TN: Charles-Marie Gustave Le Bon (7th May, 1841–13th December, 1931) was a French polymath whose areas of interest included anthropology, psychology, sociology, medicine, invention, and physics.
[←458 ]
TN: The World in Revolt — A Psychological Study of Our Times.
[←459 ]
TN: Alexandre Sanguinetti (27th March, 1913–9th October, 1980) was a French politician who contributed to the return of Charles de Gaulle in response to the May 1958 crisis.
[←460 ]
TN: A New Resistance.
[←461 ]
TN: The Psychology of Socialism.
[←462 ]
TN: Georges Jean Raymond Pompidou (5th July, 1911–2nd April, 1974) was Prime Minister of France from 1962 to 1968 — the longest tenure in the position’s history — and later became President of the French Republic from 1969 until his death in 1974.
[←463 ]
TN: The Gordian Knot.
[←464 ]
TN: The French Revolution and the Psychology of Revolutions.
[←465 ]
TN: Niccolò di Bernardo dei Machiavelli (3rd May, 1469–21st June, 1527) was an Italian diplomat, politician, historian, philosopher, humanist and writer of the Renaissance period.
[←466 ]
TN: Rudolf Stadelmann (23rd April, 1902–17th August, 1949) was a German historian.
[←467 ]
TN: Heinrich Gotthard von Treitschke (15th September, 1834–28th April, 1896) was a German historian, political author and National Liberal member of the Reichstag at the time of the German Empire. An outspoken nationalist, he favoured German colonialism and opposed the British Empire.
[←468 ]
TN: The Grandeur and Misery of French Individualism Throughout History.
[←469 ]
TN: French Evil.
[←470 ]
TN: Alain Peyrefitte (26th August, 1925–27th November, 1999) was a French scholar, politician and a confidant of Charles De Gaulle. He had a prolonged career in public service, serving as a diplomat in both Germany and Poland.
[←471 ]
TN: Known as Erasmus or Erasmus of Rotterdam, Desiderius Erasmus Roterodamus (28th October, 1466–12th July, 1536) was a Dutch Christian Humanist and the greatest scholar of the northern Renaissance.
[←472 ]
TN: We want to live in this land! We shall keep the Larzac!
[←473 ]
TN: Marie-Henri Beyle (23rd January, 1783–23rd March, 1842), known as Stendhal, was a 19th-century French author. His most famous novel is Le rouge et le noir (The Red and the Black).
[←474 ]
TN: Henri Espieux or Enric Espieut (1923–1971) was a French author and poet who expressed himself in Occitan.
[←475 ]
TN: The Little Book of Occitania.
[←476 ]
TN: Widely known as Saint Sidonius Apollinaris, Gaius Sollius Modestus Apollinaris Sidonius, (5th November of an unknown year, c. 430–August 489 AD) was a poet, diplomat and bishop and is often considered ‘the single most important surviving author of fifth-century Gaul’.
[←477 ]
TN: Robèrt Lafont (16th March, 1923–24th June, 2009) was an Occitan intellectual from Provence. He was a linguist, an author, a historian, a literature expert and a political theoretician.
[←478 ]
TN: Pierre Bec or, in Occitan, Pèire Bèc (11th December, 1921–30th June, 2014) was a French Occitan language poet and linguist.
[←479 ]
TN: A New Anthology of Occitan Medieval Lyricism.
[←480 ]
TN: The History of Occitan Literature.
[←481 ]
TN: Born in 1934, Jeffrey Burton Russell is an American historian and religious studies scholar.
[←482 ]
TN: Born on 7th August, 1928, Michel Roquebert is a French author and historian.
[←483 ]
TN: Philippe-Auguste, or Philip II, was the seventh king of the Capetian dynasty (1180–1223).
[←484 ]
TN: Those that are from the region of Champagne.
[←485 ]
TN: ‘Germanic people’ in mediaeval Latin.
[←486 ]
TN: Louis IX (25th April, 1214–25th August, 1270), commonly known as ‘Saint Louis’, was King of France, the ninth from the House of Capet, and is a canonised Catholic and Anglican saint.
[←487 ]
TN: Blanche of Castile (4th March, 1188–27th November, 1252) was Queen of France by marriage to Louis VIII, acting as regent twice during her son’s reign.
[←488 ]
TN: Puy is a geological term used locally in the Auvergne, France in reference to a volcanic hill.
[←489 ]
TN: A French author.
[←490 ]
TN: The ‘Place of the Burned’. Alternatively, Prat dels Cremats is used instead, referring to the ‘Field of the Burned’ (in Occitan).
[←491 ]
TN: Leys d’amors (‘Laws of Love’) is a long Occitan treatise codifying rhetoric, prosody, and grammar, produced by Guilhem Molinier of Toulouse and his collaborators not during the 13th but the 14th century, in imitation of 12th and 13th century troubadours.
[←492 ]
TN: Floral Games were any of a series of historically related poetry contests with floral prizes. Initially, the floral games were intended to keep alive the poetic language and style of the Occitan troubadours but, in time, this aim was forgotten.
[←493 ]
TN: Jeanne d’Albret (16th November, 1528–9th June, 1572), also known as Jeanne III, was the queen regnant of Navarre from 1555 to 1572. She married Antoine de Bourbon, Duke of Vendôme, and was the mother of Henry of Bourbon, who became King Henry III of Navarre and King Henry IV, the first Bourbon king of France.
[←494 ]
TN: Signed in April 1598 by King Henry IV of France, the Edict of Nantes granted the Calvinist Protestants of France (also known as Huguenots) substantial rights in the nation, which was still considered essentially Catholic at the time. The purpose was to promote civil unity.
[←495 ]
TN: The Dragonnades were a French government policy instituted in 1681 by King Louis XIV, the so-called Sun King, to intimidate Huguenot families into either leaving France or converting to Catholicism.
[←496 ]
TN: Jean Racine (22nd December, 1639–21st April, 1699), was a French dramatist, one of the three great playwrights of 17th-century France (along with Molière and Corneille), and an important literary figure in the Western tradition.
[←497 ]
TN: Charles-Louis de Secondat, Baron de La Brède et de Montesquieu (18th January, 1689–10th February, 1755), generally referred to simply as Montesquieu, was a French judge, man of letters, and political philosopher.
[←498 ]
TN: André Dupuy (31st October, 1928–17th March, 2018) was a French historian.
[←499 ]
TN: Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès (3rd May, 1748–20th June, 1836), most commonly known as Abbé Sieyès, was a French Roman Catholic Abbé, clergyman and political author, as well as one of the chief political theorists of the French Revolution.
[←500 ]
TN: Patois is speech or language that is considered nonstandard, although the term is not formally defined in linguistics.
[←501 ]
TN: The Jacobin Club was one of several organisations that grew out of the French Revolution. It was distinguished for its left-wing, revolutionary politics. Because of this, the Jacobins, unlike other sects such as the Girondins, were closely allied to the sans-culottes, who were a popular force of working-class Parisians that played a pivotal role in the development of the Revolution.
[←502 ]
TN: The Mountain (French: La Montagne) was a political group during the French Revolution whose members, called Montagnards, sat on the highest benches in the National Assembly.
[←503 ]
TN
: The Girondins were members of a loosely-knit political faction during the French Revolution and initially part of the Jacobin movement, along with the Montagnards.
[←504 ]
TN: Southern League.
[←505 ]
TN: Born Isaac Louis Gaston, Gaston Crémieux (22nd June, 1836–30th November, 1871) was a lawyer, a journalist and a French author. He is famous for having stood up in defence of poor people.
[←506 ]
TN: Hippolyte Adolphe Taine (21st April, 1828–5th March, 1893) was a French critic, historian, the main theoretical influence of French naturalism, a major proponent of sociological positivism and one of the first practitioners of historicist criticism.
[←507 ]
TN: Travel Notebook.
[←508 ]
TN: Jules Michelet (21st August, 1798–9th February, 1874) was a French historian.
[←509 ]
TN: A Description of France.
[←510 ]
TN: Georges Benjamin Clémenceau (28th September, 1841–24th November, 1929) was a French physician, journalist and politician who went on to become Prime Minister of France during the First World War.
[←511 ]
TN: Gaston Mardochée Brunswick, better known by his pseudonym Montéhus (9th July, 1872–December 1952), was a French singer and songwriter.
[←512 ]
TN: Hail to thee, hail to thee, oh soldiers of the 17th!
[←513 ]
TN: Frédéric Mistral (8th September, 1830–25th March, 1914) was a French author and lexicographer of the Occitan language who won the 1904 Nobel Prize in Literature.
[←514 ]
TN: Gaston Bonheur is the pseudonym of Gaston Tesseyre (27th November, 1913–4th September, 1980), a French journalist and writer who achieved great fame for having written the screenplay for the 1955 film version of ‘Lady Chatterley’s Lover’.
[←515 ]
TN: Simone Weil (3rd February, 1909–24th August, 1943) was a French philosopher, mystic, and political activist.
[←516 ]
TN: Deep-Rootedness.
[←517 ]
TN: The Maquis was the French Resistance movement during the German occupation (1940–45).
[←518 ]
TN: Guy Héraud (29th October, 1920–December 2003) was a French politician and lawyer.
[←519 ]
TN: The Europe of Ethnicities.
[←520 ]
TN: Born on 1st February, 1944, Michel Le Bris is a French author.
[←521 ]
TN: The Occitan Demand.
[←522 ]
TN: François Maurice Adrien Marie Mitterrand (26th October, 1916–8th January, 1996) was a French statesman who served as President of France from 1981 to 1995, the longest time in office in French history.
[←523 ]
TN: Michel Grosclaude (1926–2002) was a French philosopher and linguist, in addition to authoring works on grammar, lexicography and Occitan onomastics.
[←524 ]
TN: Philippe Sénart (1922–2013) was a French chronicler, journalist and historian.
[←525 ]
TN: Jean Cassou (9th July, 1897–16th January, 1986) was a French author, art critic, poet, member of the French Resistance during World War II and the first Director of the Musée national d’Art moderne in Paris.
[←526 ]
TN: The Félibrige is a literary and cultural association established by Frédéric Mistral and other Provençal writers to defend and promote the Provençal language and literature.
[←527 ]
TN: It would seem that the word ‘capiscol’ relates to the dean of a chapter or religious body.
[←528 ]
TN: High-ranking officials.
[←529 ]
TN: The grandmaster of the Félibrige.
[←530 ]
TN: A gardian is a mounted cattle herdsman in the Camargue delta in Provence, southern France.
[←531 ]
TN: The Coupo Santo (Holy Cup), in full La Cansoun de la Coupo (The Song of the Cup), is the anthem of Provence, sung in Provençal, one of six Occitan dialects. It refers to a silver chalice the Catalan félibres offered their Provençal counterparts on 30th July, 1867 during a banquet held in Avignon to thank them for hiding Victor Balaguer, a poet from Barcelona who’d sought political asylum out of Spain. The cup is traditionally entrusted to the capolièr (‘capoulié’), who presides over the Félibrige.
[←532 ]
TN: Saint James the Moor-slayer (Spanish: Santiago Matamoros) is the name given to the representation of the apostle James, son of Zebedee, as a legendary, miraculous figure who appeared at the equally legendary Battle of Clavijo, helping the Christians conquer the Muslim Moors. The story was invented centuries after the alleged battle is said to have taken place.
[←533 ]
TN: Marius and Olive are two fearless friends whose imaginary adventures are popular in France.
[←534 ]
TN: Tartarin of Tarascon is a novel written by the French author Alphonse Daudet in 1872. In it, Tartarin’s gullibility causes him to experience many misadventures until his return home, penniless but covered in glory (after shooting a tame, blind lion).
[←535 ]
TN: René Nelli or, in Occitan, Renat Nelli (1906–1982) was one of the major Occitan authors of the 20th century.
[←536 ]
TN: The Occitan Sentence.
[←537 ]
TN: Mistral, or the Illusion.
[←538 ]
TN: Provençal Phonetics.
[←539 ]
TN: The Regionalist Revolution.
[←540 ]
TN: On France.
[←541 ]
TN: The Rebirth of the South.
[←542 ]
TN: Keys for Occitania.
[←543 ]
TN: An Occitan’s Open Letter to the French.
[←544 ]
TN: The National Liberation Front (French: Front de libération nationale, FLN) is a socialist political party in Algeria. It was the principal nationalist movement during the Algerian War and the sole legal and ruling political party of the Algerian state until the legalisation of other parties in 1989.
[←545 ]
TN: Decolonising the Province.
[←546 ]
TN: Occitan Struggle.
[←547 ]
TN: The Anarchist-Communist Federation of Occitania.
[←548 ]
TN: The Catalan Left.
[←549 ]
TN: Regional Catalan Action.
[←550 ]
TN: New Occitania.
[←551 ]
TN: The Champ de Mars (English: Field of Mars) is a large public greenspace in Paris, France, located in the seventh arrondissement, between the Eiffel Tower to the northwest and the École Militaire to the southeast.
[←552 ]
TN: Franc-Tireurs et Partisans members.
[←553 ]
TN: Born on 20th June, 1947, Richard Roudier is a now famous for his political role.
[←554 ]
TN: Jean-Louis Lin was an Occitan militant and revolutionary who later died under rather bizarre circumstances.
[←555 ]
TN: What Is It that Draws Autonomist Crowds?
[←556 ]
TN: Occitania: We Want to Live!
[←557 ]
TN: Born Joseph André Jacques Régis Crampes, Jacques Chancel (2nd July, 1928–23rd December, 2014) was a French journalist and author.
[←558 ]
TN: Literally, ‘Head to Head’.
Controversies and Viewpoints Page 48