
various manifestations of, 171
Erin (Adrian’s daughter), 113–14
Evelyn (hallucinations), 184–6, 187, 189, 190, 194–7, 217, 261, 280
Frankenstein (Shelley), 270
Freud, Sigmund, 2, 61, 96, 110, 217, 273–4, 279, 308
fright-fight-flight, 45, 47, 83, 276, 292, 299
Friston, Karl, 277–9
frontal lobes, 174–6
and social behaviour, 10
Fuseli, Henry, 186–7
GABA, 136
Gage, Phineas, 8–10, 209, 210
Gareth (Alex’s housemate), 44, 46
Gaslight, 107
gaslighting, 107
GBH, 136
genes, and chronotype, 23
glymphatic system, 87
Gowers Round, 4–5, 6
Great Oxygenation Event, 19–20
Guantanamo Bay, 286, 304
Guillain–Barré syndrome, 129
Guy’s Hospital, Sleep Disorders Centre, 14, 15–17, 20, 200
H1N1, 127–9
hallucination, 1, 11, 68, 114, 120, 171, 188
auditory, 177
Evelyn’s, see Evelyn of homunculus, 192
hypnagogic, 120, 121, 187, 189, 190, 261, 280
and poor vision, 188–9
sexual, 193
of smell, 176
Hobson, Allan, 267–8, 270–1, 278–9, 280
human lymphocyte antigen (HLA), 126–7, 129
hypersexuality, 153, 227, 238, 239–40, 251
hypnagogic hallucination, 120, 121, 187, 189, 190, 261, 280
hypocretin, 117, 118, 120, 121, 122, 123, 124, 126, 127, 129, 140–1
hypothalamus, 21, 116, 123, 141, 251
and H1N1, 128
lateral, 117, 126, 262
posterior, 116
hypoxia, 84–5
hysteria, 95
Inception, 284
incubi/succubi, 187, 192, 261–2
insomnia (see also sleep; sleep deprivation):
bedside worries concerning, 295
and bodily weight, 292, 293–4
Clair’s problems with, see Claire
and clinical depression, 300
and cognitive behavioural therapy, 302–3, 304–5
and cognitive performance, 293
common condition, 290
David’s problems with, see David
debilitating nature of, 12
deprivation conflated with, 292
and different sleep durations, 312–13
different types of, 290
genetic explanation for some of, 294–5
gradual worsening of, 296
and health risks, 294
and increased mortality, 292, 293
and medications, 301
and narcolepsy, 85, 140
numbers suffering, 3–4
obvious nature of, 30
paradoxical, 291
and schizophrenia, 300
and short sleep duration, 293
sleep deprivation to treat, 304
and suicidal thinking, 300
insular cortex, 177
Interpretation of Dreams (Freud), 308
Jackie (night activities), 36–9, 48–52, 55–6, 102,
200
and CPAP, 55
night driving by, 49–50, 51, 55
night motorcycling by, 38–9, 46, 48
and seeing/hearing activity, 48
Jalal, Baland, 192–3
Jamie (KLS), 232–41, 244–50, 256, 257
Janice (insular epilepsy), 165–8, 172–3, 176, 178–9, 180–1, 182–3
jet lag, 15
John (REM sleep behaviour disorder), 59–61, 65, 67, 69–71, 122, 188, 217
and day–night differences, 71, 72
and melatonin, 74–5
and physical strength, 72
and sleep apnoea, 73–4
Jok (Jamie’s father), 233, 234, 235, 236, 237, 241, 244–5, 246, 247, 256, 257–8
Jouvet, Michel, 65, 67, 268
Katie (Alex’s girlfriend), 45–6, 57
KGB, 287
Kim (wife of Phil), 131, 132–4, 135, 137–9
Kleine–Levin syndrome (KLS), 237–54, 256–7 (see also Jamie)
age of onset of, 238
charity that supports, 256–7
conditions that mimic, 242
many drugs tried for, 248–9
and morbid hunger, 239
Kleine, Willi, 238, 239
Kleitman, Nathaniel, 18, 62, 63, 119
Klüver–Bucy syndrome, 242
Kryger, Meir, 267
lesions:
correlation of, to symptoms or signs, 10
and dreams, 11
and Gage, 8–10
as medical term for brain damage, 7–8
sleep disorders as result of, 8
Levin, Max, 238, 239
levodopa, 148, 151, 152, 153, 156, 160
Lewy body disease, 68, 74
Linda (Robert’s partner), 101–2, 103, 104–5, 107–9
lithium, 249
Liz (wife of John), 59–61, 65, 69–71, 72
and melatonin, 74–5
McCartney, Paul, 270
mad-cow disease, 296
Magas of Cyrene, 82
Mammoth Cave, 18
The Man Who Mistook His Wife for a Hat (Sacks), 7
Maria (sleep apnoea), 77–80, 82, 83, 88–91, 93
Marie, Pierre, 96
Marks, Howard, 100
Mary Rose (RLS), 146–8, 149, 151–2, 153, 154, 156, 160–2
Megan (Jamie’s girlfriend), 236, 246–7, 257
melatonin, 27–8, 30–1, 33, 56, 74
Mendeleev, Dmitri, 270
Mignot, Emmanuel, 254
migraine, 10–11, 85, 97, 154, 253, 254–6
and electrical activity, 6
mind–body link, 96
Mitchison, Graeme, 278
‘Mother’s Little Helper’, 301
Munchausen’s, 95
by proxy, 106–7
narcolepsy, 15, 67, 85, 98, 114–21 passim, 122, 123, 125–30 passim, 132, 135, 140–1, 190, 244, 251 (see also sleep)
and amygdala, 123–4
and battery-recharging, 283
cause of, 254
Christian’s problems with, see Christian
in dogs, 116–17, 118
and H1N1, 127, 128
and hallucinations, 189
and insomnia, 85, 140
new treatments for, 140
and Pandemrix, 129
and sleep paralysis, 189
National Hospital for Neurology, 4
Nature, 62
Neurology and Neurosurgery Illustrated, 114, 140
New Yorker, 286
night terrors, 59–61, 63, 65 (see also dreams)
and non-REM parasomnias, 176
night-time activities, 36–54 (see also Alex; Jackie; sleepwalking)
and alcohol, 54
Alex’s sleepwalking, 42–6
car driving, 49–50, 51, 55
motorbike ride, 38–9, 46
The Nightmare (Fuseli), 186–7
non-24-hour rhythm disorder, 25–6, 29
Nordlander, Nils, 155
Occam’s razor, 10
olfactory bulb, 68
operculum, 178
Oriele (Jamie’s mother), 233–4, 236, 244, 247, 257–8
orthosomnia, 311
Othello syndrome, 105–6
PANDAS, 235
Pandemrix, 128–9, 130
paradoxical kinesis, 73
parasomnia, 38, 42–3, 45, 46, 47, 53, 54, 56, 102–4, 176, 180, 200, 201, 202, 207, 209, 211–13, 222, 227, 301
and alcohol, 211, 213
and standard treatments, failure of, 229
parietal lobe, 171, 172, 177, 178
Parinaud, Henri, 96
Parkinson’s disease, 68, 69, 71, 72–3, 74, 85, 116, 151, 153
Parks, Kenneth, 208–9
Pavlov, Ivan, 303
Penfield, Wilder, 172, 178
phantom limb, 192
Phil (cataplexy), 131–9, 261, 262, 283
The Pickwick Papers (Dickens), 81
pineal gland, 27, 28, 30–1, 32–3 (see also melatonin)
post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), 189, 214, 275, 276–7
and Asperger’s, 213
prazosin, 277
primary motor cortex, 175
PTSD (post-traumatic stress disorder), 275
Ramachandran, V. S., 191, 192–3
rapid eye movement (REM) (see also sleep):
in sleep and dreams, see dreams
and sleep behaviour disorder, see sleep behaviour disorder
RBD, see REM sleep behaviour disorder
REM (rapid eye movement), see dreams
restless legs syndrome (RLS), 144–57, 229, 309 (see also Mary Rose)
and drug dependency, 160, 162
and heart problems and blood pressure, 160
and iron, 156
more common in women, 156–7
numbers suffering, 3–4
recognising, 162–3
and sleep deprivation, 162
and sleep-eating, 226–7 (see also sleep-eating)
retinohypothalamic tract, 22
Richards, Keith, 270
RLS (restless legs syndrome), 309
Robert, 99–105, 107–9
and CPAP, 104–5
and gaslighting, 107
Rolling Stones, 301
ropinirole, 151, 152, 153, 158, 160
Royal Observatory, Greenwich, 20–1
Sacks, Oliver, 7, 14, 116
Salk Institute, 2
Sanger Institute, 117
Sarah (partner of Tom), 198–201, 203, 205, 206–7, 212, 214–15, 216
‘Satisfaction’, 270
schizophrenia, 241, 273, 300
sensory cortex, 177
sexsomnia, 201, 202–3, 206–8, 211, 212, 214
Shelley, Mary, 269–70
sleep (see also circadian clock; insomnia; narcolepsy; night-time activities):
and blinking and eyelid movements, 62–3
and body’s clock, 14, 17
and brainwave fluctuations, 164
in cats, 65
as complex set of brain states, 2
David’s problems with, see David
delayed phase syndrome of, 17, 22–4 (see also Vincent (at Guys))
and delta waves, 40
deprivation of, 54
and dogs, 64
and dreams, see dreams
and earth’s rotation, 17
epilepsy’s links with, 173–4
extremes of, 39
and full bladder, 54
genes’ influence on, 23
hallucination during, 184–5
and homeostatic mechanism, 13–14
and lesions, see lesions
and narcolepsy, 15, 67
non-REM, 13, 38, 40, 43, 46–7, 53, 54, 56, 103, 104, 120, 121, 174, 176, 189, 200–2 passim, 209, 222, 227, 269, 270, 301, 314 (see also sleep: REM)
and Occam’s razor, 10
and out-of-body experiences, 191, 193, 261
paralysis during, 11, 65, 68, 85, 103–4, 114, 119, 120, 121, 122, 187–8, 189, 191–2, 193–4,
196–7
and phase syndromes, 22–4
preferences for timing of, 22–3
REM, 2, 13, 47, 62–6, 68, 73, 103–4, 119–22, 174, 187–8, 189, 196, 202, 262, 266–71, 272, 274–9 passim, 281, 282, 314 (see also sleep: non-REM)
REM sleep behaviour disorder (RBD), 65–9, 70–2, 73, 103, 202
sibling-shared, 142
and snoring, 11, 54, 55, 79, 80 (see also sleep apnoea)
stages of, 12–13
Tom’s problems with, see Tom
tracking of, 311–12
uni-hemispheric, in animals, 39
sleep apnoea, 12, 73, 79–93
passim, 103–4, 143, 168, 189, 229
and Alzheimer’s, 86
and calorie intake, 84–5
and dementia, 86
early references to, 82
and effects on brain, 88
and heart problems and blood pressure, 83
and neurology, 85
numbers suffering, 3–4, 81
treatments for, 89
and male–female differences, 71–2
and melatonin, 74
sleep deprivation, 12, 52, 54, 115, 121, 186, 190, 216, 286–8 (see also insomnia)
and appetite, 31
and deeper sleep, 54
at Guantanamo, 286, 304
insomnia conflated with, 292
and low oxygen, 85
and RLS, 162
and school performance, 24, 30
to treat insomnia, 304
trigger of seizures, 86, 173
sleep-eating (see also Don):
and non-REM sleep, 222, 227
only recently described, 220
and RLS, 226–7
and types of food consumed, 221–2
sleep retraining, 304
sleep-talking: and non-REM parasomnias, 176
by Robert, 101–5
sleepwalking (see also night-time activities; sleep):
by Alex, 42–7, 56–7
and brainwave activity, 40
and breathing concerns, 36
in childhood, 38, 54
and criminal acts, 208, 210–11
darker side of, 45
and environmental or lifestyle factors, 53
and epilepsy, 41–2
The Nocturnal Brain Page 32