The Ideological Origins of the American Revolution
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Aristocracy, 65, 70, 300; federalists and, 334. See also Nobility
Aristotle, 23, 70
Army, standing: fear of, 36, 48, 61–63, 65, 84, 112–119; antifederalists and, 339–340, 341, 343, 348; federalists and, 354–358, 377. See also Trenchard, Argument; Militia
Articles of Confederation, 351
Ashfield, Mass., 265, 266
Asia, 79, 135, 138
Assemblies: representation in, 164–165; and internal government, 204, 210–219; proposals for reconstitution of, 286–299; power of, 306–307. See also Government
Athens, 66, 282
Augusta County, Va., 259, 306–307
Aurelius, Marcus, 24
Authority, civil: obedience to, 92–93, 304–307. See also Government
Backus, Isaac: on religious establishment, 262–263, 265–267; Letter to a Gentleman, 263; Seasonable Plea, 263; Appeal to the Public, 266–267; and civil disobedience, 305–306; Fish Caught, 306
Bacon, Sir Francis, 22, 30, 45, 199; Calvin’s Case, 225
Baldwin, Ebenezer: Appendix, 104, 121, 129–130; on ministerial conspiracy, 129–130; Duty of Rejoicing, 141
Baptists, 255, 257, 260, 305; protest of, against religious establishment, 261–271; invasion of Continental Congress by, 268–269; and civil disobedience, 305. See also Allen, John; Backus, Isaac
Barnard, Edward, Sermon, 284
Baron, Richard, 40, 58
Barrington, Daines, Observations on the More Ancient Statutes, 31
Battle of Brooklyn, 17
Beard, Charles, 326
Beccaria, Cesare, 27, 29, 150, 348
Belknap, Jeremy, 157
Bentley, Richard, 23
Bernard, Sir Francis, 109, 207, 279; and Stamp Act, 112; and presumed conspiracy, 122–123, 151; Letters, 277; Copies of Letters, 277, 284; on colonial nobility, 278; Select Letters, 279
Berwick, Mass., 265
Bible, 10, 127, 238, 240, 315
Bill(s) of rights, 349–351
Birmingham, England, 169
Blackstone, Sir William, 31, 174, 229; on representation, 171; Commentaries, 171, 177, 186, 201; on sovereignty of Parliament, 201–202
Bland, Richard, 8; dispute with John Camm, 5, 252–253; literary style of, 11, 15; Colonel Dismounted, 11, 64, 176, 181, 212; Inquiry, 32, 58, 81, 168, 308; on rights, 58, 307; on Saxons, 82; on constitutions, 176; on internal and external government, 210–211; and slavery, 235; on religious establishment, 252–253, 258; Letter to Clergy, 254. See also Two-Penny Acts
Bodin, Jean, 198
Bolingbroke, Viscount, see St. John, Henry
Bollan, William: on corruption in England, 133; Epistle from Timolean, 135
Bolton, Mass., 265
Bonham’s Case, see Coke, Sir Edward
Boston, 10, 44, 87, 111, 115, 119, 126, 133, 237; town meeting of, 60, 94, 107, 113, 117, 121; troops in, 112, 114, 116
Boston Evening Post, 64, 115, 239
Boston Gazette, 44, 57, 64, 69, 72, 76, 87, 98, 104, 235
Boston Massacre, 116, 129, 240; orations commemorating, 4, 6, 7
Boston Port Act, 118
Boston Tea Party, 4, 118, 152
Boucher, Jonathan, 38, 318; “On Civil Liberty, Passive Obedience, and Nonresistance,” 29, 301, 314–318; Letter from a Virginian, 61, 219; View of the Causes, 157, 282; and civil disobedience, 314–315; on equality, 316–318
Bowdoin, James, 116, 368; Short Narrative, 129
Bracton, Henry de, 30
Bradbury, Thomas, The Ass, 131
Brady, Robert, 31, 82
Braxton, Carter: Address, 66, 124, 143, 291, 292; constitutional ideas of, 291–292
Brown, Dr. John, Estimate of the Manners, 87
“Brutus” (pseud.), 330, 335–337, 339–340, 347–348, 358
Brutus, Marcus Junius, 26
Bryan, Samuel, 333
Burgh, James, 132; Political Disquisitions, 40, 41, 344; Britain’s Remembrancer, 40, 86, 87
Burk, John Daly, 157
Burke, Edmund, 147, 163, 169, 315; Thoughts on the Present Discontents, 134, 146; on conspiracy, 146, 158–159; on representation, 163
Burlamaqui, Jean Jacques, 27, 28, 29; on internal and external obligations, 210
Burnet, Bishop Gilbert, 45
Bute, Earl of, see Stuart, John
Butler, Bishop Joseph, 315
Caesar, Julius, 24
Caldwell, David, 340
Caligula, 131
Calvin’s Case, see Coke, Sir Edward; Bacon, Sir Francis
Cambridge, Mass., 96, 254, 255
Camden, Earl of, see Pratt, Charles
Camm, John: dispute with Richard Bland, 5, 252–253; Critical Remarks, 11, 236; on slavery, 235–236; on religious establishment, 154–155, 252–253; Single and Distinct View, 254. See also Two-Penny Acts
Canada, 84, 126, 155, 280
Care, Henry, English Liberties, 44
Carlisle Commission, 227
Carmichael, John, Self-Defensive War Lawful, 6–7
Carroll, Charles (Sr.), 56, 82, 91–92, 213
Carroll, Charles, of Carrollton, 91–92, 131, 132, 137
Carter, Landon, 252
Carthage, 282
Cartwright, John, 41
Cassius Longinus, C., 26
“Cato” (pseud. of New York writer), 346–347, 348. See also Addison
Cato, M. Porcius, 24
Cato’s Letters, see Trenchard
“Centinel” (pseud. of S. Bryan), 333, 333–334
Chalmers, James: and enlightenment authors, 29; Plain Truth, 29, 66, 248, 287, 288; Additions to Plain Truth, 85, 282
Champion, Judah, Brief View, 83
Chandler, Thomas Bradbury, 318; American Querist, 11, 12, 15, 313; What Think Ye, 184, 226, 281; on rights, 188; on sovereignty, 226; on colonial nobility, 281; on obedience to authority, 313–314; Friendly Address, 313, 314
Chaplin, Ebenezer, The Civil State Compared to Rivers, 9, 15
Charles I, 28, 29, 53, 118, 145, 200; His Majesties Answer, 71
Charles II, 121
Charters, as written constitutions, 191–193
Checks and balances, 323, 324; Henry (P.) on, 345–346; “Americanus” (Stevens) on, 363–364; federalists’ reliance on, 368–369, 369, 371
Church, Benjamin, Massacre Oration, 169
Church of England: Hoadly and, 38–39; desire of, to become established in colonies, 95–98; establishment of, 248–249; in Virginia, 251–253; and Mayhew-Apthorp controversy, 254–257. See also Society for the Propagation of the Gospel
Cicero, Marcus Tullius, 23, 24, 25, 26
“Cincinnatus” (pseud.), 342
Civil disobedience, see Authority, civil
Classics, use of by pamphleteers, 23–26
Coercive Acts, 4, 126, 148
Coke, Sir Edward, 43, 54, 171, 177, 179, 180, 201; citation of, by colonists, 30–31; and Bonham’s Case, 177; and Calvin’s Case, 225
Colden, Cadwallader, Philip Livingston on, 127
College of Philadelphia, 311
College of Rhode Island, 269
Collinson, Peter, 89
Colonies, American (British): special role of, in history, 83–84, 138–143, 160–161; contrasted with England, 83–86; misrepresentation of, 99–100; and Parliamentary sovereignty, 202–229; socio-constitutional balance in, 274–301, 307–311; attitudes to authority in, 301 ff. See also Independence; Parliament; Representation; Rights; Taxes; and individual colonies by name
Common law: influence of, on colonists, 30–31; and natural rights, 76–79
Commons, 70, 274; role of, in execution of laws, 73–74; representation of, 163–164. See also Democracy
Commons, House of, see Parliament
Compleat History of the Turks, A, 63
“Concise View of the Principles of the Constitution,” 190, 229
Conduct of Cadwallader Colden, The, 107
Congregationalism, 96, 249, 255, 257, 261–262, 305; and slavery, 242–245; and religious establishment, 24
9, 261–271; and civil disobedience, 305
Congress (U.S.), 332, 338, 341
Connecticut, 6, 119, 129, 212; charter of, 191; and slave trade, 245; and religious establishment, 248–249; ratifying convention, 359
Considerations upon the Act of Parliament, 238
Conspiracy: fear of, in colonies, 86, 88–89, 95, 119–120, 144–150; on part of Church of England, 95–99; and Stamp Act, 99–102; and customs commissioners, 102–103; and tenure of judges, 105–106; and plural officeholding, 109–110; and standing army, 112–115; colonists’ explanation of, 119 ff.; presumed ministerial origins of, 77–80, 124–131, 145–149; and Book of Esther, 127; fear of, in England, 145–148; presumed, on part of colonists, 150–159; antifederalists and, 333–334
Constitution, British, 129, 287; colonial views of, 66–77, 175, 180–184, 273, 285–287, 296; balance of powers in, 70–77; Saxon origins of, 80–82; and Mass. Government Act, 119; compared with Virginia’s, 276. See also Common law; Parliament; Rights
Constitution, U.S., 321–322, 324–376 passim; antifederalists’ objections to, 331–351, 376; federalists support, 351–379
Constitutional Convention (Philadelphia, 1787), 376
Constitutions: colonial ideas of, 176–189; as written, 190–193, 324
Constitutions, state: and development of constitutional thought, 230–232, 299–301; proposals for, in Virginia, 291–293; proposals for, in Pennsylvania, 294–299; of American states, 324
Continental Congress, 4, 11, 126, 136, 150, 173, 198, 223, 240; denial of conspiracy, 153–155; and abolition of slave trade, 245–246; Baptist invasion of, 268–269
Cooke, Samuel, 247; Sermon, 12, 183, 192, 239
Coombe, Thomas, Sermon, 140
Cooper, Samuel, 210
Corbin, Francis, 356, 361, 368
Corruption in government: efforts to prevent, 330–331; antifederalists and, 345–347, 368; federalists and, 369–370, 378–379
Corsica, 66
Cosby, William, 88
Councils, colonial, role of, 275–279
Coxe, Tench, 334, 354–355, 377
Craftsman, The, see St. John
Cromwell, Oliver, 29, 287
Crown, British, 106, 274, 300; constitutional role of, 73; ill feeling toward appointments by, 102 ff., 276–279; and presumed conspiracy to subvert colonial liberty, 122–130; supremacy of, over colonies, 202 ff. See also Constitution, British; Power
Curtius Rufus, Q., 24
Customs: Commissioners of, 102–105; regulations and officers, 343
Dana, Edmund, 102
Dana, James, 83
Danbury, Conn., 129
Dartmouth, Lord, see Legge, William
Davies, Samuel, 251
Debt, national, 335
Declaration … for Taking up Arms, 126
Declaration of Independence, 14, 152–153, 155, 156, 237, 246
Declaratory Act, 202, 227
Defoe, Daniel, 8, 13; Shortest Way with the Dissenters, 13
Delaware, 150, 194, 245
Delolme, John Louis, 27
Democracy, 70, 278, 282–284, 300, 301; in America, and virtue, 372–373. See also Commons; Constitution, British
“Democratic Federalist” (pseud.), 339
Demosthenes, 171
Denmark, 65, 79, 113. See also Molesworth, Robert
Devotion, Ebenezer, Examiner Examined, 168
Dialogue Between the Ghost of General Montgomery … and An American Delegate, 12
Dialogue Between a Southern Delegate and His Spouse, 12
Dickinson, John, 8, 11, 58, 82, 123, 129, 130, 370; Essay on the Constitutional Power, 23, 58, 170, 223, 226, 227; scholarship of, 23, 26; Farmer’s Letters, 37, 42, 63, 64, 75, 102, 104, 145, 215, 232–233, 238, 283, 337, 344; Speech Delivered … 1764, 39, 187, 192; on rights, 77, 187; Address to … Barbados.…, 78, 187; views of England, 89–91, 137; on ministerial conspiracy, 100–101, 119–120, 145; Late Regulations, 121; “Address to the Inhabitants of the Colonies,” 153–155, 173; on charters, 187, 192; constitutional views of, 215–216, 223, 226, 283; on colonies and state of slavery, 232–233
Dilly, Edmund, 135
Dio Cassius Cocceianus, 24
Divine right, see Crown, British
Documentary History of the Ratification of the Constitution, 326
Doddridge, Philip, 40
Douglass, William: Summary, Historical and Political, 75, 165; on qualifications for legislators, 165
Dougliad, The, 279
Downer, Silas, Discourse, 104, 187, 217, 238
Drayton, William, 17; Letter from Freeman, 64, 107, 110, 279, 280, 284; Charge, 137; on colonial nobility, 279–280; on democracy, 283
Duché, Jacob, 315
Dulany, Daniel (Sr.), Right of the Inhabitants, 43–44
Dulany, Daniel (Jr.), 28, 42, 144; Considerations, 60–61, 66, 67, 79, 168, 171, 212, 215; on power, 60; on representation, 167; on distinction between external and internal authority, 211–212, 215
Dunk, George Montagu, 3rd Earl of Halifax, 151
East India Company, 132
Eclipse, The, 233
Economic basis of politics, 324–325
Economic growth, American, 351–352
Economic Interpretation of the Constitution (Beard), 326
Edes, Peter, [Massacre] Orations Delivered at the Request of Inhabitants, 6
Edwards, Jonathan, 243
Egypt, 63
Elections, Congressional, 332, 338
Eliot, Andrew, 283; Sermon, 6, 59, 93, 181, 283, 308; correspondence with Hollis, 35, 40, 99, 104, 114, 115, 116, 120, 123, 126, 131, 132, 141, 189, 263, 264, 266; on standing army, 114, 116; on conspiracy against colonies, 120–121, 123; on England, 125, 131; on religious establishment, 263–264
Eliot, Sir John, 201
Elliot, Jonathan, 326
Ellsworth, Oliver, 322, 329, 359; “Landholder” essays, 328
Empire: concept of, 76
England, 38, 41, 42, 51, 52, 110, 111, 238, 296; corruption in, 46–51, 85–92, 130–138; elections in, 47–49, 89–90; nature of radicalism in, 47, 283–284; history of liberty in, 66 ff., 79–80; colonists’ view of, 86–93, 95, 128–138; origins of supposed conspiracy in, 119 ff.; compared with Rome, 135–136; fear of conspiracy in, 145–148; Civil War in, 198. See also Church of England; Constitution, British; Crown, British; Customs, Commissioners of; Glorious Revolution; Great Britain; Normans; Parliament; Whigs, English; and kings by name
Enlightenment, European, 26–30
Epictetus, 24
Episcopacy, see Church of England
Equality, 307, 316–317, 318
Essay of a Frame of Government for Pennsylvania, 296
Establishment, religious: fear of Episcopal, 95–98; in colonies, 247–249; early protests against, 249–251; and constitutional thought, 251–252; and Two-Penny Acts, 252–254; and Mayhew-Apthorp controversy, 156–158, 254–257; protests against by radical sectarians, 257–271
Esther (Biblical), 127
Euripides, 24
Europe, 79
External government, see Government
External taxes, see Taxes
Faction, supposed designs of, in colonies, 150–157; and interest, 363–364, 366–367, 367–368; Webster on, 373. See also Conspiracy
Fairfax, Bryan, 121
Fairfax Resolves, 120
Farmington, Conn., 125, 242
Federal Farmer, 326, 349, 350–351
Federalism, 351–379
Federalist papers, 61, 282, 301, 326; contemporary responses to, 327–328, 328–329; on models for American form of government, 353–354; on standing army, 356–357; on extensive republic, 359, 362; on dual sovereignty, 365–366, 377–378; on virtue and republican government, 368–371; on judicial review, 330; twentieth-century attention to, 329
Federalist X (Madison): antecedents of, 329, 363, 367–368; on factionalism, 367–368
Federalists, 351–379; writings of, 326–327; and loyalists (linked by antifederalist
s), 332; on standing army, 354–357, 377; on size of republic, 360–368; on virtue and republican government, 368–376, 378. See also Federalist papers
Filmer, Robert, 27, 28, 201, 311; on sovereignty, 199
Findley, William, 337n
First Book of … American Chronicles, 10, 15
Fish, Elisha, Joy and Gladness, 127
Fitch, Thomas, Reasons Why, 192, 212
Flanders, 66
Ford, P. L., 326
Foreign relations, American, 324–325
Fortescue, Sir John, 30
Foster, Dan, Short Essay, 33
Foster, Sir Michael, 31
Fothergill, Dr. John, 149
Four Letters on Interesting Subjects, 74, 129, 172, 183, 189, 299, 308; on constitutions, 182–183; on structure of government, 298
Fowle, Daniel, Appendix to the … Eclipse of Liberty, 165
France, 66, 129, 238, 305; despotism in, 63, 66, 79, 118
Franklin, Benjamin, 43, 87, 102, 127, 149, 214, 215, 333; as writer, 13; and European Enlightenment, 27; on corruption in England, 88–89, 130, 136; on placemen, 102; and distinction between external and internal taxes, 213–215, 337
Franklin, James, 43, 44
Freedom, see Liberty
French Revolution, 19, 38, 314
Gaius, 24
Galba, Servius Sulpicius, 131, 132
Galloway, Joseph, 136, 156, 187, 280, 335; and Enlightenment authors, 29; Candid Examination, 30, 143; on corruption in England, 137; Historical and Political Reflections, 157; A Reply, 157, 223; on sovereignty, 223, 226; Plan of Union, 226
Garth, Charles, 166
Gay, John, 49
Genoa, 66
Genuine Principles of the Ancient Saxon … Constitution, 61, 183–184, 297
George I, 133
George II, 38, 106
George III, 82, 124, 134, 145–146, 147, 156, 224, 226, 303, 304; on presumed conspiracy in the colonies, 152–153
Georgia, 248
Georgia (Russia), 66
Germany, 79, 138
Gerry, Elbridge, 322
Gilbert, Sir Geoffrey, 31
Glorious Revolution, 35, 46, 52, 81, 105, 123, 132, 147, 173, 201
Goldsboro (Goldesborough), John, Reports, 31
Gordon, Thomas, 39, 40, 45, 133; translation of Tacitus, 22, 42, 43, 45; Cato’s Letters, 22, 36, 37, 39, 40, 43, 44, 45, 48–49, 52, 53, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 64, 68, 77, 80, 86, 132, 137, 283–284; influence on colonists, 35–36, 44, 53; Independent Whig, 36, 43, 45, 53; translation of Sallust, 42, 137