5 Odyssey, XXII: 319–20.
6 Simone Weil, The Iliad, or the Poem of Force, translated by Mary McCarthy, Wellingford, Pennsylvania, Pendle Hill Pamphlet, 1956.
7 Herbert Read (ed.), The Knapsack, London, George Routledge & Sons, 1939.
8 Iliad, XV: 557.
9 Iliad, VI: 612.
10 Or perhaps it can. In The Spectator, London, 30 July 2005 (‘Giving Thanks for Hiroshima’) Andrew Kenny published an obscene defence of the bombing of Hiroshima, saying that, in the long run, it saved lives.
11 Iliad, VIII: 523.
12 Emile Zola, Oeuvre critique, Paris, François Bernouard, 1929, II.
13 Iliad, XVIII: 558–709.
14 Iliad, VI: 64–70.
15 Iliad, VI: 76–7.
16 Iliad, XXII: 183–8.
17 Odyssey, XI: 79–85.
18 Wallace Stevens, ‘Phases’, XI, in Opus Posthumous, edited by Samuel French Morse, New York, Alfred A. Knopf, 1957.
Chapter 22
1 Jorge Luis Borges, El Aleph, Buenos Aires, Losada, 1949.
2 Iliad, II: 935–6.
3 Iliad, VI: 530–33.
4 Iliad, IX: 385–8.
5 Odyssey, III: 263–4.
6 Iliad, XVIII: 126–7.
7 Odyssey, IX: 346.
8 Odyssey, XVII: 359–60.
9 Odyssey, XXIII: 343–53.
10 Iliad, VI: 591–2.
11 Iliad, XXIV: 740–44.
12 Quoted in F. Buffière, Les mythes d’Homère et la pensée grecque, Paris, Les Belles Lettres, 1973.
INDEX
INDEX OF SUBJECTS
Note: Where more than one sequence of notes appears on the same page, notes of the same number are distinguished by the addition of ‘a’ or ‘b’. Names of characters, MORTAL AND IMMORTAL, from The Iliad and The Odyssey are italicised.
Achilles:
and Agamemnon 14, 55, 57, 123, 197
anger 4–5, 48, 55–8
and Briseis 10, 12, 57, 164
and Chryseis 10, 164
and death 97, 171–2
and Hector 6, 12, 15, 225–6
and Priam 6–7, 15, 174, 226, 236
shield 14, 222, 224
and type of David 90
and war 236
see also Patroclus
Aeneas:
as founder of Rome 49, 77
in Iliad 11, 14, 54
Aeschylus 25
Agamemnon:
and Achilles 14, 55, 57, 123, 197
and Menelaus 9, 225
Aithiopis 75
Ajax (Oiax) 9–13, 115, 205–6, 223
Alcibiades 37
Alexandria, Library 24, 46
allegory, Homeric legends as 35–6, 43, 48, 89–90
Ambrose of Milan, St 73
anciens, in France 115–25
Anderson, George K. 267 n.28
Andromache, and Hector 9, 11, 15, 118–20, 173, 236
Antenor, and Ulysses 197
Aphrodite, and Trojans 11, 15
Apollo:
and Trojans 8, 13, 14–15, 36
and Ulysses 20
Arabic, foreign literature in 80–7
Archelaos of Priene 25
Ares, and Trojans 9, 11, 15, 222
Argos 21, 236
Aristarchus of Samothrace 46–7
Aristophanes of Byzantium 46
Aristotle:
in Arab world 80–1, 83, 86
and Homer 35, 42–3, 83, 126–7
Arnold, Matthew 136–7, 181
Athanasius of Alexandria 72
Athena:
and Greeks 9, 11, 15, 36
and Telemachus 17, 22, 121, 124
and Ulysses 16, 17, 20, 22, 23
Atwood, Margaret 188–90
Augustine of Hippo, St 4, 63–7, 72–3, 89, 91, 117
Augustus, and Virgil 51, 52–4, 59
Averroes (Abu ‘l-Walid al-Hagid ibn Rushd) 86, 106
Avicenna (Abu ‘Ali al-Husayn ibn Sina) 86, 87, 106
Bacon, Francis 112, 128, 228
Baghdad, and translation of Greek classics 81–3
Banchs, Enrique 14708
bards:
Balkan 32–3, 34, 144
in Homer 31–2, 33
Baricco, Alessandro 218–21
Battle of the Ancients and Moderns (France) 115–25
Benoît de Sainte-Maure, Le Roman de Troie 77–9
Bentley, Richard 131, 184
Bérard, Victor 202–3
Bettelheim, Bruno 173, 264 n.17
biblical criticism 155–6
Blake, William 139–41
Boccaccio, Giovanni 94, 107
Borges, Jorge Luis 132, 145, 228
Bossuet, Jacques-Bénigne 122, 123
Brandreth, T. S. 4, 5
Briseis, and Achilles 10, 12, 57, 164
Broch, Hermann 53
Brodsky, Joseph 46
Brooke, Rupert, ‘Menelaus and Helen’ 174–6
Browne, Sir Thomas 168
Budé, Guillaume 109
Butler, Samuel ix, 138, 183–7, 189, 190–1
Byron, George Byron, 6th Baron 141–3
‘The Destruction of Sennacherib’ 147
Don Juan 143–4, 177
Byzantine empire, and the classics 47, 69–72, 74–5, 80
Calvert, Frank 180
Calvino, Italo 210–11, 218
Calypso, and Ulysses 16, 17, 20, 124, 194, 198
Campos, Haroldo do 56–7
Carroll, Lewis (Charles Lutwidge Dodgson) 55, 205
Cartaphilus, Joseph 228–33
Cassandra 9, 206–7
Cassiodorus, Flavius Magnus Aurelius, Institutiones 68–9
Cavafy, Constantine 211–13
Caxton, William, Recuyell of the Historyes of Troye 79
Cervantes Saavedra, Miguel de 3, 28, 41
Chapman, George 4, 55, 130, 132, 138–9, 222
Chateaubriand, François-René 68
Chaucer, Geoffrey, Troilus and Criseyde 79
Chesterton, G. K. 92
Chios, as birthplace of Homer 27, 28–9
Christianity:
and Battle of the Ancients and Moderns 115
and the classics 62–6, 68–9, 73, 108
and Homer 60–7, 72, 89, 123, 136
Chryseis, and Achilles 10, 164
Churchill, Winston L. Spencer 193
Cicero, Marcus Tullius 43, 62, 66, 155
Circe, and Ulysses 19, 96–8, 198, 205
classical studies 153
classics:
and Battle of the Ancients and Moderns 115–25
and Blake 140
and Byzantine empire 69–72, 74–5, 80
and Christianity 62–6, 68–9, 73, 108
Colum, Padraic 193–4
commentaries on Homer 43, 47, 53, 236–7
Constantinople, and the classics 47, 69–72, 74–5, 80
Cos, as burial-place of Homer 29
Cowper, William 134–5
Cretheis, as mother of Homer 29,
culture, Apollonian vs. Dionysian 168–70
Curtius, Ernst Robert 158, 181
Cyclops 119, 236
in Joyce’s Ulysses 195
and Ulysses 18–19, 87, 119, 198
Cypria 75
Cyprus, as burial-place of Homer 29
Dacier, Anne 122–3, 131
danse macabre 99
Dante Alighieri 110, 140, 194
and Hell 95, 101–4, 105–6, 198–9
and Homer 89–95, 105–6, 140
and Ulysses 198–200
and Virgil 90, 93–5, 101–2, 104, 106
and war 221, 222
Dares the Phrygian, The History of the Fall of Troy 76–8
death:
and Dante 101–4
and Freud 170–3
and Homer 57–8, 97–101, 104, 118, 145, 174, 224, 235–6
Delle Colonne, Guidio 79
Demetrius of Scepsis 43
Dickens, Charles 89
Dictys of Crete, A Journal of the Trojan War 76–7
Diderot, Denis 153–5
Diomedes 9, 11–12, 201
Donatus, Aelius 61
Dryden, John 130, 141
Dunbar, Henry 55–6
Eckermann, Johann Peter 155
education:
and role of Homer 36–7, 48, 69, 107–8, 110, 123
and schedograph 69–70
Eliot, T. S. 129, 216
Enlightenment, French 153–5
Epic Cycle of poems 75–6
Erasmus, Desiderius 63, 109
Eratosthenes of Cyrene 24
Eumaeus 20–1, 22, 31
Euripides, The Trojan Women 198
Fagles, Robert ix–x, 4, 56, 133–4
Al-Farabi, Abu Nasr 83–4, 86
fate 118–20, 207, 235
Federigo, Duke of Montefeltro 106
Fénelon, François de Salignac de la Mothe 105, 123–4
Adventures of Telemachus 124, 159
Fielding, Henry, A Journey From This World to the Next 131
film, and Homer 205
Findley, Timothy, Famous Last Words 213–17
Finley, Moses I. 186
FitzGerald, Edward 132
Fitzgerald, Robert 145
Flaubert, Gustave 2
France:
and Battle of the Ancients and Moderns 115–25
and Enlightenment 154–5
François I of France 110
Freud, Sigmund 170–3
Frye, Herman Northrop 38
Gay, Peter 170, 172–3
Germany:
and Greek culture 152–3, 169–70
and Homer as ideal 155–8
Gibbon, Edward 71, 131
Gilbert, Stuart 195
Giraudoux, Jean, La Guerre de Troie n’aura pas lieu 205–8
Gobineau, Joseph Artr, Count de 181
gods:
behaviour 9, 36, 39, 66, 77, 90–1, 169
and power 215
as unifying force 34–5
Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von 4, 155–8, 161, 168, 187
Faust 161–3, 166–7
The Sorrows of the Young Werther 159–60, 167
Goldsmith, Oliver, The Vicar of Wakefield 110
Goths, and conquest of Rome 73–4
Grand Hotel (film) 215
Greece:
and Homer 141–2
Ottoman control 142–4
and Rome 51–4
Greek:
Ionian 28–9
as language of literature and philosophy 69
as language of Protestantism 109–10
and Renaissance Europe 106–9
and Roman Catholic Church 109–13, 194
and Schliemann 178–9
translations into Arabic 80–6
Grimm, Frédéric-Melchior 125
Grimm, Wilhelm 87
Grünbein, Durs 193
Guarino, Battista 107–8
Hare, David 218
Hazlitt, William 131
Hector 12–14, 36
and Achilles 6, 15, 225–6
and Andromache 9, 11, 15, 118–20, 173, 236
death 174
in Giraudoux 207
and Patroclus 13–14, 57
Hecuba, and Priam 9, 207
Heine, Heinrich 67
Heinse, Wilhelm 157
Helen:
in Goethe 161–3, 166–7
in Iliad 9, 10–11, 163–6, 207
in Marlowe 164–5
Heliodorus, Aethiopica 116–17
Hell:
and Dante 95, 101–4, 105–6, 198
and Homer 57–8, 95, 96–104, 105–6
and Ulysses 19, 96–8, 211, 226–7
and Virgil 97–8, 100–1, 104, 106
Hellanicus of Lesbos 243 n.19
Henryson, Robert, The Testament of Cresseid 79
Hephaestus 10, 14, 224
Hera, and Greek army 9–11, 13
Heraclitus 4, 31, 220–1
Herder, Johann Gottfried 157, 159
Hernández, José 201–2
Herodotus 24–5, 26–7
Life of Homer 29–31
heroes, Homeric 55–9, 169
as models 36–7, 39
Hesiod 31, 36, 40
Heywood, Thomas 27–8
history, and poetry 181
Hobbes, Thomas 130
Holbein, Hans the Younger 99
Höölderlin, Friedrich 157
Homer:
in Arab world 81–8, 114–15
and Battle of the Ancients and Moderns 115–25
and Christianity 60–7, 72–3, 89, 108, 124, 136
commentaries on 43, 47, 53, 236–7
in Constantinople 71–2, 74–5
and Dante 89–95, 105–6, 140
early editors 46–7, 127
existence 27–37, 136, 155–8, 177
biographies 29–33, 83
birthplace 27–30
burial-place 29
death 31
as father of human history 25–6
and Freud 170–3
and Hell 95, 96–104, 105–6
as idea 152–8, 169–70
identity 234–5
as blind bard 1–3, 30–2, 33, 42, 214
as British gentleman 187–8
as female 183–7, 189, 190–1
influence 47, 107–8
as inspired poet 42–3, 139–40
language 28–9
narrative devices 47–8, 151
and Nature 160–1
poetic conventions 144–9, 224
portraits 126–8
and Racine 118–22
readings 3–4
and Schliemann 177–82
and secondary literature 75–9
as symbol 168–76
of poetry 1–2, 34, 126–37
and Ulysses as traveller 193–204
and Virgil 46, 49, 50, 53–9, 108, 110, 112–13, 114
and war 218–27
and writing 26–7
Hopkins, Gerard Manley 103
Horace (Quintus Horatius Flaccus) 48–9, 65, 92
Housman, A. E. x, 137, 196
Huet, Pierre-Daniel 122
humanism 109
Hunayn ibn Ishaq al-‘Ibai 81–2
Huxley, Aldous 39, 120
‘Hymn to Delian Apollo’ 28
Ibn Khaldun, ‘Abd al-Rahman 80
idea, Homer as 152–8, 169–70
Iliad:
and Aeneas 11, 54
Arabic fragments 84–6
authorship 1–2, 155
and bitterness 221–2
and Byzantine education 70
‘Catalogue of Ships’ 43, 165
editions 107, 109, 127
and epic similes 146–7
in Latin 94, 111
as monument to war 218–20, 223
origins 2
recital at Panathenaea 33–4
and secondary literature 75–9
summary 9–16
translations 55–6, 88, 94, 129–35, 138–9, 141
and Ulysses 197
Ilias latina 94
Ilion Persis (The Sack of Ilion) 75
imagination:
and memory 173
and poetry 150–1, 158
Ionic language 28–9
Islam, and Homer 80–8, 114–15
Ithaca 185–6, 212–13
Jahiz (Abu Uthman ‘Amr ibn Bahr al-Jahiz) 80
Jansenism 117–18
Jerome, St 60–4, 73, 89
Johnson, Samuel 131, 134, 203
Joyce, James:
and imagination 151
Ulysses 4, 193–6, 202–4, 209–10
Juana Inés de la Cruz, Sor 112
Jung, Carl Gustav 160–1, 169, 173–4
Kadaré, Ismail 241 n.24
Kazantzakis, Nikos 200–1
Keats, John 4, 55, 138–9
Kenny, Andrew 270 n.10a
Kipling, Rudyard 191–2, 228
Kircher
, Athanasius 112
Kitab al-Tuffaha (‘Book of the Apple’) 83
Kitto, H. D. F. 56
knowledge:
and memory 151–2, 228
poetic 150–2
Lascaris, Giovanni 108
Latin:
and Greek 105–13
as language of Catholic Church 109, 111
translations into 48, 94, 112, 130, 159
and Vulgate 61–2
Lattimore, Richard 56
Lawrence, T. E. 32, 132, 187–8
Le Fèvre, Jean 251 n.9
Leconte de Lisle, Charles-Marie 56
Leo X, Pope 108
Leopardi, Giacomo 59
Lessing, Doris 208
Levi, Peter 54
Life of Homer (?Herodotus) 29–31
literature:
in Constantinople 70–2, 74–5
and Plato 38–42
written 26–7
see also classics; poetry
Little Iliad 24, 75
Livius Andronicus 48, 49
Lord, Albert B. 32–3
Lowell, Robert 56
Lucas, F. L. 4
Lucretius (Titus Lucretius Carus), On the Nature of Things 54
Lycurgus 43
Lydgate, John 79
Maclaren, Charles 180
Maintenon, Françoise d’Aubigné, Marquise de 123
Malo, García 111
Malraux, André 101
Al-Ma‘mun, Caliph ibn Harun al-Rashid 81
Manichaeism 64–5, 117
Manutius, Aldus 107
Marcus Aurelius, Emperor 91
margites 43
Marlowe, Christopher 126, 164–5
Mehemet II 107, 114–15
Melesigenes 30-1, see also Homer
memory:
and imagination 173
and knowledge 151–2, 228
Mena, Juan de 56, 87–8
Menelaus:
and Adrestus 224–5
and Agamemnon 9, 225
and Helen 9, 10
and Telemachus 17
Mentor, and Telemachus 17, 23, 124
metis 119–20
Mexía, Pedro 111
Mill, John Stuart 141
Milton, John 30, 43, 102, 137
modernes, in France 115–16, 123, 125
Montaigne, Michel de 114–15
Montesquieu, Charles de Secondat de 125
morality, and poetry 140
Moravia, Alberto 205
More, Thomas 109
Moritz, Karl Philipp 157
Murray, A. T. 56
Murray, Gilbert 34–5
Muse, in Homer 92, 129, 151–2
Mussato, Albertino 90, 92
myth, and philosophical truth 35–6, 208
Nabokov, Vladimir 195
Naevius, Gnaius 54
Nash, Ogden 148
Nature, and poetry 160–1
Nausicaa 18, 189, 198, 205
Nestor 11–12, 16–17, 44–5
Homer's The Iliad and The Odyssey Page 22