Avoiding Armageddon
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Da Gama, Vasco, xi, 28
Daoud, Mohammed, 89, 90
Davis, Raymond, 174–75
Dawn (newspaper) on bin Laden hunt, 172
Dawood Ibrahim gang, 9
Dean, John Gunther, 99
Decision Points (George W. Bush), 151
Defense of Pakistan movement, 18
Delhi Declaration (1978), 83–84
Denmark, cartoons of Mohammad and, 9
Department of Justice (DOJ), 7, 127–28
Desai, Morarji, 83–84, 120
Directorate for Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI): and Abu Jindal, 9; and Ahmed, 110, 136, 140; and Air India flight 814 hijacking, 140–41; and Akhtar Abdur Rahman, 88, 90; and al Qaeda, 127, 142; and Benazir Bhutto’s assassination, 159, 171; and bin Laden, 126; and drone attacks, 171; and Dulles (Allen), 56; and Headley, 7–8; and Indira Gandhi’s assassination, 101; and Kashmir, 94, 106, 109–10; and Lashkar-e-Tayyiba, 2, 15–16; and Operation Gibraltar, 66–67; and Saeed, 18; Saudi support for, 90–91, 95; and Services Bureau, 15; and Shahzad’s death, 14; and Sharif, 111; and Sunni Muslims, 89; and supply depot explosion, 107; and Taliban, 117, 145; training facilities of, 91, 92; and Yousaf, 93; and Zardari, 12, 21
Disraeli, Benjamin, 36
DOJ (Department of Justice), 7, 127–28
Donilon, Tom, 161
Dostum, Abdul Rashid, 112, 113
Drone attacks, 169–70, 171, 176–77, 201
Drug trafficking, 92
Dulles, Allen, 52, 56
Dulles, John Foster, 52, 53, 55
Dulles, John Welsh, 52
Durand, Henry Mortimer, 89
Durand Line, 89, 91, 148, 175, 192, 193
East India Company, 29–30, 31–32, 33, 34–35, 36
East Pakistan, 55, 71–72
The Economist on bilateral trade, 189
Eisenhower, Dwight D., 52–57, 64
Elizabeth I, 29
Emancipation Proclamation (1863), 38
Emanuel, Rahm, 167
Enfield rifles, 34
European Union, 202
F-16 jets, 123, 127–28, 170
F-104 jets, 64, 69, 77
Fahd bin Abdulaziz Al Saud, 90, 138
Famines, 41
Faysal bin Abdulaziz Al Saud, 68
Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA), 169, 193
Fertility rates, 4
Flournoy, Michele, 161
Ford, Gerald, 79–80
Fourteen Points (Wilson), 39
France, American Revolution and, 32
French and Indian War (1754–1763), 30–32
French East India Company, 31
Galbraith, John Kenneth, 57–58, 60–63, 116, 197, 200–201
Gandhi, Indira: and Carter, 84; death of, 83, 101, 153; and Kissinger, 80; and Nixon, 74, 76–79; and Operation Blue Star, 95; as prime minister, 68–69; and Reagan, 100; and state of emergency, 82–83; and U.S. relations, 59, 73
Gandhi, Mahatma, 39–40, 42–43
Gandhi, Rajiv, 101–02, 105–06, 122, 139, 153
Gandhi, Sanjay, 82, 101
Gandhi, Sonia, 22, 24, 101, 139, 152–53, 199–200
Gates, Robert, 103–04, 111, 116, 161, 173, 178
General Assembly, UN, 118, 177
General Intelligence Directorate (GID), 90, 95
George V, 38
Ghauri missiles, 185
Ghenghis Khan, 29
GID (General Intelligence Directorate), 90, 95
Gilani, Daood Sayed, 6. See also Headley, David Coleman
Grand Mosque (Mecca), 85
Grant, Julia, 38
Grant, Ulysses S., 37, 38, 57
Grossman, Mark, 194
Guantánamo Bay prisoners, 194
Guevara, Che, 68
Gujral, I. K., 119, 120
Gul, Hamid, 96, 108, 111, 145, 159, 194
Gunboat diplomacy, 78
Haass, Richard, 111
Haqqani, Husain, 111, 174–75, 201
Harakat ul-Mujahedin (HuM), 140, 142, 147
Hassan bin Talal, 86
Headley, David Coleman, 6–8, 9–10, 13, 21, 179
Hekmatyar, Gulbuddin, 113
Helms, Richard, 77
Hizbul Mujahedin, 109
Holbrooke, Richard, 161, 164–67, 173
Hostages, 6
HuM. See Harakat ul-Mujahedin
Humayun, 29, 36
Husayn, Zayn Muhammad. See Abu Zubaydah
Hussein bin Talal, 86, 128
Inderfurth, Karl (Rick), 120, 122, 141
India: in Bush (George H.W.) and Clinton years, 103–36; in Carter and Reagan years, 81–102; in Cold war years, 45–80; and Lashkar-e-Tayyiba, 14–18; and Mumbai attack, 1–25; and Obama, 161–80; parliament building attack (2001), 148–49, 181–82; Raj and partition, 26–44; as rising tiger, 2–4; and South Asia, game change in, 181–203
Indian War of Independence (Indian Mutiny, 1857–58), 34, 35–37
Indo-Pakistani War of 1965, 65–70
Indo-Pakistani War of 1971, 70–79
Indo-Soviet Friendship Treaty (1971), 76
International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), 154, 155
International Security Assistance Force (ISAF), 19, 192, 193
Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI). See Directorate for Inter-Services Intelligence
Iqbal, Zafar, 14
Iran, nuclear program in, 155
Iran-Contra scandal, 100
Iranian revolution (1979), 84, 88–89
Iraq, invasion of Kuwait by, 105
ISAF. See International Security Assistance Force
ISI. See Directorate for Inter-Services Intelligence
Islamic jihad movement, 86
Islamic schools (madrassas), 87
Islamization, 87, 88
Israel, arms sales and, 178
Jahan, 29
Jahangir, 29
Jaish-e-Mohammad (JeM), 18, 141, 148, 150
Jamaat-e-Islami (JeI), 87, 90, 93–94, 108
Jamaat-ud-Dawa (JuD), 14, 18, 21. See also Lashkar-e-Tayyiba
Jammu Kashmir Liberation Front (JKLF), 15, 94, 109
Jets. See specific types of jets (e.g., F-16 jets)
Jihad, 93–94, 112
Jinnah, Muhammad Ali, 43–44, 51, 52, 71, 93
John IV, 30
Johnson, Lyndon, 64, 65–70
Johnson line, 59
Jones, Jim, 161
Kalashnikov culture, 92
Karamat, Jehangir, 123, 127
Kargil war (1999): article on, 150–51; in Clinton years, 128–35; and Musharraf, 11, 129–31, 133–34; and nuclear conflict, x, 131–35; Pakistani support for, 188; and U.S. reaction, 23, 198
Karzai, Hamid, 166, 192
Kashmir: conflict over, 47–50; insurgency in, 106, 108, 109–11; and Kargil war, 129; line of control (LOC) in, 11, 12, 131, 132, 134; and Operation Cloud Messenger, 100–101; and Operation Gibraltar, 66–67; settlement over, 62–64, 80; solution for, 195–203; Zia’s support for, 94
Kashmiri, Muhammad Ilyas, 9–10, 13–14, 109–10, 158, 169
Kaskar, Dawood Ibrahim, 9
Kayani, Ashfaq, 170, 171, 172, 174
Kennedy, Jacqueline, 58, 65
Kennedy, John F., 57–66, 80, 122, 186, 198
Kerry-Lugar bill, 173–74
KGB (Russian intelligence service), 92, 99
KHAD (Afghani intelligence service), 92, 99
Khalil, Fazlur Rehman, 147
Khalilzad, Zalmay, 139
Khan, A. Q.: and Lashkar-e-Tayyiba, 17; and nuclear development, 78, 98–99, 112, 122–23, 155–56; and political future, 184
Khan, Ayub: and Abbottabad, 171; and Chinese invasion of India, 62; and cold war, 55–57; and East Pakistan, 71; and Eisenhower, 54; and Johnson, 65–66; and Kashmir, 63, 196; and Kennedy (John F.), 58, 64–65; and Operation Gibraltar, 67; and rural development, 87
Khan, Ghulam Ishaq, 111
Khan, Imran, 184
Khan, Liaquat Ali, 51–52, 158
Khan, Moh
ammad Sidique, 19
Khan, Tikka, 72, 75
Khan, Yahya, 71–72, 73–76, 78
Khomeni, Ayatollah, 85
Khrushchev, Nikita, 57
Kissinger, Henry: and Bhutto (Zulfikar), 68, 78; and Bush (George H.W.), 77; and Ford, 80; and Mao Zedong, 75; and Nixon, 70–71, 73; and Pakistani-Chinese relations, 74
Korean War, 52
Kuwait, Iraqi invasion of, 105
al-Kuwaiti, Abu Ahmed, 147
Lakhvi, Zaki Rehman, 5, 10
Lashkar-e-Tayyiba (LeT): and al Qaeda, 2, 19–20, 24–25, 163; banning of, 150; and counterterrorism operations, 143; ideology of, 4; in India and Pakistan, 14–18, 199–200; and Indian parliament building attack (2001), 148; and Kashmir insurgency, 109; and Mumbai attack, 2, 5–10, 13, 21–23, 179; thwarted terrorist attacks by, 179
Lie, Trygve, 49
Life in India (John Welsh Dulles), 52
The Limits of Influence (Schaffer), 198
Lincoln, Abraham, 37, 38
Line of control (LOC) in Kashmir, 11, 12, 131, 132, 134
Lippman, Walter, 55
Lodhi, Maleha, 136
London Times on Kargil war, 151
Louis XIV, 31
Lutyens, Edwin, 38
Maino, Edvige Antonia Albina, 153. See also Gandhi, Sonia
Malik, V. P., 131, 133, 134
Manekshaw, Sam, 76
Mao Zedong, 51, 68, 74, 75
Markaz-ud-Dawa-wal-Irshad (Center for Preaching and Guidance), 17
Marshall Plan, 48
Massoud, Ahmad Shah, 113, 195
Mathai, M. O., 53–54
Maududi, Maulana Syed Abul A’ala, 93
McCain, John, 154
McChrystal, Stanley, 162, 166
McLaughlin, John, 135
McMahon line, 59, 67
McNamara, Robert, 65
Medunjanin, Adis, 167–68
MI6 (Secret Intelligence Service), 26
MiG-21 jets, 69
Milam, William, 141, 202
Mohammed, Khalid Sheikh, 147
Mossad (Israeli secret service), 15, 99, 108
Mountbatten, Louis, 46
Mughal Empire, 29, 30, 33, 36
Mujahedin factions, 92–93, 95, 108, 112–13, 117, 130
Mullen, Mike, 14, 161, 173
Mumbai terrorist attack (2008), ix–x, xiii, 1–25; goal of, 10–14; and Lashkar-e-Tayyiba and al Qaeda, 2, 19–20; and Lashkar-e-Tayyiba in India and Pakistan, 14–18; plot and mechanics of, 4–10, 179; reactions to and implications of, 20–25; and rising tiger, 2–4
Musharraf, Pervez: and al Qaeda, 170; and Bhutto (Benazir), 157–59; and bin Laden, 172–73; and Bush (George W.), 138, 156–60, 162; and drone attacks, 169, 176; and Indian parliament building attack (2001), 148–49, 182; and Indian relations, 11–12; and Kargil war, 11, 129–31, 133–34; and Kashmir, 197; and Kashmiri, 110; and nuclear weapons, 155, 186; and Sharif, 136; and terrorist groups, 150; and “war on terrorism,” 139–48
Napier, Charles James, 31
Napoleon Bonaparte, 33, 68
Nasir, Javid, 112
National Intelligence Estimate (NIE), 135
National Security Agency, U.S., 56, 64, 69
National Security Council, 1, 142, 183
NATO. See North Atlantic Treaty Organization
Nawaz, Asif, 113
Nawaz, Shuja, 87, 99, 112, 144
Nehru, Jawaharlal: and Chinese relations, 59–60, 61, 62; and cold war, 52–54, 69; and Kashmir, 50, 63–64; and Kennedy (Jacqueline), 58; and Kennedy (John F.), 57, 59, 80; and nuclear weapons, 65; and Truman, 50–51
Neuman, Ronald, 146, 192
New York Times: on Bhutto (Benazir) and Musharraf, 158; on bin Laden hideout, 147; on Indian Mutiny, 37; on Indian nuclear testing, 116, 121; on Lashkar-e-Tayyiba activity, 17; Nixon on Nehru in, 70
NIE (National Intelligence Estimate), 135
Nimitz, Chester, 49–50
9/11 terrorist attacks, 137–38, 150
Nixon, Richard: and Bhutto (Zulfikar), 68; and Eisenhower, 52; and F-104 jets, 64; and Gandhi (Indira) and 1971 War, 70–79; and Indian nuclear testing, 79; and Kennedy (John F.), 57; and Nehru, 70; and nonalignment, 53; and Pakistan, 54, 83
Non-Aligned Movement, 50
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), 145, 162, 175, 191, 193–95
North Korea, nuclear program in, 155
NPT. See Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons
uclear Suppliers Group (NSG), 154
Nuclear weapons: and Bharatiya Janata Party, 120; and Bush (George W.), 139; and Indian and Pakistani relations, 185–87; Indian program for, 65, 79–80, 104–05, 116, 121–25; and Kargil war, x, 131–35; and Kashmir, 196–97; and nonproliferation issue, 104–05; and nuclear deal, 151–60, 199; Pakistani program for, xii, 78, 85, 98–99, 102, 105, 111–12; Perry on, 115–17; and Pressler amendment, 115, 116
Oakley, Robert, 108
Obama, Barack, 161–80; and Afghanistan troops draw down, 193; assassination plot against, 14; and India, 177–80, 199; and Mumbai attack, ix, 2, 23–24; and nuclear deal, 154; and Pakistan and al Qaeda, 167–77; and Saeed’s arrest, 18; and South Asia policy, 182–83
Obama’s Wars (Woodward), 167
Omar, Muhammad: and Ahmed, 143–44; and bin Laden, 137, 144; and Taliban, 91, 117, 142, 145, 194
Operation Black Tornado, 2
Operation Blue Star, 95
Operation Brass Tacks, 101–02
Operation Cloud Messenger, 100–101
Operation Fair Play, 84
Operation Genghis Khan, 76
Operation Gibraltar, 66–67, 70, 93, 188
Operation Grand Slam, 67
Operation Highrise, 168, 170
Operation Parakram (Operation Valor), 149
Operation Searchlight, 72
Operation Vijay (Victory), 134
Pacific Command (PACOM), 46
Pakistan: background on, 4; in Bush (George H.W.) and Clinton years, 103–36; in Carter and Reagan years, 81–102; in cold war years, 45–80; East Pakistan, 55, 71–72; and Lashkar-e-Tayyiba, 14–18; and Mumbai attack, 1–25; and Obama, 161–80; and Raj and partition of India, 27, 43–44; and South Asia, game change in, 181–203; West Pakistan, 55, 71–72
Pakistan International Airlines, 64
Pakistan Muslim League (PML), 156–57
Pakistan People’s Party (PPP), 68, 72, 156–57
Panetta, Leon, 161, 167, 177, 178
Patek, Umar, 173
Peace Corps, 59, 83
Pearl, Daniel, 141
Perkovich, George, 124
Perry, William J., 45–46, 115–17
Petraeus, David, 81
Phillips, William, 42–43
PML (Pakistan Muslim League), 156–57
Portugal, Indian trade and, 28–30
Poverty, 3
Powell, Colin, 150, 151
PPP. See Pakistan People’s Party
Pressler, Larry, 98
Pressler amendment (1985): and aid to Pakistan, 98, 111; Clinton (Bill) on, 115, 119; and F-16 jets, 123; and Pakistan betrayal, 45–46, 144; and Perry, 116, 117
Qadhafi, Muammar, 68
Qasab, Mohammad Ajmal Amir, 5–6, 9, 21
Quayle, Dan, 105
Quit India movement, 42, 43
Rabbani, Burhanuddin, 194
Racism, 34, 37
Rahman, Mujibar, 72, 78
Raj and partition, 26–44; legacy of, 48; origins of, 28–40; and Roosevelt, 40–44
Ralston, Joe, 127
Rana, Tahawwur Hussain, 8
Raphel, Arnold, 99
Raphel, Robin, 117
Rauf, Rashid, 168, 169
Reagan, Ronald: and American connection, 95–100; and India, 100–102; and Soviet invasion of Afghanistan, 86–95
Rehman, Sherry, 21
Rice, Condoleezza, 23, 141–42
Rice, Susan, 161
Richardson, Bill, 119–21, 126–27
Rodrigues, Sunith Francis, 103–04, 1
16, 129
Rogers, William, 74, 75
Roosevelt, Franklin D., 40–44
Rose, Charlie, 164
SAARC (South Asia Association for Regional Cooperation), 190–91
Saeed, Hafiz: and al Qaeda, 179; and bin Laden, 20; and Defense of Pakistan movement, 18; house arrest of, 21; immunity of, 175–76; and Lashkar-e-Tayyiba, 14–15, 16, 17, 109; and trade demonstrations, 190
Saleh, Amrullah, 172
Samore, Gary, 24
Saudi Arabia: and bin Laden, 138; Lashkar-e-Tayyiba in, 18; and Soviet invasion of Afghanistan, 90–91, 95
Sawers, John, 26
Schaffer, Howard, 198
Scowcroft, Brent, 103, 105
SEAL raids, 14, 147, 170, 172, 176, 193
The Search for al Qaeda (Riedel), 167
SEATO. See South East Asia Treaty Organization
Secret Intelligence Service (SIS), 26
Security Council (UN): and China, 51, 59; and Indian position, 104, 123, 177, 199; and Kashmir conflict, 50; Resolution 1172 on Indian nuclear testing, 122, 123; Resolution 1214 on Taliban, 127; Resolution 1267 on freezing assets, 23
Services Bureau, 15
Seven Years’ War (1754–63), 31–32
Seward, William, 38
Shahzad, Faisal, 168–69
Shahzad, Syed Saleem, 13–14
Shaikh, Abdul Hafeez, 190
Sharif, Nawaz: and Clinton (Bill), 119, 127–28; and elections, 106, 108, 111, 118, 184; and Indian nuclear testing, 122–23; and Indian relations, 11; and Kargil war, 130, 132–34; and Musharraf, 136, 140, 156, 158, 171; and Nawaz (Asif), 113; as prime minister, 112; and Taliban, 126
Shastri, Lal Bahadur, 68
Sheikh, Ahmed Omar Saeed, 141
Shia Muslims, 88–89, 159
Siachen Glacier, 100–101, 129
Sikh independence movement, 94–95
Silent Soldier: The Man behind the Afghan Jehad (Yousaf), 93
Simla Accord (1914), 59
Singh, Jaswant: and Air India flight 814 hijacking, 141; and Jinnah, 44; and Kargil war, 132, 133; and Talbott, 128; and U.S. relations, 121, 124; on war in Afghanistan, 126
Singh, Manmahon: and Clinton (Bill), 114; and Lashkar-e-Tayyiba, 199–200; and Mumbai attack, ix, 22–23, 24; and nuclear deal, 152, 154; and Pakistani relations, 12, 13; on trade, 190; on travel requirements, 189; and U.S. relations, 136, 177
Singh, V. P., 106
Sipah-e-Sahaba Pakistan, 89
SNIE (special national intelligence estimate), 79
South Asia: game change in, 181–203; and Kashmir solution, 195–203
South Asia Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC), 190–91