Buddhist Warfare
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Office of National Buddhism (Thailand), 184–85, 194
ogtchin alakh, 97
kubo Kichi, 119–20
“On Buddhist Patriotism” (Juzan), 141–42
Ordos Mongols, 91
Osaka, 36–37, 39
Otani sect, 37
pacifistic religion, Buddhism as, 3, 9, 14, 217
in China, 21–23
and Dalai Lama V, 78, 89n3
and Satyakaparivarta, 59, 68–71
and sermons to Sri Lankan soldiers, 159, 174n12
and soldier-Zen, 127
in Thailand, 193, 205, 215
Padmasabhava, 86–87, 217–18
Pli (Pali) tradition, 5, 63, 100, 121, 157, 164, 166, 179, 205n1
Pangoa army base/temple, 159, 161, 163, 165–66, 170
Panchen Lama, 148, 156n41
Pandita, Darpa, 94
parades, 131, 138–40, 145, 150, 154n17
prjika, 18–19, 21, 211, 220
Parasi’s army, 141–42
Pareto, Vilfredo, 38
Pascal, 18
Pasenadi, King, 11–12
patriarchal tradition, 219
patricide, 44–45, 55–56n138
patriotism, 6, 220
in China, 131–35, 138–52, 153nn4, 5, 155n34
in Japan, 47, 117, 127, 221
in Thailand, 193
Pattani province, 180, 188, 194–96, 198, 201–5
peasant monks/nuns, 35, 145–46
peasant uprisings, 21, 24, 26–27, 36, 221
People’s Bank, 148
People’s Liberation Army, 134
People’s Republic of China, 133–52, 153n7
Perfection of Wisdom, 22
‘Phags pa Bla ma, 92–93
Phra Eks, 188–90, 192–93, 205
Phra Kittiwuttho, 189–91
Phra Nirut, 185, 187
Pien-leang, 30–31
pirates, Japanese, 31–32, 227
Piyadasi, King, 21
Po Kiu-yi, 23
police, 190, 196–203
pork consumption, 202
Potala Palace, 80, 87
poverty, 12–13, 16n29, 66, 127
power, 13, 214, 217
and Dalai Lama V, 77–78, 81, 85–88
and legalized violence in Mongolia, 93, 96
Pozdneyev, 98
Pradyota, 63–64
Prajñparamit Hdaya stra, 114
pra (breath), 20
prayer flags, 27
Premasiri, P. D., 175n14
preventive war, 39, 213–14
prima facie obligations, 162, 165, 174n12, 212
punishment, 6
and legalized violence in Mongolia, 91, 93–101
and Satyakaparivarta, 59–60, 64–66, 71
Pure Land (Jdo) sect, 35–36, 53n94, 218
Pure Morality of People (Ard Tümnii Ariun Yoson), 94
Pure Victory Squadron, 30
Qianlong, Emperor, 96
Qing dynasty, 97, 132
Qingliang Temple, 150
Qubilai (Khubilai) Khan (1215–1294), 22, 31, 92–93
Rjaparikathratnaml, 101
Rmyaa (Ramayana), 5, 82–83
Ra sa ‘phrul snang Temple, 83
Rashipuntsag, 101
Ratanavasa, 171, 175n24
Ratnaka stra, 42–43
Ratnval, 61, 72n9
Real Law, 26, 38–42, 55–56n138
rebirth, 9, 19, 36, 47n16, 212
of the Buddha, 65, 67
of Duugämuu, 167, 169
of war dead, 157–58, 171
Records of Eminent Monks, 142
Red Cross, 32
redemptive karma, 19
reforms, 65, 132–33, 138
Regiment Day, 158
regional gaa-sanghas, 10
rehabilitation, 64, 100
religious freedom, 30, 43, 133–35, 144–45
removal of remorse (kauktya-vinodana), 44–45, 57n150
Renondeau, Gaston, 4, 17, 34–36, 39, 217
Republic Period (1912–1949), 132–33, 146
Resisting the United States and Assisting Korea Campaign, 138
retribution, 42–43, 71, 93, 97
revolts, Buddhist, 14, 24–30, 53n88
Reynolds, Craig, 185
Rinzai Zen sect, 105, 107, 111, 116, 118, 124
rNying ma school, 86–87
Rotman, Andy, 66
Russo-Japanese War (1904–1905), 191
Rygen, 39–40, 191, 227
Saddharmasmtyupasthna stra, 97
aivite inscriptions, 70
kyamuni Buddha, 10, 40
and Chinese Buddhists’ response to Korean War, 141–42, 145
and soldier-Zen, 108, 117–18, 121–22, 125–27
Sakyapa (Sa skya), 83, 92
salvation, 19, 21, 35, 45, 46n11
samdhi power, 115, 121–25, 122, 128
Sambuddha, 167
sasra, 213
Samuels, Jeffrey, 170, 176n37
samurai-Zen, 116, 118, 121
sangha. See monasticism, Buddhist
Sanskrit, 5–6, 15n7, 17, 20, 25, 44–45, 67, 100
ntideva, 60–61, 63–64, 68
ntiparvan, 67
Sarasvat, 215
Sarvstivdin avadna literature, 63, 66
Satyakaparivarta, 59–71, 71n1, 211
on karma, 64–70
on punishment, 59–60, 64–66
setting of, 61–64, 62
on warfare, 66–68
Satyavaca, 61–64, 62, 72n2
Schmithausen, Lambert, 60
School of Emptiness (nyavda), 42–43, 55n137
sDe srid Sangs rgyas rgya mtsho (1653–1705), 81, 85–86, 88
Sealed and Secret Biography (Dalai Lama V), 81, 86
secret societies, 32–33
self-immolation, 7, 14, 219
selflessness, 113, 117–21, 120
self-sacrifices
and bodhisattvas, 19–20, 68–70
and Chinese Buddhists’ response to Korean War, 131, 134–35, 140, 144, 152
and Dalai Lama V, 85
and Satyakaparivarta, 68–70
and soldier-Zen, 108–9, 111, 113, 116
and suicide, 7
sentimentality, 64
Serindia, 25, 38, 41
sermons, Buddhist, 4, 12, 157–73, 158, 176n33, 214–15
Setsen Khung Taiji (1540–1586), 91–93, 95
sexism, 219
sexual misconduct, 17–18, 125, 219
Seyya Jtaka, 65–66
shakhaa, 98
shamans, 6, 32, 91–92, 95, 215
Shambhala, 9, 222
Shandong region, 31
Shangchun, 150
Shanghai, 32, 138, 143, 147–48, 156n49
Shanxi province, 107
Shaolin monks, 215, 224n11
Shaoshi peak, 27–28
Shigatse, 79
Shingon sect, 35, 218
Shinran (1173–1262), 36, 227
Shin sect, 36–37, 54n106
Shinto god of war (Hachiman), 39
Shitenn-ji Temple, 39
sh, shen (private property), 34–35
Shgun Ashikaga Yoshimitsu (1358–1408), 124
Shmu, Emperor, 128
Shtoku Taishi, 39
Siamese Buddhism, 181, 206n9. See also Thai Buddhism
Siddhrtha Gautama (Siddhattha Gotama), 7, 10
iksamuccaya, 60–61, 64, 68
sla (la), 17, 157, 168. See also moral values
Slavasatissa, Ampiiy, 164–65
Sinhalese Buddhists, 4–5, 11–12, 128, 157–73, 158, 174nn2, 4, 190, 227
Sino-Japanese War, 32, 37–38, 54n108
Sirikit, Queen, 184, 187
Six Dynasties, 34
Sixth Sri Lankan Light Infantry (SLLI), 158, 165
skandha (aggregates), 20
skillful means (upya-kaualya), 9, 44, 125–26, 142–43, 152, 212
Smith, Jonathan Z., 5
Smith, W. D., 174n12
snakebite, 65
social consciousness, 7
social contract, 11–13, 16n29
socialism, 133, 135–36, 140, 145–46, 149, 151
soldier-monks, 4, 126
in China, 28–34, 146, 149–51, 156nn48, 49, 190–91
in India, 38–39
in Japan, 17, 34–37, 39–40, 191, 217, 221, 227
in Korea, 139, 191
in Mongolia, 99
in Sri Lanka, 8, 190, 193
in Thailand, 179–205, 186, 207n20, 227
soldiers. See also entries beginning with soldier
in China, 18, 23, 25–33, 131
interdiction against ordaining, 11, 183–85, 204–5
in Sri Lanka, 4, 11–12, 157–73, 158, 161, 167
soldier-Zen in Japan, 4, 13, 105–29, 191, 216, 227
background of, 106–16, 110, 112
non-self in action, 117–21, 120, 128
not Buddhism, 116–17, 124
samdhi power, 115, 121–25, 122, 128
violence and bodhisattva, 125–27
Song-chan, 27–29
Song dynasty, 30–31, 44
Song of the Queen of Spring: A Dynastic History (Dalai Lama V), 79–81, 84–86, 88, 89n12, 90n14
Songtsen Gampo, 218
Song Zixian, 26
St Zen sect, 105–6, 109, 116, 119, 125, 130n35
Soviet Union, 127–28, 137
spears, 21, 24
“spine method,” 96, 211–12
spirit figurines (onghons), 91
spiritual education (seishin kyiku), 120–21
r Mahbodhi Tree, 159
Sri Lankan Buddhism, 4, 7–8, 11–12, 14, 157–73, 158, 181, 190–91, 193, 214
and intentionality, 159, 164–73, 175n17, 176n37
and justifying warfare, 159–63, 161, 165–66, 169, 173–75nn12, 13, 213, 215
and karma, 159, 163–71, 167, 175nn15, 17, 24, 176n36, 214–15
rahbodhi shrine, 161, 167
Srinmo, 218
Srong btsan sgam po, King (617–649), 82, 85–87
sTag lung, 83
Stalin, 139
statecraft ideology, 4, 6, 9–13, 16nn24, 29
state-sanctioned violence, 9–10, 13, 16nn24, 29. See also wars/warfare
and Buddhist khans in Mongolia, 6, 12, 91–101
and sermons to Sri Lankan soldiers, 173
stealing, 17–18, 69, 79, 93, 97, 99, 125, 171
Study Society of Buddhists (Guangzhou), 148
Sudarsana, 164–65, 175n17
suffering, 15n5, 19–20, 23, 47n16
and Chinese Buddhists’ response to Korean War, 142–45
and militarization of Thai Buddhism, 180
and sermons to Sri Lankan soldiers, 162
and soldier-Zen, 116, 119, 125–27
Sugimoto Gor (1900–1937), 107–11, 110, 113–17, 124
suicide, 7, 15n12, 19, 46–47nn11–16, 48n19, 85, 224n11
Sui dynasty (581–617), 26–27, 190, 227
“Sun Lotus,” 36
superstition, religion as, 136
strasamuccaya, 60–61
Suvaraprabhsa, 215
Suzhou, 147
Suzuki, D. T., 113–15, 119, 213
Swearer, Donald, 194
swordsman, 113–14, 118–19
symbolic system, 14
and Dalai Lama V, 78, 81–82, 84, 86–87
of enlightened compassion, 59, 61
Symposium of Representatives of All Walks of Life in Hanzhou for Resisting America and Assisting Korea, 140
syncretism, 32, 33, 123–24, 217
Tabgatch, Wei, 24–25, 227
Taigi (Great Duty) (Sugimoto), 107, 116
Tai-hou Lake, 31
Tai prefecture, 31
Taiwan, 137, 139
T’ai-wou, Emperor, 24
Taixu, 132, 137–38
Taizong (627–649), 28
Takuan (1573–1645), 118–19
Tambiah, Stanley, 12, 16n24, 160, 181, 193
Tamils, 8, 128, 160, 164, 172, 176n36, 190
Tang chou, 29
Tang dynasty, 22–23, 26–30, 34–35, 38–39, 44–45, 52n75, 190, 227
Tang-hein, 26
Tanjur, 42
Tantric Buddhism, 22, 30, 38, 42, 62, 70, 96, 212, 214–17, 222–23
T’an-tsong, 28
Taoism, 21, 32, 37, 43, 56–57n144, 123–24
Tao-p’ing, 30
Tao-teng, 27
Trantha, 63
Tathgata, 65, 124
Taussig, Michael, 185
taxes, 22, 25, 28, 34, 64
Tch’ang-ngan, 24, 26, 30
Tchan masters, 37
Tche-kiue, 27
Tcheng, prince of, 27 Tchen-pao, 31
Tche-ts’ao, 28
Tche-yen, 46n4 Tchouang-tseu, 18
technological developments, 7
Tendai sect, 35, 37, 191, 223, 227
Tenryji siege (1345), 37
terrorism, 66, 188–89, 195–96, 199–200, 203–4, 211, 223
Thai Buddhism, 5–8, 12, 15n7, 34, 47n14, 214–15, 219–20
militarization of, 4, 14, 179–205, 186, 197, 205n1
Thai Chinese Buddhists, 194–96, 203, 205
Thai Military Service Act (1905), 184
Thaksin Shinawatra, 187
Than To district, 195
Thapar, Romila, 10
Theravda Buddhism, 7, 11, 64, 121–22, 125, 176n28, 183, 190–91, 205n1, 207n28
Thongchai Winichakul, 206n9
Thurman, Robert, 89n3
Tianjin, 147
Tibetan Buddhism, 7, 14, 21–22, 42, 156n41, 217–18, 225n15
and discourse of religious violence, 8, 13, 77–88, 89n11
and legalized violence in Mongolia, 92
and Satyakaparivarta, 61, 63, 67
Tibetan-Mongol war (1642), 4
Tiyavanich, Kamala, 181, 209n62
Tokugawa Regency, 36, 221
Tokyo subway, 8, 227
Tongyuan, 140
torture, 12–13, 29
in Mongolia, 97–98, 101, 211–12
and Satyakaparivarta, 59, 64–65, 68, 71
transcendence, 43, 82, 85, 116, 128, 140–41, 222
Tryastria Heaven, 100
“Treatise on Absolute Contemplation,” 123
Treatise on Securing the Peace of the Land through the Establishment of the Correct Buddhist Law (Nichiren), 40–41
Treatise on the Great Perfection of Wisdom, 19
Truman, Harry, 137
tsavchin alakh, 97
Tserenjav, 94
Tsiang Kiai-che army officers, 32 Ts’in, prince of, 28
Tsong kha pa (1357–1419), 61, 82, 84, 90n13
Tsong-yin, 30
Tso-tchouan, 39
Tsukamoto Zenry, 24–25 Tümeds, 91, 94
Tüshetü Khan, 95
Two Truths theory, 213, 217, 221
United Front, 133–35
United Nations Security Council, 137
United States, 7, 14, 131, 137–42, 145–47, 149, 152, 180, 199, 215
Upaniads, 62
uprisings. See revolts, Buddhist
Vaisa, King, 142
Vairavaa, 38–40, 215
Vajiravudh, King, 181, 209n62 Vajjians, 126
vajra, 61, 83, 94
Vajrapi, 61–63, 62, 73n13, 81, 215–16, 223
Vajrayna Buddhism, 183 Vakkali, 19
Vassakara, 121–22
vassals, 65–66
vegetarian lifestyle, 7, 215, 221
vermillion dye, 32
Victoria, Brian Daizen, 4, 9, 12, 13–14, 105–30, 213, 216, 219
Vietnam, 7, 14, 199, 219
Vijaya, 30
Vikirna, 30
Village Scouts (Thailand Border Patrol Police), 197
Vimaladhajja, 166–67, 172
Vinaya, 7, 10–11, 13, 18–20, 46–47nn11, 13, 14, 48n19, 212
and militarization of Thai Buddhism, 183, 185, 192
violence, 4, 9, 14, 211–23, 2
25n15. See also wars/warfare
in China, 141–42, 190
defined, 6–7, 217
in Mongolia, 91–101, 211
and Satyakaparivarta, 59–60, 62–64, 66–71, 211
and soldier-Zen in Japan, 105–6, 125–28
in Sri Lanka, 160, 171–72, 190
in Thailand, 179–205, 207n28, 220
in Tibet, 77–88, 90n14, 211
Vipuladhamma, 168–69
visions, 81, 86
Voltairean tradition, 38
Wallace, Vesna A., 4, 6, 12, 91–103, 211–13, 215, 219–20, 222
Walpola Rahula, Bhikkhu, 18, 118, 216
Wang Che-tch’ong, 27–28
Wan-ngan monks, 31
“Warring States period” (Sengoku-jidai), 36, 191, 227
warrior caste, 10, 67–68
wars/warfare, 14, 212, 216, 227
of aggression, 67
Anti-Japanese War (1937–1945), 138, 142
Asia-Pacific War (1937–1945), 107, 110, 111, 112, 114, 119–20, 120, 122, 123
and China, 4, 14, 22–31, 131–32, 137–52, 227
of conquest, 69–70
defensive war, 39, 67
defined, 6, 8–9, 217
and Japan, 33, 36, 39, 105–29, 110, 112, 120, 122, 138, 142, 191, 227
and Korea, 4, 14, 131, 137–52, 227
preventive war, 39, 213–14
Russo-Japanese War (1904–1905), 191
and Satyakaparivarta, 66–71
and Sri Lanka, 12, 157–73, 175n14
in Thailand, 227
and Tibet, 77–88, 227
Vietnam, 7, 14, 199, 219
World War II, 13, 32, 38, 137, 197, 209n62, 220
Wat Chang Hai, 195–96, 201, 203–4
Wat Kaanai, 194
Wat Nirotsangkatham, 193, 195–96, 203
weapons, 16n29, 32, 35, 37–39, 43
in Mongolia, 99
and Satyakaparivarta, 59, 61, 65
and soldier-Zen in Japan, 108, 113–14, 118–19
in Sri Lanka, 163–65, 169, 171, 175n27, 193
in Thailand, 180, 184–85, 186, 188–89, 192–93, 198, 200–201, 205
“wego,” 117, 127
Wei dynasty, 24–26, 30, 227
Welch, Holmes, 133, 151, 153n3, 154n15
Wen-tsong, Emperor, 23, 128
“Wheel of Dharma” era, 27
White Cloud sect, 32
White History of the Tenfold Virtuous Dharma, 92–93, 95
White Lotus sect, 32, 53n92
“The White Raven,” 26
Wikremeratne, Ananda, 160
Wild Tigers Corps, 181
winyan, 6, 15n7
World War II, 13, 32, 38, 137, 197, 209n62, 220. See also Anti-Japanese War; Asia-Pacific War
Wou, Empress, 44–45
Wuhan, 140
Wutai shan region, 31
Wu Yunhen, 150
Xiandai foxue, 131, 141–43, 145–46, 154n15, 156nn48, 49
Xiang Haiming, 26
Xindao, 145
Xining, 148
Xiuquan, 154n17
Yagy Tajima no Kami Munenori (1571–1646), 118
Yala province, 180, 187–88, 193–95
Yama, 65, 94, 97, 220