Book Read Free

Why People Die By Suicide

Page 34

by Thomas Joiner

Seguin, J. R., Pihl, R. O., Boulerice, B., & Tremblay, R. E. (1996). Pain sensitivity and stability of physical aggression in boys. Journal of Child Psychology & Psychiatry & Allied Disciplines, 37, 823–834.

  Seligman, M. E. (1974). Submissive death: Giving up on life. Psychology Today, 7, 80–85.

  Seligman, M. E., & Maier, S. F. (1967). Failure to escape traumatic shock. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 74, 1–9.

  Sher, L., Oquendo, M. A., Li, S., Ellis, S., Brodsky, B. S., et al. (2003). Prolactin response to fenfluramine administration in patients with unipolar and bipolar depression and healthy controls. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 28, 559–

  573.

  262 ● Works Cited

  Shneidman, E. S. (1985). Definition of suicide. New York: Wiley.

  ——— (1996). The suicidal mind. New York: Oxford University Press.

  ——— (1998). Perspectives on suicidology: Further reflections on suicide and psychache. Suicide & Life-Threatening Behavior, 28, 245–250.

  Shneidman, E. S., & Faberow, N. L. (1961). Statistical comparisons between attempted and committed suicides. In N. L. Faberow & E. S. Shneidman

  (Eds.), The cry for help, pp. 19–47. New York: McGraw-Hill.

  Singareddy, R. K., & Balon, R. (2001). Sleep and suicide in psychiatric patients.

  Annals of Clinical Psychiatry, 13, 93–101.

  Singh, G. K., & Siahpush, M. (2002). Increasing rural-urban gradients in U.S.

  suicide mortality, 1970–1997. American Journal of Public Health, 92, 1161–

  1167.

  Sloan, P., Berman, M. E., & Mae, L. (2003). Effects of group norms on self-aggressive behavior. Manuscript under editorial review.

  Snow, L. (2002). Prisoners’ motives for self-injury and attempted suicide. British Journal of Forensic Practice, 4, 18–29.

  Snowden, L. (2001). Social embeddedness and psychological well-being among

  African-Americans and Whites. American Journal of Community Psychol-

  ogy, 29, 519–536.

  Soloff, P. H., Lis, J. A., Kelly, T., & Cornelius, J. R. (1994). Risk factors for suicidal behavior in borderline personality disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 151, 1316–1323.

  Soloff, P. H., Lynch, K. G., Kelly, T. M., Malone, K. M., & Mann, J. J. (2000).

  Characteristics of suicide attempts of patients with major depressive epi-

  sode and borderline personality disorder: A comparative study. American Journal of Psychiatry, 157, 601–608.

  Solomon, R. L. (1980). The opponent-process theory of acquired motivation:

  The costs of pleasure and the benefits of pain. American Psychologist, 35, 691–712.

  Spalletta, G., Troisi, A., Saracco, M., & Ciani, N. (1996). Symptom profile, Axis II comorbidity and suicidal behaviour in young males with DSM-II-R depressive illnesses. Journal of Affective Disorders, 39, 141–148.

  Spreux-Varoquaux, O., Alvarez, J. C., Berlin, I., Batista, G., Despierre, P. G., et al.

  (2001). Differential abnormalities in plasma 5-HIAA and platelet seroto-

  nin concentrations in violent suicide attempters: Relationships with

  impulsivity and depression. Life Sciences, 69, 647–657.

  Statham, D. J., Heath, A. C., Madden, P. A. F., et al. (1998). Suicidal behaviour: An epidemiological and genetic study. Psychological Medicine, 28, 839–855.

  Works Cited ● 263

  Steels, M. D. (1994). Deliberate self poisoning—Nottingham Forest Football

  Club and F. A. Cup defeat. Irish Journal of Psychological Medicine, 11, 76–78.

  Stein, D., Apter, A., Ratzoni, G., Har-Even, D., & Avidan, G. (1998). Association between multiple suicide attempts and negative affects in adolescents.

  Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 37, 488–494.

  Stein, D., Kaye, W., Matsunaga, H., Myers, D., Orbach, I., Har-Even, D., Frank, G., & Rao, R. (2003). Pain perception in recovered bulimia nervosa patients. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 34, 331–336.

  Stepakoff, S. (1998). Effects of sexual victimization on suicidal ideation and behavior in U.S. women. Suicide & Life-Threatening Behavior, 28, 107–126.

  Stirman, S. W., & Pennebaker, J. W. (2001). Word use in the poetry of suicidal and nonsuicidal poets. Psychosomatic Medicine, 63, 517–522.

  Stone, L. J., & Hokanson, J. E. (1969). Arousal reduction via self-punitive behavior. Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 12, 72–79.

  Stone, M., Hurt, S., & Stone, D. (1987). The PI 500: Long-term follow-up of borderline inpatients meeting DSM-III criteria: I. Global outcome. Journal of Personality Disorders, 1, 291–298.

  Sullivan, H. S. (1953). Conceptions of Modern Psychiatry: Collected Works of Harry Stack Sullivan, vol. 1. New York: Norton.

  Talavera, J. A., Saz-Ruiz, J., Garcia-Toro, M. (1994). Quantitative measurement of depression through speech analysis. European Psychiatry, 9, 185–

  193.

  Tanskanen, A., Tuomilehto, J., Viinamaki, H., Vartiainen, E., Lehtonen, J., & Puska, P. (2001). Nightmares as predictors of suicide. Sleep, 24, 844–847.

  Taylor, R., Chatters, L., Jayakody, R., & Levin, J. (1996). Black and White differences in religious participation: A multisample comparison. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 35, 403–410.

  Thorlindsson, T., & Bjarnason, T. (1998). Modeling Durkheim on the micro level: A study of youth suicidality. American Sociological Review, 63, 94–

  110.

  Tiefenbacher, S., Novak, M. A., Marinus, L. M., Chase, W. K., Miller, J. A., & Meyer, J. S. (2004). Altered hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical function in rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatto) with self-injurious behavior.

  Psychoneuroendocrinology, 29, 501–515.

  Tomassini, C., Juel, K., Holm, N. V., Skytthe, A., & Christensen, K. (2003). Risk of suicide in twins: 51 year follow up study. British Medical Journal, 327, 373–374.

  264 ● Works Cited

  Troisi, A., & Moles, A. (1999). Gender differences in depression: An ethological study of nonverbal behavior during interviews. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 33, 243–250.

  Trovato, F. (1998). The Stanley Cup of hockey and suicide in Quebec, 1951–

  1992. Social Forces, 77, 105–126.

  Turvey, C. L., Conwell, Y., Jones, M. P., Phillips, C., Simonsick, E., Pearson, J. L.,

  & Wallace, R. (2002). Risk factors for late-life suicide. American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 10, 398–406.

  Twomey, H. B., Kaslow, N. J., & Croft, S. (2000). Childhood maltreatment, object relations, and suicidal behavior in women. Psychoanalytic Psychology, 17, 313–335.

  Ungemack, J. A., & Guarnaccia, P. J. (1998). Suicidal ideation and suicide attempts among Mexican Americans, Puerto Ricans and Cuban Americans.

  Transcultural Psychiatry, 35, 307–327.

  Ursin, R. (2002). Serotonin and sleep. Sleep Medicine Reviews, 6, 57–69.

  Van Winkle, N. W., & May, P. (1993). An update on American Indian suicide in New Mexico, 1980–1987. Human Organization, 52, 304–315.

  Veale, D., Boocock, A., Gournay, K., & Dryden, W. (1996). Body dysmorphic disorder: A survey of fifty cases. British Journal of Psychiatry, 169, 196–201.

  Verona, E., Patrick, C., & Joiner, T. (2001). Psychopathy, antisocial personality, and suicide risk. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 110, 462–470.

  Vieta, E., Benabarre, A., Colom, F., & Gasto, C. (1997). Suicidal behavior in bipolar I and bipolar II disorder. Journal of Nervous & Mental Disease, 185, 407–408.

  Vythilingam, M., Heim, C., Newport, J. M., Andrew, H., Anderson, E., Bronen, R., Brummer, M., Staib, L., Vermetten, E., Charney, D. S., Nemeroff, C. B.,

  & Bremner, J. D. (2002). Childhood trauma associated with smaller

  hippocampal volume in women with major depression. American Journal

  of Psychiatry, 159, 2072–2080.

  Wagner, K. D., Berenson, A., Harding, O., & Joiner, Jr., T. E. (1998).

  Attributional style and depression in pregnant teenag
ers. American Journal of Psychiatry, 155, 1227–1233.

  Walker, R. L. (2002). An investigation of acculturative stress and ethnic identi-fication as risk factors for suicidal ideation in African-American vs. Anglo-American men and women. Ph.D. diss., Florida State University.

  Wall, A-M., Wekerle, C., & Bissonnette, M. (2000). Childhood maltreatment, parental alcoholism, and beliefs about alcohol: Subgroup variation among

  alcohol-dependent adults. Alcoholism Treatment Quarterly, 18, 49–60.

  Works Cited ● 265

  Waller, N. G., & Meehl, P. E. (1998). Multivariate taxometric procedures. Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Sage.

  Weissman, M., Fox, K., Klerman, G. L. (1973). Hostility and depression associated with suicide attempts. American Journal of Psychiatry, 130, 450–455.

  Weissman, M. M., Klerman, G. L., Markowitz, J. S., & Ouellette, R. (1989). Suicidal ideation and suicide attempts in panic disorder and attacks. New

  England Journal of Medicine, 321, 1209–1214.

  Westen, D., Muderrisoglu, S., Fowler, C., Shedler, J., & Koren, D. (1997). Affect regulation and affective experience: Individual differences, group differences, and measurement using a Q-sort procedure. Journal of Consulting & Clinical Psychology, 65, 429–439.

  Whitlock, F. A., & Broadhurst, A. D. (1969). Attempted suicide and the experience of violence. Journal of Biosocial Science, 1, 353–368.

  Williams, F., & Joiner, T. (2004). How do linguistic patterns change as one approaches suicide? A psychological analysis of Quentin’s and Jason’s linguistic patterns in The Sound and The Fury. Proteus: A Journal of Ideas, 22, 8–

  12.

  Williams, F., Pennebaker, J. W., & Joiner, T. (2005). Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count (LIWC) comparison of notes from those who died by suicide versus from those who attempted suicide and survived. Manuscript in prepa-

  ration.

  Williams, K. D., Cheung, C. K. T., & Choi, W. (2000). Cyberostracism: Effects of being ignored over the Internet. Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 79, 748–762.

  Woodrow, K. M., Friedman, G. D., Siegelaub, A. B., & Collen, M. F. (1972). Pain tolerance: Differences according to age, sex, and race. Psychosomatic Medicine, 34, 548–556.

  Woznica, J. G., & Shapiro, J. R. (1990). An analysis of adolescent suicide attempts: The expendable child. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 15, 789–796.

  Yampey, N. (1967). Epidemiological considerations on suicide in Buenos Aires.

  Acta Psiquiatrica y Psicologica de America Latina, 13, 39–44.

  Yates, G. L., MacKenzie, R. G., Pennbridge, J., & Swofford, A. (1991). A risk profile comparison of homeless youth involved in prostitution and homeless youth not involved. Journal of Adolescent Health, 12, 545–548.

  Yen, S., & Siegler, I. C. (2003). Self-blame, social introversion, and male suicides: Prospective data from a longitudinal study. Archives of Suicide Research, 7, 17–27.

  Zanarini, M. C., Frankenburg, F. R., Hennen, J., & Silk, K. R. (2003). The longi-

  266 ● Works Cited

  tudinal course of borderline psychopathology: 6-year prospective follow-

  up of the phenomenology of Borderline Personality Disorder. American

  Journal of Psychiatry, 160, 274–283.

  Zhang, J. (2000). Gender differences in athletic performance and their implications in gender ratios of suicide: A comparison between the USA and

  China. Omega: Journal of Death & Dying, 41, 117–123.

  ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

  As it happens, I am the sort of professor who does not need match-

  ing furniture or really hardly any furniture in the office, or for that

  matter, an office at all. I could have written this book in my front

  yard, and in fact I did write it with my two sons at their computer

  three feet from mine, regularly shouting with glee, defeat, or at each

  other. I revised it with a cat in my lap whose presence in our family

  I protested and lost in a 3–1 vote, and who, ironically, chose me as

  her favorite human. I have a sort of disdain for material things, a re-

  sult, perhaps, of my dad’s experience, and a corresponding love for

  ideas—especially ones that are true, virtuous, and compassionate—

  and for the interpersonal, psychological, and other environments

  that foster them.

  In this connection, I want to thank two organizations that set the

  interpersonal and psychological tone for this book. The first is the

  Department of Psychology at Florida State University (FSU) in Talla-

  hassee, Florida. I have lived in Tallahassee for eight years now, and

  periodically hear comments along the lines of “Tallahassee is no New

  York City.” And I answer, thank god (no offense to residents of New

  267

  268 ● Acknowledgments

  York). Thank god for its lack of pretense, its lushness, and its warmth

  (and I’m not just talking about the weather). FSU’s Psychology De-

  partment has these same qualities—lush with ideas and interperson-

  ally warm. For an academic department, it has a lack of pretense and

  absence of interpersonal irritants that, though not total, may be un-

  rivalled in an accomplished department. I would particularly like to

  mention colleagues and graduate students who were in some way es-

  pecially helpful. My own Ph.D. students, past and present, have regu-

  larly refined and challenged my thinking—they are Rebecca Bernert,

  Jessica Brown, Kelly Cukrowicz, Jill Denoma, Katie Gordon, Daniel

  Hollar, Katie Merrill, Marisol Perez, Jeremy Pettit, Nadia Stellrecht,

  Kim Van Orden, Zach Voelz, Rheeda Walker, Foluso Williams, Ricki

  Wingate, and Tracy Witte. Other Ph.D. students at FSU have also

  been engaging, thoughtful, and thought-provoking: Andrea Burns,

  Kiara Cromer, Keith Donohue, Kim Driscoll, Jenn Minnix, Maureen

  Lyons Reardon, Lorraine Reitzel, Karla Repper, Edelyn Verona, and

  Brad White. Supportive colleagues at FSU are abundant; I am espe-

  cially grateful to Ellen Berler, Rob Contreras, John Corrigan, Anders

  Ericsson, Don Foss, Frank Johnson, Neil Jumonville, Janet Kistner, Al

  Lang, Jon Maner, Dianne Tice, and Rick Wagner. Special mention

  needs to be made of my closest colleagues and best friends at FSU,

  Roy Baumeister, Natalie Sachs-Ericsson, and Brad Schmidt.

  The second organization I would like to thank for setting a par-

  ticular psychological context for the book is the John Simon

  Guggenheim Memorial Foundation. For a professor who tries to live

  the life of the mind and who admires and respects excellence across

  academic disciplines, a Guggenheim Fellowship is a unique recogni-

  tion, inspiration, and responsibility. If my tone in the book becomes

  overconfident at times, I apologize up front, and wonder whether it

  has to do with the Guggenheim imprimatur, though of course I ab-

  solve them of any of my offenses, and thank them for an honor that

  has changed me for the better.

  Acknowledgments ● 269

  I have received other generosities too. People like Lyn Abramson,

  Aaron T. Beck, Jim Coyne, and Pete Lewinsohn were under no obli-

  gation to me and yet have set a standard for me and many others on

  how to encourage and cultivate younger colleagues. David Rudd and

  Lanny Berman have included me in stimulating meetings of the

  American Association of Suicidology, allowing me to give a keynote

  address on the ideas in this book in April 2004 in Miami. The ques-

  tions and discussion that followed my address were the most insight-

  ful and hel
pful of any that I have received. I also gave talks on this

  material at the University of North Dakota School of Medicine, the

  University of Georgia, and the Centers for Disease Control and Pre-

  vention in Atlanta, and in each case, received encouragement and

  thought-provoking reactions. David Rudd deserves special recogni-

  tion, as so much of my thinking and work in suicide research have

  been in collaboration with him. Others who have supported me

  and the development of the ideas in this book in one way or another

  are Julianna Baggott, Steve Beach, Sheila Curran, Marty Franklin,

  Todd Heatherton, Barry Krakow, Rich McNally, Matt Nock, Ainhoa

  Otamendi, Dave Scott, Karen Wagner, Mark Winegardner, and Steve

  Wonderlich. Elizabeth Knoll at Harvard University Press deserves her

  consensus reputation for excellence and gentle rigor.

  Finally, to my mother and sisters, I say, “I’m just so sorry we had to go through that.” To my lovely wife, Graciela Marquina, I say “Te

  amo mi amor, siempre.” And as I put this book to bed, it reminds me of the routine that has developed in my family as I put our sons,

  Malachi and Zekey, to bed—I say, “I love you, I’m proud of you, and

  I’m happy to be your dad.” It is so true.

  INDEX

  Acquired ability for suicide, 22, 37, 47,

  Anorexia nervosa. See Mental disor-

  49, 167–168, 187–188; increasing

  ders, anorexia nervosa

  severity of suicidal behavior, 20–21,

  Anterior cingulate cortex, 118

  51–52, 54–56, 66–67, 78–83, 150;

  Antisocial personality disorder. See

  multiple suicide attempters, 22, 57,

  Mental disorders, antisocial per-

  58–59, 60–68, 75, 150, 207; courage

  sonality disorder

  and competence for suicide, 49–51,

  Anxiety disorders. See Mental disor-

  52–53, 55, 59, 63, 80–81; pain toler-

  ders, anxiety disorders

  ance, 76–78, 161–162, 197–198;

  Assertiveness, 62–63, 80–81

  mental practice of suicide, 81–82.

  Attitudes toward suicide: alarmist po-

  See also Habituation to pain and

  sition, 18–19; dismissive position,

 

‹ Prev