6 ‘Chinese version’, New York Times, 21 August 1905
7 ‘Chinese boycott succeeds’, New York Times, 30 July 1905
8 ‘Scope of Shanghai boycott’, New York Times, 15 September 1905
9 Lo, p. 406
10 Hsu, p. 463
11 Spence, The Gate of Heavenly Peace, p. 88
12 ‘Chinese boycott is beyond control’, New York Times, 14 September 1905
13 Ibid; ‘Shanghai boycott over’, New York Times, 26 September 1905; ‘Editorial’, New York Times, 25 February 1906; Crossley, The Wobbling Pivot, p. 149
14 Crossley, The Wobbling Pivot, p. 146
15 Woodhead, p. 27
16 ‘Fracas in a court of justice’, The Times, 11 December 1905
17 ‘Chinese girl slavery and the Shanghai Municipality’, Letter to The Times, 1 November 1906
18 ‘The Shanghai disturbances’, The Times, 11 May 1907
19 Entry 12 December 1905, Sir Ernest Satow’s Peking Diary 1904–1906
20 Entry 16 December 1905, Ibid
21 ‘The Shanghai Mixed Court Affair’, The Times, 14 December 1905; The Times, 16 December 1905
22 ‘Shanghai under arms’, Kalgoorlie Western Argus, 30 January 1906
23 ‘Mr E. Lynch’, Sydney Morning Herald, 28 July 1930
24 Rasmussen, The Reconquest of Asia, p. 109
25 ‘Shanghai under arms’, Kalgoorlie Western Argus, 30 January 1906
26 Fearn, p. 136
27 ‘The Shanghai disturbances’, The Times, 21 December 1905
28 ‘Disturbances at Shanghai’, The Times, 19 December 1905. The Japanese consul-general in Shanghai claimed that Bland had mistaken queueless Chinese students in European clothes for Japanese (‘The attitude of the Japanese’, The Times, 24 December 1905).
29 Entry 22 December 1905, Sir Ernest Satow’s Diary 1904–1906
30 Fearn, pp. 137–8
31 Woodhead, p. 29
32 Selle, p. 54
33 ‘Death of Mr James Gordon Bennett’, The Times, 15 May 1918
34 ‘The man who made news’, New York Times, 22 November 1942
35 ‘Caprice and whims of Herald’s late owner’, New York Times, 19 May 1918
36 Bennett launched the New York Evening Telegram and the Paris Herald (later the International Herald Tribune). He also gave rise to the phrase ‘Gordon Bennett!’ to express exasperation or disdain.
37 Selle, p. 11
38 Farmer, p. 166
39 Selle, p. 14
40 Farmer, p. 166
41 Selle, pp. 16–17
42 Letter W. H. Donald to Muriel Donald, 15 September 1945, Lewis Papers, Mitchell Library
43 Selle, p. 42
44 Ibid
45 Selle, p. 55
46 ‘J. K. Ohl, editor, dies of heart disease’, New York Times, 28 June 1920
47 ‘Hong Kong University marks its golden jubilee’, The Times, 20 March 1961; ‘Mr W. H. Donald’, The Times, 11 November 1946
48 ‘British influence in China: the Hong Kong University’, The Times, 7 June 1913
49 ‘Hong Kong University marks its golden jubilee’, The Times, 20 March 1961
50 Thomas F. Millard, ‘Arms from Japan for revolt in China’, New York Times, 6 May 1908
51 Crossley, The Wobbling Pivot, p. 150
52 Ibid
53 ‘Japan’s ultimatum delivered to China’, New York Times, 8 March 1908
54 ‘Indignation in Canton’, The Times, 23 March 1908
55 ‘China boycotts Japan,’ New York Herald, 10 April 1908
56 Selle, p. 47; ‘China and her foreign relations’, The Times, 22 September 1908
57 John Garnaut, ‘Shopping palaces spread gospel from Down Under’, The Australian, 6 February 2010
58 John Fitzgerald, Big White Lie, p. 191. Anthony Hordern (1819–1876), born in London and raised in Melbourne, opened a drapery on Brickfield Hill, Sydney, with his brother Lebbeus in 1855. Anthony started on his own in the Haymarket which became the first premises of Anthony Hordern & Sons. In 1879, his sons Anthony and Samuel opened the ‘Palace Warehouse’ and the ‘Palace Emporium’ in the Haymarket and according to the Bulletin of 22 May 1880 ‘fairly rule[d] the retail trade of the metropolis and the colony in general’. (Ruth Teale, ‘Hordern, Anthony (1842–1886)’, Australian Dictionary of Biography, Volume 4, Melbourne University Press 1972, pp. 423–4.)
Chapter 9: Battle Stations
1 ‘The Crisis in China’, The Times, 19 July 1912
2 ‘China and her foreign relations’, The Times, 22 September 1908
3 Selle, p. 47
4 Thompson and Macklin, p. 304
5 ‘Dismissal of Yaun Shi-kai’, Sydney Morning Herald, 9 January 1909
6 Fenby, China, p. 112; ‘Dismissal of Yaun Shi-kai’, Sydney Morning Herald, 9 January 1909; Selle, p. 52
7 ‘China and Australia’, Sydney Morning Herald, 18 March 1909
8 ‘China’s awakening’, Sydney Morning Herald, 17 March 1909
9 ‘China and Australia’, Sydney Morning Herald, 18 March 1909
10 ‘Unrest in China’, The Mercury, Hobart, 6 June 1910
11 ‘Mr Hugh Ward returns’, Sydney Morning Herald, 4 December 1909
12 Fitch, p. 33; Woodhead, pp. 14, 92. Under the terms of the Anglo-Chinese Opium Agreement of 1907 and 1911, Britain gradually reduced imports of Indian opium until they were completely prohibited from 1 April 1913. The American missionary George Fitch was a member of the official party who burned the remaining stores of opium from the Whangpoo hulks in 1915. The trade continued illegally.
13 Most reference books place the Shanghai Club at no. 2 The Bund. Contemporary reports, however, give its address as no. 3.
14 Scotch and soda
15 Hibbard, p. 93
16 Denby, p. 2
17 Robert A Bickers and Jeffrey N. Wasserstrom, ‘Shanghai’s “Dogs and Chinese Not Admitted” sign: Legend, history and contemporary symbol’, The China Quarterly, No 142, June 1995. Various signs were displayed at the gardens over the years, the most offensive of which said, ‘1. No dogs or bicycles are admitted. 5. No Chinese are admitted except servants in attendance upon foreigners.’ This was later changed to, ‘1. The Gardens are reserved for the foreign community. 4. Dogs and bicycles are not admitted.’
18 Hibbard, p. 212 passim
19 On 17 December 1925, Hayley Morriss, 37, and his 20-year-old wife Madeline were found guilty of procuring young girls for immoral purposes at his home at Pinningford Park, Nutley, Sussex. Morris was sentenced to three years’ imprisonment and his wife to nine months.
20 Lo, p. 489; ‘Mr Montague Bell’, The Times, 8 November 1949
21 Powell, p. 9
22 Ibid, p. 10
23 ‘Mr O. M. Green’, The Times, 5 October 1959
24 Thomas F. Millard, ‘China changing and struggling for reform’, New York Times, 28 June 1908
25 ‘The rebellion in China’, The Advertiser, 13 October 1911
26 Laura Tyson Li, pp. 22–3
27 Fenby, Chiang Kai-shek, p. 134
28 Powell, p. 30; Hsu, p. 465; ‘Revolutionaries in China’, The Times, 28 August 1911
29 ‘Revolutionary scare in Canton’, The Times, 16 August 1911
30 Powell, p. 30; Hsu, p. 465
31 Selle, p. 68
32 Powell, p. 20; Woodhead, p. 39
33 Fitch, p. 34
34 Fearn, p. 130
35 Fairbank, The Great Chinese Revolution, p. 137
36 Lo, p. 622
37 Schiffrin, p. 150; Hsu, p. 467; Fenby, China, p. 115
38 Hsu, pp. 467–8
39 A tael is a Chinese coin weighing one ounce
of silver.
40 ‘Chinese press subsidies’, The Times, 3 May 1900
41 ‘The floods in the Yangtze Valley’, The Times, 15 August 1911
42 ‘The floods in the Yangtze Valley’, The Times, 23 August 1911
43 Ibid
44 ‘Starts a paper in Shanghai’, New York Times, 30 August 1911
45 ‘Plague in Shanghai’, The Times, 2 September 1911
46 Hsu, p. 468; Mary Backus Rankin, ‘Nationalistic Contestation and Mobilisation Politics: Practice and Rhetoric of Railway Rights Recovery at the end of the Ching’, Modern China, Volume 28, no. 3 (July 2002)
47 Lo, p. 622
Chapter 10: Revolution
1 Thompson and Macklin, pp. 313–4
2 Fenby, China, p. 119
3 Hsu, pp. 468–9; Thompson and Macklin, p. 314
4 Crossley, The Manchus, p. 194
5 G. E. Morrison, ‘The rising in China’, The Times, 13 October 1911
6 Schiffrin, p. 153
7 ‘Details of the Rising’, The West Australian, 22 November 1911
8 G. E. Morrison, ‘Crisis in China: Manchu Dynasty in danger’, The Times, 14 October 1911
9 Braham to Morrison, 13 October 1911, Morrison Papers
10 Selle, p. 74
11 Hsu, p. 463
12 Ibid
13 Selle, p. 77; Pearl, p. 236
14 Thompson and Macklin, pp. 314–5
15 Fenby, China, p. 121
16 Thompson and Macklin, p. 316
17 ‘Revolt at Shanghai’, The Times, 4 November 1911
18 Dong, pp. 87–8
19 ‘Massacre at Nanking’, The Times, 11 November 1911
20 ‘Imperialist excesses at Nanking’, The Times, 16 November 1911
21 Morrison diary entry, 6 December 1911
22 Morrison to Braham, 29 December 1911
23 ‘Nanking cut off’, The Times, 17 November 1911
24 ‘Imperialist excesses at Nanking’, The Times, 16 November 1911
25 ‘The Revolutionary Programme’, The Times, 17 November 1911
26 Morrison to Braham, 17 November 1911
27 ‘Roy S. Anderson dies in Peking’, New York Times, 13 March 1925
28 Selle, p. 82
29 On 4 August 1914, King George V granted Arthur Pope a royal licence to wear the insignia of the fifth class of the Order of the Excellent Crop conferred on him by the President of the Republic of China in recognition of his services to China.
30 ‘Imperial and foreign intelligence’, The Times, 2 December 1911
31 ‘The Fall of Nanking’, The Mercury, Hobart, 16 January 1912
32 Thompson and Macklin, p. 318
33 Morrison to Braham, 29 December 1911; Crow, China Takes Her Place, p. 216
34 Hsu, p. 470; Schiffrin, pp. 156–7
35 Ibid
36 Ibid
37 Morrison to Braham, 8 January 1912
38 Donald to Morrison, 4 July 1912
39 Schiffrin, p. 157
40 Li Yuan-hung speaking in July 1913, quoted in Pearl, p. 264
41 C. F. Yong, ‘The Chinese Revolution of 1911: Reactions of Chinese in New South Wales and Victoria’, Australian Historical Studies, 12:46, 1966
Chapter 11: The Sinking Sun
1 Now Huan-lung Road
2 Pearl, p. 233
3 Thompson and Macklin, p. 329
4 Ibid, p. 321
5 Morrison to Braham, 16 January 1912
6 ‘Attempt to murder Yuan Shi-kai’, The Times, 17 January 1912; ‘Peking bomb outrage’, The Times, 19 January 1912
7 Schiffrin, p. 160; Rasmussen, The Reconquest of Asia, p. 115
8 Reinsch, p. 49
9 Morrison’s diary, 28 February 1912, Morrison Collection
10 Author in conversation with Alastair Morrison, Canberra, 2004
11 Sydney Morning Herald, 19 February 1923; Wearne, Albert Ernest MC (Major) 1871–1954, PRO1739, UK National Archives
12 Pearl, p. 253
13 Donald to Morrison, 25 May 1912, Morrison Papers
14 Donald to Morrison, 4 July 1912, Morrison Papers
15 Donald to Robert Tierney, 2 August 1945, Winston G. Lewis Papers
16 James M. Macpherson, ‘The canny Scot who advises China’s president’, New York Times, 11 August 1912
17 Donald to Morrison, 4 August 1912, Morrison Papers
18 Donald to Morrison, 11 August 1912, Morrison Papers
19 ‘Wedding of Dr Morrison’, The Guardian, 27 August 1912
20 Powell, p. 142
21 ‘Rodney Gilbert, columnist, dies’, New York Times, 12 January 1968
22 Selle, p. viii
23 Selle to Mary Donald, 1 September 1949, Winston G. Lewis Collection
24 Selle to Muriel Donald, 8 January 1957, Winston G. Lewis Collection
25 Thompson and Macklin, p. 356
26 Fenby, China, p. 131
27 Pearl, p. 283
28 Donald to Jennie Morrison, 1 June 1913, Morrison Papers
29 Pearl, p. 253
30 Ibid, p. 280
31 Ibid, p. 290; Fenby, China, p. 134; ‘Siege of Nanking’, The Times, 1 September 1913
32 Fenby, China, p. 134
33 A. E. Wearne, ‘Dr Morrison, Australian adviser to China’, Sydney Morning Herald, 14 February 1914
34 Ibid
35 ‘Dr Morrison on China’, The Times, 25 June 1914
36 ‘Dictator of China’, The Times, 2 July 1914
Chapter 12: Perfidious Albion
1 Donald to Morrison, undated but probably 1915, Morrison Papers
2 Fenby, China, p. 141
3 George Bronson Rea, Japan Times, 7 October 1928
4 Schiffrin, Sun Yat-sen: Reluctant Revolutionary, p. 183
5 Fenby, Chiang Kai-shek, p. 37
6 C. F. Yong, ‘The Chinese Revolution of 1911: Reactions of Chinese in New South Wales and Victoria’, Australian Historical Studies, 12:46, 1966
7 Selle, pp. 178–9; ‘Obituary: The Strong Man of China’, The Times, 7 June 1916
8 ‘Yuan Shi-kai dead’, The Times, 7 June 1916; Fenby, China, p. 138
9 Powell, p. 55
10 Donald to Morrison, 4 February 1917, Morrison Papers
11 Summerskill, Michael, China on the Western Front, p. 175
12 Fenby, China, p. 140
13 Powell, pp. 55–6
14 Now no. 7 Xiangshan Road, next to the Sun Yat-sen Museum
15 Thompson and Macklin, p. 420
16 Ibid, p. 425
17 L. F. Fitzhardinge, ‘William Morris Hughes (Billy)’, Australian Dictionary of Biography, Volume 9, Melbourne University Press, 1983, pp. 393–400
18 Hsu, pp. 501–2; Fenby, China, p. 142
19 Reinsch, p. 361
20 Kuhn, p. 175
21 ‘Asia divided up, Millard says’, New York Times, 26 July 1919
22 A. J. Hill, ‘Gullett, Sir Henry Somer (1878–1940)’, Australian Dictionary of Biography, Volume 9, Melbourne University Press, 1983, pp 137–9; ‘Unguarded Australia’, Sydney Morning Herald, 26 July 1919
23 Schedvin, p. 28
24 Fitch, p. 213
25 ‘Exhibition at Shanghai’, The Argus, 21 August 1923
26 W. Farmer Whyte, ‘Mr E. S. Little’s defence’, The Advertiser, Adelaide, 15 December 1923
27 Fitch, p. 238
28 North-China Daily News, 12 January 1924; Fitch, p. 235
29 Hsu, p. 517
30 Spence, The Search for Modern China, p. 312
31 Mary Clabaugh Wright (editor), p. 2
32 ‘China today: Vivid insi
de picture’, Sydney Morning Herald, 16 November 1920
Chapter 13: Bitter Endings
1 Various documents, Winston G. Lewis Papers
2 Noel Croucher, born in England in 1891, arrived in Hong Kong in 1905 and worked his way up from Post Office clerk to the multi-millionaire founder of the Croucher Foundation for the advancement of medical science in Hong Kong.
3 Mary Donald to Noel Croucher, undated but 1966–67, Winston G. Lewis Papers
4 ‘Pain in the heart’, Time magazine, 28 December 1936
5 ‘Woman gets 73 bank-note shares’, New York Times, 11 October 1930
6 Donald to Mrs Jennie Morrison, 9–10 October, 26 October, 14 December 1920, Morrison Papers
7 Alastair Morrison, p. 1
8 ‘George Bronson Rea: Character of and Activities in Far Eastern Affairs’, Winston G. Lewis Papers
9 ‘Mr Rea packs a wallop’, Washington Post, 28 December 1934
10 ‘George Sokolsky, columnist, dies’, New York Times, 14 December 1962
11 Harold K. Hochschild to Winston G. Lewis, Winston G. Lewis Papers
12 Selle, p. 227
13 Pal, pp. 55–6
14 Clifford, p. 10
15 Pal, p. 59
16 Baumler, p. 144
17 Ibid, p. 89
18 Ibid, p. 90; Fenby, Chiang Kai-shek, p. 112
19 Robert H. Murray, ‘The most hated Americans in China’, Cosmopolitan magazine, October 1908; Eileen P. Scully, ‘Taking the low road to Sino-American relations’, Journal of American History, Volume 82, No. 1, June 1995
20 Sergeant, p. 116
21 Fearn, p. 264
22 Ibid, p. 143
23 Pal, p. 85
24 Booker, p. 26
25 Ibid, p. 44
26 Ibid, p. 52
27 ‘Wu Pei-fu’, The Times, 6 May 1922
28 ‘Sun Yat-sen: a brilliant failure’, The Times, 13 March 1925
29 Bennett, p. 297
30 Fairbank, The Great Chinese Revolution 1800–1985, p. 211; Fairbank, ‘His Man in Canton’, New York Review of Books, 28 May 1981; Bennett, p. 223
31 Sergeant, p. 69
32 Deng, p. 169
33 Sergeant, p. 69
34 Powell, p. 94
35 Booker, p. 145
36 ‘Bandits carry off 300 passengers’, The Times, 7 May 1923; ‘Raid on passenger train’, The Times, 8 May 1923; ‘The Shantung outrage’, The Times, 9 May 1923
37 Powell, p. 108
38 Carl Crow, ‘Sharks’ fins and ancient eggs’, Harper’s Magazine, September 1937
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