Lyme
Page 30
Cheney, Trevor, 23
Chernobyl, 88
child welfare authorities, 187–188, 191
children: cognitive testing of, 33; deaths from Rocky Mountain spotted fever, 199; ear infections in, 142; early cases of rashes in, 48; ehrlichiosis death of 12-year-old, 198; hospitalization rates for Lyme among, 191; infection rate in US, 16; with late-stage Lyme, 186–187; lost childhood for Lyme, 184–185, 191, 199–202; in Lyme, Connecticut, 44; meat allergies and alpha-gal in, 163; missed opportunity of Elone, J., case, 195–199; Murphy, Troy, 189–195, 202–206; neurological Lyme in, 191, 202–204; parents investigated by child welfare authorities, 187-189; physicians not believing, 192; schoolitis diagnosis, 189–190, 203; taken from parents, 187–188; teenage treatment from tick bite during childhood, 190–191; as trailblazers in emergence, 16, 23; treatment guidelines author on testing, 126–127; Troy's misdiagnoses of pain amplification syndrome, 189–190; Wilson, Kara case, 184–187
China, 147; Babesia in ticks and mice in, 179; Bartonella-infected ticks in, 166; Borrelia species in, 146; rise of temperatures and ticks in, 58–59
chinchillas, biofilm study on, 142–145
chipmunks, 88–89
cholera, 94
chronic fatigue syndrome, 110
chronic Lyme disease, 34–35, 62-63; dismissal of, 193–194; misrepresentation of, 105–107; reinfection study and, 139–142; rejection of term, 125–126; study of patients with, 37. See also late-stage Lyme disease; Post-Treatment Lyme Disease Syndrome
Clark, Kerry, 149–155
climate change (warming trends): Bering Strait, 10; birds impacted by, 219–221; Borrelia burgodorferi migration and, 5–6; camouflage mismatch induced by, 10; damaged assembly line and, 99–102; deaths related to, 21; diseases fueled by, 51; humidity factor in lone star survival, 160–161; indicators, 20–21; less snow causing earlier tick emergence, 87, 88; lone-star ticks and, 159–160; Lyme case counts measure of, 51; Lyme as different from other emerging diseases, 51; Lyme disease as indicator of pace and effect of, 7, 20–24; mice, deer, and, 56; moose impacted by, 10–13; multinational report on 1983-2012, 7; in Netherlands, 28–29; Norway, 57; penguins impacted by, 220–221; scientists disputing tick rise due to, 223–224; study confirming tick sensitivity to, 99; tick life cycle impacted by, 88–89; tick seasonal emergence and, 87–88; tick survival due to, 22; ticks benefiting from, 216–217; in upstate New York, 1–2. See also migration
Clinical Infectious Diseases, 62, 116, 153–154
clothing, permethrin-impregnated, 243, 244
clothing regulation, 244, 245
coinfections, 54, 81; bartonellosis, 66, 121, 166–170; in mice, 180; mutual benefit for, 171; in nymphs, 171; prolonged symptoms and, 171–172; survey of late-stage Lyme patients, 170–171. See also babesiosis; ehrlichiosis
Commins, Scott, 161–164
Communicable Diseases Commission, 83
Congress, research funding from, 231–232
Congressional hearing, 134–137
Connecticut: childhood misdiagnoses in, 189–190; Murphy's case in, 189–195; tick control in, 246–247
controversy: choosing sides, 137; diagnostic controversy, 198–199; major issue driving, 111–112; most contentious issue in, 73; seronegative, 125–126; solution to, 116–117
corneas, donated, 208
Costerton, Bill, 142
costs, 245, 246
coyote, 96
Czech Republic, 22, 151, 234–237
Dahlgreen, Kenneth, 165
Dapsone, 39
Darwin, Charles, 97, 98, 130
Dattwyler, Raymond, 107–111, 117, 178; on seronegative and chronic Lyme, 125–126
deaths: from babesiosis, 178, 181; Bartonella, 169; CDC on rates of, 165; decline in Rocky Mountain spotted fever, 165; Elone, J., misdiagnosis and, 206–209; from long-term antibiotic use, 37–38; Lyme carditis, 207–208; Lyme diagnosis missing from records of, 198; from Lyme disease, 226–227; from malaria, 6; positive test after, 197; postmortem studies and, 199; related to warming trends, 21; Rocky Mountain spotted fever children's, 199; from TBE, 233-234, 236. See also suicide
deer, 93, 96, 249; Borrelia burgdorferi and, 45–46, 47, 55–57; myth about, 56–57
deforestation, 94–95
delayed diagnosis, 30
DeLong, Allison, 74
dementia, Lyme, 26, 131, 143, 144
Dersch, Rick, 203
diagnosis, of Lyme disease: "attention seeking," 26–27; controversy impact on physicians and, 112–113; delays, 16, 30, 31, 33, 119; easiest cases of, 34; infections missed by tests, 66; late, 16; late-stage controversial, 198–199; Lee's DNA testing, 109–110; "mental illness," 106, 109, 244; Murphy's physician avoiding chronic Lyme, 206; myth of overdiagnosis, 68–69; Pronk's, 26–27; underdiagnosis, 4, 69; xenodiagnosis, 78–80. See also late-stage Lyme disease; misdiagnosis; testing
diapause, 29
diseases: ecology of, 54–55; emerging, 166; fueled by climate change, 51; mimicked by Lyme, 120; mosquito-borne, 6, 51; new-era, 98; timeline for global outbreaks of, 97–99; WHO on key factors of, 94
diseases, tick-borne: first cases of B. miyamotoi-related, 93; spread of, 5; warming trends and, 57–59. See alsospecific diseases
diversity. See biological diversity
DNA: blacklegged ticks family tree, 18; mice, 247–248; testing, 79–80, 218
dogs, 2, 51, 157–158; Canadian, 123, 211–212; spirochete survival in, 83
Dominican Republican, 43
Donta, Sam, 37, 203
down-regulating, Lyme pathogen and, 46
doxycycline, 33, 39, 82, 84, 138–139; misleading study on, 71-72; Murphy's treatment with, 190; persistence after use of, 134
Drayson, Joanne (Lyme patient), 117–121
Drazen, Jeffrey M., 72
Dutch epidemic, 28–29, 33–34. See also Netherlands
Dutch Parliament, 32, 41, 42
Dutchess County, 180; Public Health Bulletin, 174–175, 177
Eastern Europe: rise of tick-borne encephalitis in Russia and, 52–53
easy-to-treat mentality, 83–84, 140
ecology, of disease, 54–55
economic factors, human behavioral shifts and, 52–53
Ehrlich, Garth, 142–145
ehrlichiosis, 101–102, 159, 170, 198
Elone, Emmanuel, 208
Elone, Joseph (Lyme patient), 195–199, 206–209
EM rash. See erythema migrans (EM) rash
Embers, Monica, 78–79, 82–83, 84; Barthold and, 135; mainstream skepticism about studies of, 141–142
encephalitis. See tick-borne encephalitis
encephalomalacia, 204
endemic, Lyme disease framed as, 6, 16–17, 153
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), 243; on climate change indicators, 20–21; climate change report put out by, 20–21
epidemic, 16–23, 150, 212–213, 251–252; denial of, 150–155; Dutch, 28–29, 33–34
Epidemic Intelligence Service, CDC, 171–172
erythema migrans (EM) rash, 48, 70; IDSA on, 197; persistent, 134
Esvelt, Kevin, 247–248
Europe and European Union, 14, 52–53; B. burgdorferi-infected Ixodes ricinus identified in, 49; Babesia in, 181–182; borreliosis of Brazil distinguished from that of, 218; change in mid-to late-1900s impact on, 49–50; Lyme cases in western Europe, 14; EU funding for anti-tick vaccine, 233, 236; infected tick species in, 28, 191; Lyme spirochete strain in, 146; Lyme vaccine efforts in, 233–236; migrating flyways into, 215–219; rash cases of early 1900s, 48; tests leave out species of, 122; tick northern migration in, 18, 57-58; tick-resistant clothing regulation, 244, 245
Faber, Sue (Lyme patient), 121–122
facial palsy, 48, 85, 115, 127; confirming case with, 111.
Fallon, Brian, clinical trial revisited, 74; clinical trial enrollment, 124-125; brain scan studies, 202-203
false negatives, 79, 109–112, 196; comparison to HIV test, 116
false positives,
68-69, 106, 153; Dattwyler on, 110–111; if previously infected, 110; positive cases negated, 111
Fenichel, Eli, 246
fibromyalgia, 48, 106, 111; percentage of Lyme patients diagnosed with, 119
Fish, Durland, 45, 81, 157, 204
Fisher, Darren, 35
flags, used to capture ticks, 92–93
Földvári, Gábor, 130
Forest Service, United States, 95, 99
forests: foraging for food in, 52–53; fragmented, 22, 53, 94–97, 250
foxes, 30, 55, 96; Bartonella in, 167
France, 125; 1922 farmer case, 48; pathogens in ticks in, 166-167, 179; babesiosis in, 182; tick warning in, 183-184
Francis, Charles, 19, 219–221
Franklin, Sherrill, 35
Frid, Elena, 195, 202
funding: CDC Lyme grants, 228; Congressional, 231–232; denial of research grants, 75, 82–83, 145, 152, 201–202; denied grants and, 82–83, 145, 152, 201–202, 236–237; HIV versus Lyme, 231, 250; NIH, 201; nonprofits filling void in, 66, 82, 231, 250; solutions and, 249–250; for West Nile Virus, 201, 250; for Zika virus research, 225–226
fungicides, 249–250
Gaff, Holly, 101, 240–243
gardens: infected ticks in modern, 94
gene sequencing, 235–236
General Medical Council, in Britain, 77
genetic engineering, 226; mice DNA and, 247–248
genetics, Borrelia burgdorferi, 7
Geological Survey, United States, 101, 154, 160–161
Germany, 84–85; Babesia infection detected in, 179; birds carry ticks into, 215-216; cases at military base, 159; patients diagnosed in 1941, 48; ticks infected from 1880s, 49
germinal centers, of humans and mice, 133
gestational Lyme disease, 122, 228
ghost moose, 12
Global Change Research Program, US, 51
Global Lyme Alliance, 231
government laboratory, in Montana, 49
grants. See funding
gray-cheeked thrush, 19–20
Great Britain, migrating birds and, 216. See also United Kingdom.
Greenland, Andrew, 119–120
Grier, Tom (Lyme patient), 74
guinea pigs, 229, 235
gypsy moth caterpillars, 53
hantavirus, 94
Hargrove, Richard (Lyme patient), 36
Harvard Medical School, 80
health costs, 245
health insurance, 176, 187
heart, 168, 173; spirochetes in, 207
Herman-Giddens, Marcia E., 153–155
HIV, 106, 116, 191, 214, 230-231
Hodzic, Emir, 136
Holland, as incubator for a tick-borne epidemic , 28–30. See also Netherlands.
Hooglugt, Vera, 188
Horowitz, Richard, 38–39, 174–176
hospitalization: bill for, 206; rates among children, 191
hosts: Borrelia burgdorferi and, 129–130; cutaneous interface between tick and, 230; predators and, 96; small animals as, 250; tick location when not on, 91; tick-host pathogen transfer, 129–130, 132-133
Hsu, Mayla, 230–231, 232
Hu, Linden, 79–80
human behavioral shifts, 52–53
humidity factor, 160–161
hypoplastic left heart syndrome, 168
Ice Age, 43; Bering Strait produced by, 9–10
IDSA. See Infectious Diseases Society of America
IDSA treatment guidelines, 6, 34–35, 63, 73, 78, 81, 201, 206; antitrust investigation and, 75–76; authors, 40, 81, 117, 139–141, 178, 203; battle against image enshrined in, 84; doctors treating outside of, 66-67, 76; dysfunctional care model and, 39, 66; ingrained logic of, 127; PTLDS study by authors of, 64; rash necessity in, 112-113; repeat-bite study by authors of, 139-140; worldwide influence of, 34, 67, 68, 77. See also Dattwyler, Raymond; Wormser, Gary
ILADS. See International Lyme and Associated Diseases Society
immune system, 30, 35, 131–133, 162; herd immunity to Zika, 229
in utero transmission, 122, 228
infants: Babesia transfused into, 178; Bartonella deaths, 168–170; Lyme disease in, 122, 228; with Zika-related birth defects, 226
Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA), 6, 34, 107, 198; Blumenthal antitrust investigation of, 75–76; CDC alliance with, 64–65, 66, 81–82, 197; certified model of, 127–128; curable view of, 62–63; on erythema migrans rash, 197; false negatives and, 196; Lyme in children and, 187; New England Journal of Medicine ties with CDC and, 77; treatment guidelines author broke ranks with, 203; positive test percentages acknowledged by, 70; repeat bites study and, 140
influenza: bacterial cause of ear infections and, 142–143; Brazil's plague of, 219
insecticides, 237, 239, 240–241; sheep treated with, 245
Interest Group for Intensive Child Care, 187–188
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 7
International Lyme and Associated Diseases Society (ILADS), 66, 145; treatment guidelines of, 72
intravenous therapy, 38, 206; CDC report on complications in, 65–66; insurance opposition to, 176; patients requiring, 67
intravenous-line infections, 37, 38
Ireland, 14, 103, 183
Ixodes ricinus. See castor bean tick
Ixodes scapularis. See blacklegged ticks
Ixodes ticks (Ixodidae family), 4, 13, 23, 59; avian coastal variety, 221; breeding and egg-laying of, 30; Canadian study identifying new varieties of, 221; climate preference of, 100; deer and, 44–45; Dermacentor reticulatus, 88; dormant times of, 29; first evidence of Babesia coinfection in, 175–176; gene sequencing on, 235–236; in migrating birds, 213–215; purpose question, 102–103; in South America, 217–218
James, William, 61
Jarnevich, Catherine, 160–161
Jemsek, Joseph, 36
Johns Hopkins University, 34, 39, 79
Johnson, Barbara J. B., 76, 112, 114, 117
Johnson, Lorraine, 173-174, 205–206
Jones, Charles Ray, 192–194
Jones, Kate E., 97–99
Journal of the American Medical Association, 143
juvenile rheumatoid arthritis, 184
Kantar, Lee, 12
Kazimirova, Maria, 103
Keesing, Felicia, 54–55, 90–91; oxpecker study by, 102
Klempner, Mark, 73–74, 75, 176–177
Kopácˇek, Petr, 235–236
Kotsyfakis, Michail, 22, 234–235, 236
Krause, Peter, 177, 180, 181
Kristofferson, Kris, 120
Krupp, Lauren, 74
Lantos, Paul, 172–173
larvae, 92, 101
late-stage Lyme disease, 6, 35–36, 67; Boere case, 244, 245; child patients with, 186–187, 190, 202–206; China, patients with, 4; delayed diagnosis percentages and, 118; diagnostic controversy, 198–199; doctors tell patients with, 36-37; Drayson case, 117–121; false negatives, 116; ingrained views and, 127; Lymedisease.org surveys of, 170–171, 173; of McCabe, 176–177. See also Pronk, Barbara, case history
Lee, Sin Hang, 109–110
Leech, Patrick (Lyme patient), 39
Leeflang, Mariska, 116–117
Levi, Taal, 96, 103
Lewis, Kim, 84, 135
Liegner, Kenneth, 238
life cycle, tick, 30; climate change impact on, 88–89; nymphal lone star, 158–159
Lipschütz, Benjamin, 48
lone star ticks (Amblyomma americanum), 101–102, 155; Gaff's robot for deterring, 240–241; government studies of climate change and, 159–160; location of, 154; meat allergy associated with bite from, 161–164; migration into Canada, 221–222; movement of Ixodes black-legged ticks compared to, 158; pathogen delivered by, 218; Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever and, 165–166. See also Southern tick-associated rash illness
loonies, Lyme, 81–85
Louping Ill, 103
Lucas, Andrew, 163–164
Luft, Benjamin, 126, 203
lupus, 17
5
Lyme, Connecticut: children of, 44
Lyme and Tick-borne Diseases Research Center, 124
Lyme anxiety view, 73
Lyme carditis, 2, 207–208
Lyme dementia, 131; 202
Lyme disease: annual number Americans infected with, 4, 16; CDC maps of, 14–15; as climate change indicator, EPA view of, 20–21; diseases mimicked by, 120; disorders associated with, 131; distinction of, 23; divide, 151–152; first case of, 44; framing of, 3–4, 6, 73, 208; governmental monitoring of, 7; image, 84; infection rate in US children, 16; in military, 158, 159; lost childhood from, 184–185, 191, 199–202; medical guidelines on, 34–35; medical journal mocking, 227; mid-to late-1900s rise of, 49–53; minimizing of, 6, 227; myths of, 68–74; name of, 44, 251; 1970s emergence of, 16, 46–49; number to date of Americans infected with, 6; options for curbing, 230; paradox, 94; policy, 64–68; public perception of, 33; renaming proposal, 251; research breakthroughs, 78–81; "shitty disease" description, 31; start of case counting in US, 50; TBE compared with, 233–234; troika of, 54; 2005 study on after-effects of, 84–85; underreporting, 72. See alsoBorrelia burgdorferi; coinfections; epidemic; persistence; Post-Treatment Lyme Disease Syndrome; tick-borne encephalitis; specific regions; specific topics
Lyme neuroborreliosis and neurological manifestations, 69, 80, 85, 115, 123; in children, 191, 202–204; in Brazil, 218
Lymedisease.org, 118, 119, 170–171, 172, 173
Lyme-like illness: in Brazil, 217–218
LYMErix vaccine, 232–233
MacDonald, Alan, 144
malaria, 194, 226, 238, 243; deaths from, 6
Mather, Thomas, 237, 243
McCabe, Lia (Lyme and babesiosis patient), 176–177
meat allergies, tick bites and, 161–164
medical misogyny, 188
medical neglect, parents charged with, 188
Medlock, Joylon, 17
meningitis, 2, 115
mental illness, 6; in children with long-term Lyme, 202; diagnosis, 106, 109, 244; patients told they have, 244. See also children, neurological Lyme disease