Buddhist Warfare
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in Mongolia, 92–93, 95–97, 99, 101, 102n8
and Satyakaparivarta, 59, 63–65, 70–71
and soldier-Zen in Japan, 108–9, 126. See also dhamma
dharmastras, 60, 64–65, 67, 100–101, 220
dharmarjas, 83, 87, 93–94
Dhyna sect, 27, 31, 37–40, 43, 53n94, 227
Diamond stra, 22
Dgha Nikya, 11–13
Dignga, 63
diplomacy, 10–11, 37, 140
disorder, 12–13, 16n29
dKa’ bcu dGe bsnyen don grub, 80
Dgen, 109, 116–17, 123–24, 129–30n29, 217, 222
donation campaign, Chinese Buddhist, 146–49, 155nn36, 38, 156n45
dreams, 81, 86
dual governance/law, 92–94, 97
Durkheim, Émile, 221
Dutthagamani (Dutgma). See Duugämuu, King
Duugämuu, King, 4, 8, 166–67, 169, 174n4, 176n36, 190
Efimovich, Grigorri, 99
egolessness, 107, 113, 116–17
Era, King, 8, 166, 190
Emei Mountain, 150
emperor, Japanese, 107–13, 112, 115–16, 124–25, 128, 221
emptiness (nyat), 42, 57n150, 81, 213
and soldier-Zen, 116, 118, 123
Enkakuji, 124
enlightenment, 10, 27
and militarization of Thai Buddhism, 181–82
and soldier-Zen, 118–19, 126
En (Huineng), 113
eschatological movements, 8–9, 213, 222–23
esoteric Buddhism, 68, 217, 220, 222
ethical justification, 6, 8. See also moral values
and legalized violence in Mongolia, 96, 101
and Satyakaparivarta, 60–61, 68–71
and sermons to Sri Lankan soldiers, 162–63, 165, 174–75nn12, 13
and soldier-Zen, 123–25
etic concepts, 162
eunuchs of imperial guard, 23
euthanasia, 7
“evil unbelievers,” 4–5
excommunication, 7, 15n12, 18–19, 21
executions, 25, 29, 31. See also capital punishment
and legalized violence in Mongolia, 91, 93, 96–99
and Satyakaparivarta, 61–62, 64–65, 71
exiles, 91, 93, 96, 98, 218
exotic religion, Buddhism as, 3, 9
Explanation of the Subject of Cognition, 92–93
faith healing, 106
false consciousness, 215, 219
Fan Tche-hui, 30
Fanwangjing (Brahma-Net stra), 219
Faqing, 8, 24–26
Faure, Bernard, 4, 9, 14, 119, 211–25
feudalism, 24, 34–36, 125, 133–34, 136, 151, 221
filial piety, 45, 124
fishing nets, 21
five precepts, 17–18, 41, 46n2, 54n120, 125–26, 162, 167
Fo-Kouang sseu, 29
Fonseka, Sarath, 161, 167
Foucault, Michel, 77–78, 81, 85–86, 221–22
Four Noble Truths, 5, 15n5, 125
Fou Yi, 22, 24, 26–27, 50–51n60
Fufeng prefecture, 26
fuju fuse movement, 218
fundamentalism, 9, 211, 221
gakuryo, gakush (ecclesiastic monks), 35
gaa-sanghas, 10–11
Gandhi, Mohandas, 5–6
gender discrimination, 219
General Committee of Chinese People for Resisting America and Assisting Korea, 146
General Motors, 127
Ge sar (Geser), King, 82, 85, 100
Gethin, Rupert, 85, 162–63, 174–75nn13, 14, 24
Gid Shshin (1325–1388), 124
Girard, René, 222
Gñnnanda, Neluwakande, 162
Gokhale, Balkrishna, 12–13
Golden Clan of Chinggis Khan, 92
Golden Light stra (Saddharma Prabhsottama stra), 100–101
Golden Yoke, 94
Gombrich, Richard F., 176n36, 183
Good Silk Cloth (Dalai Lama V), 80–81, 86
Gopaka Moggallana Sutta, 121–22
Great Peace on Earth, 26
Great Vehicle, 18–21, 25, 27, 40–41, 44, 221. See also Mahyna Buddhism
gTsang, 79–80, 83, 88
Guangzhou City, 148
Guansu province, 146
Guabhadra, 60, 74n44, 142
gunshin (“military god”), 116
Gushri Khan (1582–1654/1655), 13, 80–85, 87–88, 89n5, 214, 220
Gutei Isshi, 126
Gyatso, Janet, 89n10
habitus, 197
Hachiman, 39
Hakamaya Noriaki, 106, 124
Hal ha Chog thu, 82
Hanzhou, 140
Hara, King, 63, 69–70, 74n44
“Having the Broken Face” (Khugarkhai Nüürt), 97
“Having the Red Cheek” (Ulaan Khatsart), 97
Hayashi Yukio, 182
Heian monastery, 34–36
heresy, 4–5, 19, 32, 39–41, 218, 222
Hiao-wou-ti, 30
Hideyoshi, Toyotomi, 33, 37
Hiei, Mount, temples, 39–40
Hieizan monks, 17
Hinduism, 5, 59–60, 64–67, 70, 213, 215–16, 218, 220, 223
History of the Song Dynasty, 31
“History of the Warrior Monks of Japan, The” (Renondeau), 4
hita (heart), 169–73, 176n37
Hobbes, 12
Hojo government, 37
Holy Eightfold Path, 47nn15, 16, 48n19, 125
Hnen (1133–1212), 35, 218
Hongan-ji, 36–37
Ho-pei, 24–25, 26
Houai-jong, 26–27
Houeihouei, 25
Houei-yuan (334–416), 43
Hsüan-tsang, 69
imperialism, 127, 133–34, 136, 139, 142–43, 145–47
In Defense of Dharma: Just-War Ideology in Buddhist Sri Lanka (Bartholomeusz), 162
Indian Buddhism, 14, 21, 38–39, 41–44, 92, 206n6, 215, 217, 220
and Satyakaparivarta, 59–71
Indra (akra Devendra), 38, 99–100, 220
intentionality, 159, 164–73, 175n17, 176n37, 214
intoxicants, 18, 25, 125, 200
Ishihara Shummy, 119, 130n35
Islam, 133, 179, 194, 201, 205, 218
“Is Violence Justified in Theravada Buddhism?” (Deegalle), 4–5
Jackson, Peter, 181–82
Jains, 59, 63
Jambal, Boryn, 99
Jamspal, Lozang, 60, 72nn3, 9
Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna (JVP), 8, 190, 193, 227
Japanese Buddhism, 7–9, 12–14, 17, 20, 22, 47n14, 206n6, 211, 216–18, 220–23
and military service, 4, 13, 33–40, 44, 105–29, 110, 112, 120, 122, 182–83, 191, 217
revolts of, 24, 30
Japanese pirates, 31–32, 227
jtakas, 65–68, 73n14, 90n14
Jayewardene, President, 190
Jebtsundamba Bogdo Gegeen (Eighth), 97, 99
Jenkins, Stephen, 4, 9, 13, 59–75, 212
Jerryson, Michael, 3–16, 4, 9, 11, 14, 179–209, 211, 214–15, 220
Jesus, 5
Jiangxi, 138
Jing’an Si Seminary (Shanghai), 156n49
Jingim, 93
Jiuhua Mountain, 150
Jiuquan, 146, 155n36
jvitendriya (life force), 20
Jdo (Pure Land) sect, 35–36
Jogye school, 6
Johnson, Irving, 209nn61, 62
Jokhang Temple, 218
Jones, Richard, 192
Jory, Patrick, 196
Ju-ching, 124
jd, jjitsu, 37
Jueguan lun, 213
Juergensmeyer, Mark, 6, 214
Jurchens, 30–31, 33, 191, 227
justifying warfare, 213–14
as defensive war, 39–40
just-war ideology, 4, 13–14, 88, 162–63, 165, 174n12, 213, 227
in Sri Lanka, 159–63, 165–66, 169, 173–75nn12, 13
in Thailand, 192
in Tibet, 78�
��81, 83, 85, 88
just law, 96, 100
Juzan, 132–33, 138–39, 141–43, 152, 153n3
Kaifeng, 30
Kaingsi province, 31
Klacakratantra, 8–9, 222
Kaliga, 21
Kamakura, 37, 124
Kao K’ai-tao, 27
Kao T’an-cheng, 26–27
Kao-tsong, Emperor, 45
karma (kamma)
good, 19, 47n16, 65, 214
and legalized violence in Mongolia, 93, 97, 100
negative, 18, 65, 159, 163–65, 168–71, 175nn15, 17, 24, 214–15
and Satyakaparivarta, 64–71
and sermons to Sri Lankan soldiers, 159, 163–66, 168–71, 175nn15, 17, 24, 176n36, 214–15
Kar ma bKa’ brgyud, 83
Karmapa, 79, 84
Kathin ceremony, 186, 187
Kend (Way of the Sword), 114
Keng-King, 31
Kent, Daniel, 4, 9, 11–12, 157–77, 212–14
Keyes, Charles, 183
Khalkhain 1728, 95
“Khalkha Regulations of the Western Khüree, The,” 95–96
khan, Turkish, 21
Khananurak family, 196
Khmer Rouge, 191, 212
Khokpo district, 196, 203
khövchdön alakh, 96–97
khutukhtus, 95
khuvilgans, 95
Kiai prefecture, 27
Kiangsi, 30–31
killing, 8–9, 17–21, 48–49n26, 211–15, 219, 223
as charitable act, 25
and Chinese Buddhists’ response to Korean War, 141–43, 145–49
compassionate killings, 10, 68–70, 72n5, 74n39, 142, 212
justifications for, 41–45, 56–57nn140, 144
and Satyakaparivarta, 63–64, 67–69, 71, 72n5, 74n39
and soldier-Zen in Japan, 118–25, 128
spiritual murder, 30
in Sri Lanka, 159–73, 175n24, 176n33, 190
in Thailand, 188–90
in Tibet, 85
Kim Il-sung, 139
Kintsong, Emperor, 31
Kleine, Christoph, 191
Knowledge Way (Vijñnavda), 42
Kjin, 223
kokumin (monastic troops), 35
Komazawa University, 106
Kong-ti, 31
Korean Buddhism, 6, 14, 33, 182–83, 191, 206n6
Korean People’s Army, 139, 145
Korean War (1951–1953), 4, 14, 131–32, 137–52
Kosala kingdom, 10–11 Kottegoda, Shantha, 161, 173n1 Kouan-ti, 39, 54n120 Kouei-tsong, 43–44
Ka (Krishna), 59
Kuan-ling Yin-hsi, 124
Kulatunga, Parami, 161
kwan, 6, 15n7
Kyoto, 34, 37, 39, 124
La Bruyère, 18
land reform, 135–36, 153n7
Lang Darma, 42, 212, 227
Lao-tzu, 24, 123–24
La Vallée Poussin, 19
Lawrence, Bruce, 6
Laws and Regulations to Actually Follow,
The (Jinkhene Yavakh Dagaj Khuuly Dürem), 97
Leang Dynasty, 24–25
legalized violence, 91–101
Lesser Vehicle (Hnayna), 19–20, 40–41, 44
Leviathan (Hobbes), 12
Levinas, Emmanuel, 6
Lhasa, 80–81, 87, 218
Liang Su (753–793), 123
Licchavis, 11
Li Che-kou, 29
Li Che-min, 27
Li Che-tao, 29
Lieh-ch’uan, 124
Lieou Wou-tcheou, 27, 51n67
Li Na, 29
Lindtner, Chr., 60
Ling, Trevor, 3, 14n1
Lin-tsi sect, 29–30, 43
“Lion’s Roar on the Turning of the Wheel, The,” 13, 16n29
Li Shemin, 28, 51n69
Li Tcheng-ki, 29
Liu Rong Temple, 148
lived Buddhist tradition, 9, 182–83, 185,
197, 202, 214–15
Li Xiao, 22
Li-yang, 31
Li Yu, 30
Locke, John, 12
Lotus of the True Law stra (Saddharmapundarka stra), 36
Lotus stra, 8, 125
Lou-chan, 30
loving-kindness, 140–41, 144, 147, 164, 171
Loy, David, 117
Lo-yang, 27–30, 45, 51n66
LTTE (Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam), 164, 190
Lang Ph Tuat, 195
lying, 17–18, 125–26
Machiavellian tradition, 38
Mdhyamika school, 68, 119
Magadha kingdom, 10–11, 183
magical killings, 45
magical thinking, 66, 86
Mahbhrata, 5, 67, 101
Mahkla, 91
Mahpariniva stra, 40
Mahsammata, 11–12
Mahvasa, 4, 8, 166–67, 190
Mahwich, Ahn, 201
Mahyna Buddhism, 8–9, 20, 45, 89n11, 212–13, 215–16, 219–21, 223
and legalized violence in Mongolia, 99–101
and militarization of Thai Buddhism, 183, 190
and Satyakaparivarta, 61–63, 69–70
and soldier-Zen, 117, 119, 122, 125–26
Mahynasa graha (Asaga), 42
Maher, Derek F., 4, 8–9, 13, 77–90, 211, 213–14
Mahevara, 215–18
Maitreyan messianism, 8, 25–26, 32, 45, 50n58, 167, 190, 221, 223
maitr, 161–62, 164. See also meditation
Majjhima Nikya, 95
Malay Muslims, 179, 182, 187, 189, 192, 194–96, 198–205, 215
Malin, 38
Manchu rulers, 95–97, 99–101, 220
Mangala, 168
Mañjur, 42–43, 96–97, 220, 227
Manusmti, 67
Mao Zedong, 138–40, 144–45, 154nn17, 19
Mra, 8, 25, 31, 189, 212, 223
Mardent, Amporn, 205
marriage, 36–37
martial law, 4, 180, 187, 193–95, 201–5
Marxism, 35, 131–32, 135–36, 141, 145, 149
massacres, 12, 19, 26, 63
matricide, 42, 44–45, 57n150
Matsumoto Bunzaburo, 47n14
Matsumoto Shir, 106, 124
meat consumption, 7, 36, 202, 221
meditation, 7, 185, 216
and sermons to Sri Lankan soldiers, 161–62, 164, 166, 168
and soldier-Zen, 108, 114–15, 120, 121–22, 122
and suicide, 46–47n13
Meiji restoration, 37, 221
merit
and bodhisattvas, 42
in China, 143–45
and Satyakaparivarta, 66, 68–71
in Sri Lanka, 159, 169–70, 176n36
in Thailand, 183, 187–88, 194, 200–201
messianic violence, Buddhist, 8, 25–26, 32, 45, 50n58, 167, 190, 221, 223
Mett Sutta, 65
Middle Way, 119
Migalandika, 7
Miggidorj (Mi bsKyod rDo rJe), 94
Mihintale, 157–58, 162, 165, 168–69
Milinda, King, 64–65
Milindapañha, 64–65
“Militant Spirit of the Buddhist Clergy in China” (de Groot), 9
military monks, 179–205, 186, 207n20, 227. See also soldier-monks
Ming dynasty, 31–32, 37, 45, 53n88, 227
Mingnan Buddhist College (Xiamen), 138
Mirror That Perfects the Pure Morality of People, The (Miggiddorj), 94
Mizuko Kuyo, 7
Mo Kien-tche, 31
monasticism, Buddhist, 4, 9–11, 18, 206n6, 211, 219, 222
in China, 27–31, 34, 132–33, 136–42, 145–52, 153nn7, 8, 154n17, 156nn48, 49
interdiction against ordaining soldiers, 11, 183–85, 204–5
in Japan, 34–37, 126, 128–29, 221
in Mongolia, 96–99
patriarchal tradition of, 219
response to Korean War, 132–33, 136–42, 145–52, 153nn7, 8, 154n17, 156nn48, 49
in Sri Lanka, 157–73, 161, 167, 175n23, 176n36
in Thailand, 179–205, 186, 197, 206n14, 207n28, 209n62, 220
in Tibet, 79–80, 84, 87
Mongolian Buddhism, 5–6, 7, 14, 21, 220
and legalized violence, 91–101
in Tibet, 78–84, 214, 227
Mongolian Code of Laws (1643), 96
Mongol invasions, 30–31, 33, 191, 220, 227
Mongol-Oirat Code (1640), 95
monks. See monasticism, Buddhist;
soldier-monks; names of monks
moral values, 216. See also ethical justification
and Dalai Lama V, 85
and legalized violence in Mongolia, 94–96, 100–101
and Satyakaparivarta, 59, 65–68, 70
and sermons to Sri Lankan soldiers, 157, 166, 168
Sri Lankan army, 11
Mö-tseu, 18
muga (no-self), 113, 117–21, 120, 128
Mlasarvstivda Vinaya, 63
munen (no-thought), 113
mural contemplation, 27
murder. See killing
Muromachi period, 37
mushin (no-mind), 113
Muslims, 9, 14, 88, 172, 222
Malay Muslims, 179, 182, 187, 189, 192, 194–96, 198–205, 215
mus (no-reflection), 113
Mus, Soseki, 37
mutilation, 65, 71
mythohistories, Buddhist, 7–9, 15n8, 190, 212–13, 217
Naga, Sangye Tandar, 60
Ngrjuna, 19, 60–61, 63, 72n9, 74n39, 101
Ngasena, 64–65
nairtmya (negation of personality), 19
Nland, 70
Nanchang, 145
Nan-ch’üan P’u-yüan (748–834), 109
Nankin, 30, 32
Nan-ts’iuan, 43–44
Nanzenji, 37, 124
Nara Empire, 34, 211
Narathiwat province, 180, 187–88, 194
National Conference on the United Front Works (Beijing), 133–34
nationalism, 9, 220, 223
in China, 14, 131–52, 153n5
defined, 6
in Japan, 36, 105–29
in Sri Lanka, 159–60, 164, 168, 173, 174n4, 190
in Thailand, 181, 189, 201, 207n28, 220
in Tibet, 13, 77–88
Neelaphaijit, Somchai, 198
Nepal, 10
Ngag dbang blo bzang sgya mtsho. See Dalai Lama V
Ngan Louchan, 29–30
Nguyen, Betty, 207n28 Nichi (1565–1630), 218
Nichiren (1228–1282), 36, 40–41, 218
Nikyas, 100
nirva (nirvana), 19, 126, 166, 176n28
Nirva stra, 108
nobility, Japanese, 34–35, 37
nobility, Mongolian, 96–99
nonviolence, 5–6, 212
in China, 21–22, 141–42
in India, 59
and soldier-Zen in Japan, 122, 125, 127
in Sri Lanka, 160
Notes on Important Words Selected for the Ordained and the Laity (Tserenjav), 94
not-killing, precept of, 17–19, 38, 44, 46nn4, 6, 141, 146, 216
nuns, 18, 22, 25, 27, 32, 219
response to Korean War, 131, 135–37, 139–42, 145–51, 153n7, 154n17, 156n49
Obeyesekere, Gananath, 160
Oda Nobunaga’s siege (1570–1580), 36