The Ideological Origins of the American Revolution
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Gordon, William, Discourse, 104
Government: by consent of governed, 172–174; and balance of powers, 72, 273–281, 284–301; and control of factions, 273, 300; qualifications for leaders of, 309–311; distinction between internal and external spheres of, 209–219; and equality, 316–318; American forms of, 330–379 passim. See also Authority, civil
Graves, Henry, 213
Graves, William, 132
Great Awakening, 249
Great Britain, 131, 278, 313, 314. See also Church of England; Constitution, British; Crown, British; Customs, Commissioners of; England; Glorious Revolution; Normans; Parliament; Privy Council; Representation; and kings by name
Greece, 133, 287
Grenville, George, 150, 151, 168
Grotius, Hugo, 27, 43, 150, 177, 205, 206
Guthrie, William, 41
Hadley, Mass., 265
Hale, Sir Matthew, 30, 201
Halifax, Earl of, see Dunk, George Montagu
Hall, David, 87–88, 115, 133, 135, 149
Hall, John, 29
Haman (Biblical), 127
Hamilton, Alexander, 312, 330, 337, 356–358; and Enlightenment authors, 27; Farmer Refuted, 28, 64, 188, 197, 198; Full Vindication, 121; on English society, 137; on natural rights, 188; and Constitution, 352–353; on standing army, 356–357; on size of republic, 365–366, 368; on virtue, 370
Hampden, John, 132, 344
Hancock, John, 17; Oration, 63, 116, 121
Hanover County, Va., 259, 260
Hanson, Alexander Contee, 328, 337, 353, 355–356; Remarks on the Proposed Plan, 328
Harrington, James, 34, 35, 45, 75, 210, 365
Hart, Levi, 247; Liberty Described, 77, 243; on slavery, 242–243
Hartford, Conn., 133
Harvard College, 254
Haven, Jason, Sermon, 310
Haverhill, Mass., 265
Henry III, 82
Henry VIII, 29
Henry, Patrick, 236, 253, 291; on corruption in England, 136–137; and Constitution, 322, 335, 336, 338, 343, 345–346
Herodotus, 24
Hervey, John, 38; Ancient and Modern Liberty, 42
Hicks, William, 181; Considerations, 57, 81, 176, 277; Nature and Extent, 58, 76, 82, 182, 217
Hill, Wills, 1st Earl of Hillsborough, 119, 331, 332, 344
Hillsborough, Lord, see Hill, Wills
Hitchcock, Gad, Sermon, 38, 310
Hoadly, Benjamin, Bishop of Winchester, 45, 52, 310; influence on colonists, 37–38; Original and Institution of Civil Government, 37; Measures of Submission, 37, 53; Works, 57
Hobbes, Thomas, 28, 173, 201, 229; on sovereignty, 199, 200
Holland, 66, 138, 238, 282, 287
Hollis, Thomas, 40, 87, 283; correspondence with Mayhew, 35, 37, 40, 42, 99; correspondence with Eliot, 35, 40, 99, 104, 114, 115, 116, 120, 123, 126, 131, 132, 141, 189, 263, 264, 266
Holmes, Abraham, 340
Holt, Sir John, 30
Homer, 24
Hooker, Richard, 201
Hooper, William, 85, 137, 141
Hopkins, Samuel, 148–149, 151, 243–245, 247
Hopkins, Stephen, 11, 42, 99; Fall of Samuel the Squomicutite, 10; Letter to the Author, 11, 17; Rights of Colonies Examined, 35, 100, 185, 212, 235, 344; on sovereignty, 211; on slavery, 234–235
Horace, 24
Hotman, Francis, Franco-Gallia, 72–73
Howard, Martin, Jr., 11, 17, 100; Halifax Letter, 100, 144, 181, 185, 207; and conspiracy, 144; on rights and the common law, 185
Howard, Simeon, Sermon, 28, 35, 38, 62
Howe, Sir William, 156–157
Hulme, Obadiah, Historical Essay, 61, 183–184
Human nature: antifederalists’ view of, 345–347; Henry on, 345–346; federalists’ view of, 368–373; Madison on, 369; Washington on, 369–370; Hamilton on, 370
Hume, David, 85, 339; History, 28, 42; “Of the Parties of Great Britain,” 97–98
Hunt, Isaac, Political Family, 30, 311
Hunter, Robert: on colonial Assemblies, 75, 118
Hutcheson, Francis, 40
Hutchinson, Thomas, 72, 76, 131, 138, 157, 213, 332, 335–336; and Coke, 31; distrust of, 99, 121–122, 331, 344; Copy of Letters Sent to Great-Britain, 100, 280; and plural office-holding, 109–110; and presumed conspiracy, 121–123, 151, 152, 155–156; Strictures, 155, 156, 246; and distinction between external and internal taxes, 212; Speeches … to the General Assembly, 219–222, 225; on sovereignty, 220–222; on slavery. 246
Impeachment trials, 342, 342–343
Imperium in imperio, 223–229, 336, 358–360, 377; See also Federalism
Independence: hesitant colonial attitude toward, 142–143; Paine on, 286–287
Independent Advertiser (Boston), 60
Independent Whig, see Trenchard
India, 63, 129
Ingersoll, Jared, Letters, 202
Inglis, Charles: True Interest, 18, 30, 66, 175, 176, 177, 180; on Paine, 18; and Enlightenment authors, 29, 30; on constitutions, 175
Internal government, see Government
Internal taxes, see Taxes
Iredell, James, 85, 141, 150, 207, 213, 225, 322, 328; “Marcus” essays, 342
Ireland, 104, 128. See also Coke (Calvin’s Case)
James I, 199, 200
Jay, John, 322
Jefferson, Thomas, 1, 8, 38, 39, 43, 81, 123, 152, 189, 229, 282, 292; Summary View, 7, 16, 62, 83, 121, 172, 189, 237, 241; literary style of, 16; and classical authors, 24–25; and European Enlightenment, 27; and radical tradition, 42; on conspiracy, 119–120, 123, 124; on source of rights, 188; on slavery, 236, 241; and religious freedom, 261; constitutional proposals of, 292–293
Jekyll, Sir Joseph, 168
Jenkinson, Charles, 123
Jennings, Edmund, 132
Johnson, Samuel, 24, 227, 239
Johnson, Samuel (of Conn.), 282
Johnson, Stephen, Some Important Observations, 64, 67, 69, 124, 127, 131, 142, 171, 193, 238, 305, 307
Jones, Thomas, 156; History, 157
“Journal of the Times,” 114, 115
Judges, independence of, 74–75, 105–108
Judicial review, 329, 330, 359
Jugurtha, 137
Juries, 74, 108
Jury trials, 341
Justinian, 24
Juvenal, 24
Kent, James, 177, 178
Kenyon, Cecilia M., 326
King, Rufus, 328, 333
Knox, Henry, 327
Knox, William, 229; on distinction between external and internal taxes, 218; Controversy … Reviewed, 218
“Landholder” (pseud. of O. Ellsworth), 328
Lathrop, John, Sermon, 42
Latitudinarianism, 38. See also Hoadly
Laud, William, Archbishop of Canterbury, 339
Laurens, Henry, Extracts from the Proceedings, 104
Lee, Arthur, 39, 126, 129, 276; “Monitor” letters, 66, 102, 137, 151, 152, 169, 170, 189; on Lord Bute, 122–123; on representations, 168, 170–171
Lee, Richard Henry, 120, 227, 276, 291, 293, 353
Legge, William, 2d Earl of Dartmouth, 148–149
Leonard, Daniel (“Massachusettensis”), 143, 207, 219, 226, 280, 314, 318, 319; Origin of the American Contest, 143, 207, 219, 314
Leslie, Charles, 52, 53, 311; on authority, 310
Letter to the Freeholders, 6
Letter to the People of Pa., 69, 75, 105
Liberalism: in America, 352, 367; and luxury, 371–372
Liberty: colonial view of, 57–59, 79–84, 233–235; and balance of powers, 76–77, 233, 284–285; endangered in England, 85–92; conspiracy to subvert, 95, 118–120, 144–159. See also Government
Liberty and Property Vindicated, see Church, Benjamin
Lind, John, 156, 226, 284
Livingston, Philip: Other Side of the Question, 9, 10, 188; on Cadwallader Colden, 127
Livingston, William: Independent Reflector, 14, 36–37, 42, 53, 250; Occasional Reve
rberator, 38
Livy, 24, 25
Lloyd, David, 68
Locke, John, 8, 22, 27, 28, 29, 30, 36, 38, 40, 43, 45, 52, 54, 83, 132, 150, 168, 173, 363; influence on colonists, 27, 28, 59; Second Treatise, 57, 173, 235; on slavery, 235, 242–243
London, 18, 26, 88, 96, 115, 122, 123, 128, 133
London Journal, 36
Lords, House of, see Parliament
Lovell, James, Oration, 62, 79
Lowndes, Rawlins, 341
Loyalists, 332
Lucan (M. Annacus Lucanus), 24
Lucian, 24
Lucretius, 24
Ludlow, Edmund, Memoirs, 118, 141
Lutheran Church, 98, 250–251
Luxury: and liberty, 372; and virtue, 371–372
Lyme, Conn., 238
Machiavelli, 85
Macaulay, Catharine, History of England, 41, 42; Observations on a Pamphlet, 61, 147
Madison, James, 55, 153, 189, 197, 229, 260, 282; and Constitution, 322, 353; on dual sovereignty, 359; on size of republic, 366–368; on virtue and government, 369
Madox, Thomas, 31, 82
Magna Carta, 69, 78, 81, 173, 187, 286, 374
Mainwaring, Roger, 28, 29, 53, 199, 344
Majoritarianism, 367
Manchester, England, 169
Mandeville, Bernard, 28, 49
Manning, James, 269
Mansfield, Lord, see Murray, William
“Marcus” (pseud. of J. Iredell), 342
Marcus Aurelius, 24
Martin, Alexander, America, 57
Martin, Luther, 322; Genuine Information, 333
Maryland, 91, 111, 240; charters of, 11
Maryland Gazette, 40, 68
Mason, George, 120, 322, 336, 340, 342, 346, 349, 369
Massachusetts, 6, 52, 99, 119, 164, 165, 239, 255, 279, 280; excise controversy in, 39, 53; tenure of judges in, 107–108; plural officeholding in, 109–110; Church of England in, 156–158, 254–257; Circular Letter of 1768, 181; House of Representatives of, 181, 219–221; charter of, 190; Laws and Liberties of, 194; and abolition of slave trade, 245–246; and religious establishment, 247, 248, 261–271; Council of, 277–278; ratifying convention, 340, 341, 343, 370
Massachusetts Convention of 1768, 151
Massachusetts Government Act, 119
Mather, Cotton, 14
Mather, Moses, America’s Appeal, 57, 67, 73, 79, 174, 183, 193, 224, 233, 235
Mayhew, Jonathan, 38, 40, 84, 255, 283; and Apthorp controversy, 5, 96–97, 99, 255–257; and classical authors, 24; correspondence with Hollis, 35, 37, 40, 42, 99; Discourse, 38, 41, 52, 53, 92, 93; Snare Broken, 45, 57, 123, 124, 140; sources of thought, 45; Two Discourses, 85; Observations, 96, 97, 257; Remarks, 97; Popish Idolatry, 99; on America as refuge for liberty, 140. See also Aplin, Verses; Authority, civil; Charles I
McDougall, Alexander, 278–279
Mein, John: Sagittarius’s Letters, 17, 219, 241; on slavery, 241
Merchants, colonial, 118
Methodists, 258
Militia, colonial, 62, 63, 84; state, relationship to federal army, 340, 354, 356. See also Army, standing
Milton, John, 8, 40; Eikonoklastes, 34; influence of, on colonists, 34, 45; Tenure of Kings, 34; Paradise Lost, 89
Ministerial Catechise, 10, 15, 104
Molasses, see Sugar Act
Molesworth, Robert, 1st Viscount, 39; Account of Denmark, 39, 65, 66, 98–99; definition of a “real Whig,” 71–72, 73
Molière, 23
Monarchy, 70, 355 See also Crown, British
Montague, Mass., 265
Montesquieu, 27, 29, 30, 77, 150; and British Constitution, 71–72; Spirit of the Laws, 72, 87, 347, 348, 374–5; antifederalists and, 345; Hamilton and, 361; Stevens and, 363, 365; Murray and, 372; Adams (J.) and, 372; Webster and, 373
Moore, Maurice, Justice and Policy, 32, 82, 168, 172
Mordecai (Biblical), 127
More, Sir Thomas, 365
Morris, Gouverneur, 322
Morris, Lewis, 88
Morris, Robert, 322
Moyle, Walter, 62. See also Trenchard, Argument Shewing
Murray, William, 1st Earl of Mansfield, 123
Murray, William Vans, 371–372, 372, 373
Nasson, Samuel, 343
Neal, Daniel, 33
Nedham, Marchamont, 45; Excellencie of a Free State, 58
Negroes, see Slavery; Slave Trade
Nepos, Cornelius, 24
Neville, Henry, 34, 45
New Bern, N.C., 10
Newcastle, Duke of, see Pelham-Holles, Thomas
New England Courant, 43
New Jersey, 96, 240; tenure of judges in, 106; charters of, 191; “Laws, Concessions, and Agreements,” 195
Newport Mercury, 30–39, 57
Newport, R.I., 244
New York, 44, 88, 96, 108, 115, 133, 194; Assembly of, 75, 118; Council of, 75, 118, 278–279; tenure of judges in, 106; charters of, 191, 195; Act Declaring What Are the Rights, 197; and religious establishment, 247, 248, 250; Committee of Safety in, 312
New York Evening Post, 57, 64, 77, 233, 235
New York Gazette, 80
New York Journal, 115
New York Mercury, 57, 61, 80
New York Weekly Journal, 43, 44, 85
Nicholas, Robert Carter, Considerations, 70, 142
Nicholas, Wilson, 356
Niles, Hezekiah, 160
Nobility, 274; lack of, in colonies, 275–277; proposals for creation of, in colonies, 278–280. See also, Aristocracy; Constitution, British
Noble, Oliver, Some Strictures, 61, 62, 121, 127
Normans, 80–81
Norris, Isaac, I, 43
North, Frederick (Lord North), 123, 128, 147, 227
North Carolina: tenure of judges in, 106; and religious establishment, 248; ratifying convention, 340, 346
Norwich, Conn., 10
No Standing Army, 62
O Liberty Thou Goddess Heavenly Bright, 85
Obedience, see Authority
Observations on Several Acts of Parliament, 104
O’Hara, Charles, 146
“Old Whig” (pseud.), 336
Oldisworth, William, Dialogue, 57
Olive Branch Petition, 126
Oliver, Andrew, 279
Oliver, Peter, Origin and Progress, 152, 157
Onslow, Arthur, 163, 164
Orders in Council, 103
Orwell, George, 2
Otis, James, Jr., 8, 69, 80, 99, 247; as writer, 18; and Enlightenment authors, 27; Rights of the British Colonies, 28, 31, 35, 67, 69, 81, 173, 178, 179, 205, 206, 207, 238; Vindication, 28, 79, 85, 186, 189, 207; and Coke, 31, 177; on power, 55; Brief Remarks, 56, 100, 206, 207; on rights, 78–79, 185–187; on representation, 168; Considerations, 169, 170; and writs of assistance case, 176–177; on constitutions, 176–181, 189–190; on sovereignty, 205–209; on slavery, 237–238
Ovid, 24
Paine, Thomas, 29, 180, 183; Common Sense, 5, 143, 175, 285, 286; as writer, 16; on balance in government, 285–286; attacks on, 287–291
Palfrey, William, 112, 132
Pamphlets: definition of, 1–2; use made of, in Revolution, 1–8; George Orwell on, 2; literary qualities of American Revolutionary, 9–19; and public opinion, 323
Paoli, Pasquale, 66
Pardon(s), presidential, 342
Parker, Henry, 200
Parliament: manipulation of, by Walpole, 47–51; supremacy of, 69, 222–223; role in British Constitution, 73–74, 176–177, 180–181; natural rights expressed by, 77–78; Saxon origins of, 81–82; elections to, 89–90; representation in, 162–164, 166–167; colonial representation in, 166–167, 176; jurisdiction in colonies, 186–187, 202–229; right to tax colonies, 202, 214–215; self-correction of, 205–209; efforts to restrict power of, 209–219; selection of members, 338. See also Authority; Constitution, British; Representation; Sovereignty; Wilkes
Parliament, Acts of, see Magna Carta
Parsons, Jonath
an, Freedom, 247, 270, 271
Parsons, Samuel Holden, 360
Parsons, Theophilus, 298
Parsons’ Cause, see Two-Penny Acts
Pelham-Holles, Thomas, 1st Duke of Newcastle, 146
Pemberton, Isaac, 167, 269
Pendleton, Edmund, 81
Penn, William, 84; as constitution maker, 191–192; “Laws, Concessions, and Agreements,” 195
Pennsylvania, 115, 165, 182, 194, 240; Assembly of, 105, 187; tenure of judges in, 105–106; charter of, 187, 191, 192; and slave trade, 245; and religious establishment, 247; proposals for constitution of, 294–298; Essay of a Frame of Government for, 296; Proprietary party in, 308
Pennsylvania Chronicle, 115
Pennsylvania Gazette, 134
Pennsylvania Journal, 80
People the Best Governors, The, 294
Persia, 127
Petronius, 24
Petyt, William, 31, 82, 168
Philadelphia, 10, 43, 87, 126, 128, 133, 239, 268
“Philadelphiensis” (pseud. of B. Workman), 334
Pickering, Timothy, 352, 355
Pinckney, Charles, 368
Piso, 131
Pitt, William, 280; on corruption in England, 134–135; on conspiracy, 147
Pitt, William, the Younger, 156, 280
Plato, 24, 365
Pliny, 24
Philoleutherus Lipsiensis, see Bentley, Richard
Plutarch, 24, 25
Poland, 63, 64, 79, 138
Polybius, 24
Poor, and military service, 356
Pope, Alexander, 49
Power: colonial view of, 55–62; as opponent of liberty, 57–58; and standing army, 61; constraints and limitation of, 323, 349–351, 368–369, 376, 378–379; fear of (before Revolution), 323, 330–331; problem of establishing and controlling, 325, 330–331, 376; antifederalists and, 333, 338, 345–347; federalists and, 351, 361; property as basis of, 373. See also Authority, civil; Crown, British
Powers, see Government
Pownall, Thomas, 202, 210; Administration of the Colonies, 140–141, 226–227
Pratt, Charles, 1st Earl of Camden, 168; on conspiracy against liberty, 94
Presbyterianism, 96, 249, 251, 257, 259, 260, 270
President (U.S.): impeachment of, 342; powers of, 342; constraints on, 379
Price, Richard, 41, 132
Prideaux, Humphrey, 59; Old and New Testament Connected, 33
Priestley, Joseph, 41, 132, 133
Prince, Thomas, Chronological History of New England, 33