The Beauty Myth
Page 40
Showalter, Elaine. The Female Malady: Women, Madness and English Culture, 1830–1980. New York: Penguin, 1987.
Silverman, William A. Human Experimentation: A Guided Step into the Unknown. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1985.
Solomon, Michael R., ed. The Psychology of Fashion. Lexington, Mass.: Lexington Books, 1985.
Sontag, Susan. A Susan Sontag Reader. New York: Vintage Books, 1983.
Stage, Sarah. Female Complaints: Lydia Pinkham and the Business of Women’s Medicine. New York: W. W. Norton, 1981.
Weldon, Fay. The Life and Loves of a She-Devil. London: Coronet Books, 1983.
General
Banner, Lois W. American Beauty. New York: Knopf, 1983.
Brownmiller, Susan. Femininity. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1984.
Freedman, Rita Jackaway. Beauty Bound. Lexington, Mass.: Lexington Books, 1986.
Hatfield, Elaine, and Susan Sprecher. Mirror, Mirror: The Importance of Looks in Everyday Life. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1986.
Kinzer, Nora Scott. Put Down and Ripped Off: The American Woman and the Beauty Cult. New York: Crowell, 1977.
Index
The page references in this index correspond to the printed edition from which this ebook was created. To find a specific word or phrase from the index, please use the search feature of your ebook reader.
abortion, 134, 158–159, 218, 219
About Face, 237
actresses, 288
adolescence, 192, 248
anorexia and, 201–213
of author, 201–207
of boys vs. girls, 156–157
sexual behavior in, 156–157, 162–168
adultery, punishment of, 220
advertising, 11, 15, 226, 276–277, 277–278, 307n–308n
of cosmetic surgery, 233, 234, 248
Rites of Beauty and, 101, 103–104, 108–109, 112–119
sex in, 132–133
in women’s magazines, 62, 64–67, 73–84, 305n, 307n
Africa, 13, 190, 295n
female circumcision in, 243–244
age, aging, 13, 14, 38, 42, 54
of men, 93–94
Rites of Beauty and, 105–106, 110–111, 121
TV journalism and, 35–37
women’s magazines and, 82–84
AIDS, 115, 134–135, 159, 167–168, 182, 241
airbrushing, 82–83
Alcott, Louisa May, 60
Alice Through the Microscope (Brighton Women and Science Group), 255
American Academy of Cosmetic Surgery, 95
American Anorexia and Bulimia Association, 181–182
American Board of Plastic Surgery, 241
American dream, beauty and, 28, 29
American Medical Association, 227, 239
American Society of Plastic and
Reconstructive Surgery, 237
Andre v. Bendix Corporation, 39
animals, sexual behavior of, 13, 132, 311n
anorexic/pornographic generation, 214–217, 280
anorexics, anorexia, 123, 162, 181–183, 197–199, 201–208
deaths from, 182
defined, 183
medical effects of, 183
sex and, 193
statistics on, 181–183
theories of, 188–189
Another Woman, 75
anxiety, 16–18, 69, 97
women’s magazines and, 62
work and, 30
appearance:
behavior vs., 14
double standard of, 34, 35, 48–52
of men, 34, 35, 43–45, 48–49
shifting views on appropriateness of, 42, 44
see also beauty myth, beauty; clothes; cosmetic surgery
Appel, Willa, 100, 107–108, 122, 123, 125–128
appetite, prohibition of, 97–98
Arendt, Hannah, 210
art, images of women in, 184
Association of Aesthetic Plastic Surgeons (Great Britain), 237
Attie, Ilana, 196, 229, 320n
Atwood, Margaret, 153
Auburn University study, 166
Austen, Jane, 60
Austin (Texas) Stress Clinic, 200
Australia, 298n
eating disorders in, 183
incest in, 161
authority, clothes and, 44
“Babes in Makeup Land,” 215
Baby M. case, 235
Balin, Arthur K., 227, 228
Bangladesh, 190
divorce in, 117
banks, women officers in, 25
bank tellers, 50
Barbados, divorce in, 117
Barnard, Christiaan, 111
Barnard College, 138–139
Barnes v. Costle, 38
Barrett, Nancy, 23
Beaton, Cecil, 72
Beautiful Body Book, The, 237
beauty myth, beauty, 9–19, 270–291
behavior prescribed by, 14
biological, sexual, and evolutionary basis of, 12–13
cultural differences in, 12, 13
as currency system, 12, 20–21, 30
exportation of, 80
before Industrial Revolution, 14
internalization of, 84
introduction to, 9–19, 293n–296n
male, 13, 295n
politics of, 10–11, 16–17, 21
reinterpretation of, 286–287
sexual selection and, 12–13
sexual use of, 16, 21
as static thought, 17
story told by, 12
undoing of, 275–276
beauty pageants, 68, 80, 185, 267, 288
beauty pornography, 111, 125
cosmetic surgery and, 246, 248
eating disorders and, 213–214
sex and, 132–142, 145–152, 162–163, 175–176
beauty sadomasochism, 132, 133, 136–138, 140–142, 163
Beauvoir, Simone de, 174
Belgium, TV in, 80
Bell, Rudolph, 189
Berger, John, 58
Bergstrom, Mette, 193
BFOQ (a bona fide occupational qualification), 27–28
Big Lie, 177–178
Binet, Alfred, 176
blacks, identity of, 55–56
Blakely, Mary Kay, 81
blame, PBQ and, 43, 46–48
Blumenthal, Deborah, 112
body, body parts:
male vs. female, 93–95
mind vs., 59–60
selling of, 235
sense of, mental illness and, 230–231
see also specific topics
Bonds of Womanhood, The (Cott), 91
Bordo, Susan, 88
Boston Globe, 79
Boswell, John, 190
Botswana, 190
Breast Center, 242
breast-feeding, 226–227
breast implants, 211–212, 229, 241–242, 248, 268, 322n
breast reduction surgery, 237–238
breasts, 138–139, 188
eroticizing of surgery on, 246
variations in, 246–248
Brighton Women and Science Group, 255
Brontë, Charlotte, 60
Brooks-Gunn, J., 196, 229, 320n
Brown, Helen Gurley, 31, 304n
Brown University, 166
Bruch, Hilde, 162, 183, 195
Brumberg, Joan Jacobs, 87–88, 92, 102, 182, 188, 193
bulimia, 181–183, 198, 208–209, 317n, 322n
medical effects of, 183, 316n
sex and, 193
theories of, 188–189
Bunny Image, 32–33, 298n
Bureau of Labor Statistics, 50
Buren v. City of East Chicago, 39
bus drivers, 49
bypass surgery, 261
Canada, 120, 159
pornography in, 79
cancer, 229, 237, 242, 322n
Caputi, Jane, 136
Career Woman, 64–65
Carter, Rosalynn, 33
Ca
ssell, Carol, 158–159
caste system, beauty and, 87
Catholic Church, medieval, 88–89, 100, 102, 254–255
Cavett, Dick, 212–213
cellulite, 227
censorship:
sex and, 134, 135–136, 138
women’s magazines and, 77–84
Chamber of Commerce, U.S., 53
Chandris, Eugenia, 226
Chase Manhattan Bank, 24
chemical peel, 237, 239–240, 255–256, 325n
Chernin, Kim, 96, 124, 155, 182, 188, 318n
Chicago, Judy, 139
childbirth, 218–219, 254–255, 267
death and, 102–103
child care, 26, 63
childhood, children, 15
cosmetics for, 215
radiance of, 104
sexual abuse of, 159, 160–161
working women with, 26
China:
Cultural Revolution in, 126
foot-binding in, 243
Chobanian, Susan, 242
choice:
beyond the beauty myth and, 273
cosmetic surgery and, 257–260
Chorlton, Penny, 82, 242
Ciano, Bob, 82
Cipollone, Rose, 229
Civil Rights Act (1964), Title VII of, 28, 38
Clément, Catherine, 224
clerical workers, 56
clitoridectomy, 243–245
clothes, 44, 67, 69, 273, 277
dress codes and, 39–40
harassment and, 38, 41, 43, 300n
of men, 45, 46
clubs, magazines as, 74–75, 77
coal miners, 51–52
coercion, male vs. female view of, 259
Cole, Susan G., 138, 142, 163, 164, 167
Colombia, divorce in, 117
Columbia Journalism Review, 77–78
comics, sex in, 137
“Coming Apart” (Walker), 149
Commentary, 68
competition:
through beauty, 12–13, 14, 30, 56, 75, 76, 284–288
visual, 78–80
Complaints and Disorders (English and Ehrenreich), 220–221
computer imaging, 83
Congress, U.S., 139, 240–241
consciousness, religion and, 86–87
consumerism, sexual, 143–144
contraception, 158–159, 219, 249
Victorian view of, 225–226
control:
beauty myth and, 10–11, 15–19, 49–50
employees’ lack of, 26
female invalidism and, 224
cosmetics, cosmetic industry, 11, 17, 39, 40, 41, 74, 81, 82, 99, 107–115, 118–121, 307n
for children, 215
fetal tissue in, 120
prices of, 120–121
cosmetic surgery, 10, 11, 17, 55, 70, 105, 218, 220, 232–241, 250–264, 322n–327n
addiction to, 238–239, 325n
breast implants, 211–212, 229, 241–242, 248, 268
chemical peel, 237, 239–240, 255–256, 325n
choice and, 257–260
ethics and, 234–239, 248–249
future of, 260–264
liposuction, 236–237, 238, 261–264
numbness and, 250–254
pain and, 255–257
postpartum breasts and, 227
profit and, 232–234
risks of, 236–238, 242, 261–264
Rites of Beauty and, 95
safeguards on, 239–241
self-hatred and, 232
Cosmopolitan, 69, 72, 77, 266, 304n
Costello, John, 62–63
Cott, Nancy, 91, 92
Cover-up (Chorlton), 82
Craft, Christine, 35–38
Creation story, 93–95
creativity, 15, 29, 30
cults:
initiation into, 100–101
Rites of Beauty and, 88, 89, 106–128
weight-loss, 181, 185
Cults in America (Appel), 107–108
culture, 58–85, 303n–308n
general vs. mass, 70–71
heroines and, 59–61
transformation of, 277–280
women’s magazines and, 61–85
Culture of Narcissism, The (Lasch), 130
currency, beauty as, 12, 20–21, 30
Dan Air, 40
dancers, anorexia of, 185
Darwin, Charles, 12–13, 294n
Darwinism, beauty as, 236
deaths:
from anorexia, 182
in childbirth, 102–103
from cosmetic surgery, 236, 237, 238, 262–263
Rites of Beauty and, 102–103
from sexual surgery, 243, 244, 245
Denmark:
sex in, 147
working women in, 53
Denning, Lord, 40
Department of Trade and Industry, British (DTI), 113
Depo-Provera, 248–249
desire, 145, 200
fat and, 192–193
pain and, 220, 243
Diaz v. Coleman, 39
diet industry, 11, 17, 69–70, 73, 84, 102, 295n
diets, dieting, 67–68, 193–194
desire and, 193
eating disorders and, 196
FDA safeguards and, 240
femininity and, 200
obedience and, 187
preadolescent, 215
religion and, 88, 121–127
statistics on, 185
Dinner Party, The (Chicago), 139
discrimination, 276–277
income, 52–53, 302n
institutional, 115
job, 11, 21
sex, 27–28, 31–33, 35–41, 298n
Disney, Anthea, 111
divorce, 115, 117, 144
domesticity, cult of, 14–16, 66, 91, 106, 169, 225, 272
beauty myth as replacement for, 10, 18
double standard:
of appearance, 34, 35, 48–52
for health, 230
medical, 239
oral appetite and, 98
Douglas, Ann, 92
dress codes, 39–40
drugs, 248–249, 268–269, 328n
Dworkin, Andrea, 243, 254–255
eating, Rites of Beauty and, 88, 96–98, 121–127
eating disorders, 10, 11, 289, 316n–320n
beauty pornography and, 213–214
see also anorexics, anorexia; bulimia
Ebert, Roger, 136–137
economics:
beauty myth and, 13, 18, 56–57
free work and, 23
underpayment of women and, 18, 23–24
education, 24, 62
Ehrenreich, Barbara, 143, 162, 220–221, 233, 272
electric shock, 249–250
Eliot, George, 60
Ellis, Bret Easton, 168
Emma (Austen), 60
Employment Appeal Tribunal, 39–40
Engels, Friedrich, 225
engineers, 25
English, Deirdre, 220–221, 233, 272
environmental crisis, 289
“Epithalamion” (Spenser), 59
Equal Employment Opportunity Act (1972), 33
Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, 31
Esquire, 68
ethical investing, 234
ethics, medical, 234–239, 248–249
eugenics, 264–266
evolution, beauty myth and, 12–13
face-lifts, 260
faces, growing into, 231
Face Value (Lakoff and Scherr), 213
Fahdl, Nancy, 39
Fahdy, Mohammed, 95
family, 14, 15
Famine Within, The, 187
fantasy:
food, 195
rape, 137–138, 141, 162
sexual, 16, 137–138, 140–141, 163–164
fashion, fashion industry, see clothes
Fasting Girls (Brumberg), 182, 317n
fasts, liquid, 229
fa
talism, 103
fathers, 168, 169
Fat Is a Feminist Issue (Orbach), 188
fatness, fat, 191–193
in art, 184
health and, 186–187, 231–232
of men vs. women, 186, 192
as problem, 226
Faulkner, Wendy, 147, 151
Federal Trade Commission, 240
Fee, Ingrid, 33
Female Malady, The (Showalter), 99, 250
Feminine Mystique, 12, 16, 18, 21, 64–67, 106, 200, 272–273
Feminine Mystique, The (Friedan), 64–65, 168–169
“feminine wiles,” 46
femininity, 38–39, 91, 177, 211
business and, 42–44
dieting and, 200
feminism, 9–12
beauty myth as backlash against, 10–11, 15–19, 28, 66–72
in Eastern Europe, 80
love and, 142–143
Ugly Feminist caricature and, 18–19, 68–69, 208–209
undoing the beauty myth and, 276–282
weight control and, 184, 188, 196–197, 208–209
women’s magazines and, 66–72
work and, 31–33
Feminization of American Culture, The (Douglas), 92
fetishism, 175
film, sex and, 136–137
Fischer, Seymour, 147
Fonda, Jane, 99
food, 188–191
guilt and, 96–98
social worth and, 189
as symbolic language, 188–189
see also anorexics, anorexia; bulimia; diets, dieting; eating disorders; hunger
Food and Drug Administration (FDA), 109, 111–114, 239, 240, 261
“Food for Thought” (Wells), 118
food service workers, 50
foot-binding, 243
Fortune, 25
Fragen, Ronald A., 95
France, 120, 137
liposuction in, 236–237
medieval, 190
TV in, 80
working women in, 21
freedom:
material, 10, 14–15
physical image as restraint on, 9–11, 16–17
social, 9–11
Freud, Sigmund, 175, 248
Friday, Nancy, 149
Friedan, Betty, 11, 12, 18–19, 64–67, 69, 72, 214
Frisch, Rose E., 192
Galbraith, John Kenneth, 18
Gay, Peter, 62, 68, 151
Gender and Stress (Attie and Brooks-Gunn), 224, 229
generational collaboration, 283–284
Germany, Federal Republic of, pensions in, 54
Gilligan, Carol, 90
Ginsberg, Allen, 179
girdles, 214
Glamour, 72, 185–186, 317n
“Goblin Market” (Rossetti), 216
Goddess religions, 13
Goldstein, Al, 148
Goleman, Daniel, 17
GOQ (a genuine occupational qualification), 27, 39
Gordon, Mary, 173
grace, 103–104
Great Britain, 64, 117
anorexia and bulimia in, 183
cosmetic industry in, 112–113, 120