Delphi
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heroes: at battle of Marathon, 129; Delphi and identification of, 179; Delphi as worship site for, 104, 110, 125–26; ghostly warriors, 112, 116; tribal heroes of Athens selected by Delphic oracle, 113
Herois festival, 221
Hesiod, 31, 38–39, 72, 318n57
Hieron of Syracuse, 123, 125, 300, 335n10
Hippias, 100–101, 109, 111–12
history: dedications at Delphi as public historical record, 133–34, 137, 147, 160, 167–68; oracle and creation of history for Messenia, 168, 345n17; revision or retelling at Delphi, 147, 160, 167–68
hoax, oracle as, 22–23, 27–28
Homer, 224, 318n57
Homeric Hymn to Apollo, 40, 69, 72, 143; on origins of Delphi, 31–33, 38
Homolle, Theophile, 265–66, 266–71, 273–75, 313n36
horses, sculptures of, 123, 184, 190, 239, 298, 300, 323n49
hosioi, 19
Hypata, 213
Hyperboreans, 13, 33, 102
Iliad (Homer), 49
Iliupersis painter, crater decorated by, 125
Illyria, 144–45, 199
impiety: accusations of, 160–61
inscriptions: about Amphictyony, 144; archaeological excavation of, 258; on Athenian treasury, 194, 293–94; bilingual, 196; at Corycian cave, 167; discovery and excavation of, 272; 18th century enthusiasm for, 252; as evidence of economic crisis in Greece, 148; graffiti inscribed on columns, 256; imperial correspondence, 208, 226; letter form evolution seen in, 157–58; of manumissions, 200, 355n59; in museum, 299; of musical notation, 194, 299; prohibited activities, 348n45; on reserved theater seats, 214; on stadium, 157–58, 296; on temple of Apollo, 208, 211–12, 215; on walls, 157–58, 200, 201, 252
Ion (Euripides), 136
Ionians, 89
Ion of Samos, 147
Iphicrates, 145
Iphigenia at Tauris (Euripides), 34–35
iron, dedications of, 58, 65, 83; chair of Pindar, 311n21, 335n13; spits of Rhodopis, 87–88, 219
Isagoras, 109
Isocrates, 72
Isthmia: Isthmian games, 184, 209; sanctuaries at, 76, 121
Itean plain, 95; aerial photo of, 2; settlement of, 52, 319n3
Iunius Gallio, L., 208
Jason of Pherai, 145
Johnston, Sarah I., 29
Julian, emperor, 141; defense of Delphi by, 366n54
Julian the Apostate, 243
Julius Caesar, 200
Julius Prudens, C., 223
Junius Mnaseas, M., 235
Kalapodi, 46–48, 318n50, 318n52, 326n15
Kalligas, P., 262
Keramopoullos, Antonios, 275
Knights (Aristophanes), 25, 135
koinons, 169, 207–8
Kondoleon, Alexandros, 275
Koumoundouros, Alexandros, 264–65
Labydai, 144
Laconia, 66, 69
Lamius the Aetolian, 176
lamps: Christian period artifacts, 300
landscape, 2–4; 19th painting and enthusiasm for, 253–54. See also geography of Delphi
laurel: as intoxicant, 22; oracular powers linked to, 20, 21, 22, 309n1; temple of, 36; and worship of Apollo, 15, 18, 19; wreaths as prize in games, 73, 221, 259n40, 326n16, 359n40
law: Amphictyony and decrees, 144; Delphi as legislative authority, 341n27; Delphi as site of manumissions, 200, 355n59; Delphi’s role in Plato’s ideal state, 143–44; legal contracts and construction projects, 95; oracle as authority and judge, 89, 97, 127, 136, 166
Leake, William Martin, 254
Lelantine War, 59
Lerat, Lucien, 277
lesche, Cnidian, 128, 160, 192, Plate II
Letter to Philip (Speusippos), 72
Leuctra, 145, 340n18
Leuke, 140
lions: bone found during excavation, 284; Croesus’s golden lion dedication, 84, 93, 151; on fragment of Minoan vessel, 42; Naxian lion dedication, 87, 147
Liparians, 127
literary sources: archeological evidence contrasted with, 48; and archeological expectations, 42, 233–34, 256–57; and dating of events, 37–38; evidence for Sacred Wars in, 72–73, 160; and evidence of consultation process, 11; reliability of, 22. See also Specific authors
Livia, 203–4, 217–18
Livius Salinator, G., 187
Locris, 160–61; dedications by, 176–77, 197; manumissions at Delphi, 200; tribute of maidens to Troy, 168
lot oracle, 13, 24–25, 141, 310n10, 311n16, 320n11, 323n56
Lucan, 21
Luce, Jean Marc, 51, 54
Lucius Mummius, 193
Lucius Cornelius Scipio Asiaticus, 199
Lucius Verrus, 233
Lydia, 70, 151. See also Croesus of Lydia
Lysander, 137, 141, 146
Macedon, 178, 180, 188–89. See also Alexander I of Macedon; Alexander the Great of Macedon; Perseus of Macedon; Philip II of Macedon; Philip V of Macedon
“madness” of the Pythia, 21–22
Maedi, 199
Magna Mater, 169
Magnesia, battle of, 186
maison jaune, 64, 74
maison noire, 45, 49, 51, 64, 74
maison rouge, 64, 74
Malkin, Irad, 59
management of Delphi: Aetolian, 169–76, 175, 179, 180, 183, 185, 186; Amphictyony and, 71–80, 73, 184, 186, 238, 286; city of Delphi and, 144, 159, 186–87, 238, 284, 286, 288–89, 326n23, 350n12, 357n13; and neutrality, 286; Phocian, 154–55; as political issue, 79–80; by prytaneis, 357n13; and reputation and influence in ancient world, 288–89; Roman, 194–96, 213, 226; Spartan, 130–31, 134–37, 142
Manius Acilius Glabrio, 185–86
manteis (oracle-tellers or seers), 25
Mantinea, battle, 147
manumissions: inscriptions at Delphi, 200, 355n59
maps: Delphi and immediate surroundings, xvi; Delphi and the Aegean, xv; Delphi and the Mediterranean, xiv; Leake’s maps of Greece, 254; Raike’s maps of Parnassian landscape, 254
Marathon, battle of, 112–13; dedications commemorating, 129, 137, 160, 178, 293–94
Marcadé, Jean, 277
Marcus Aurelius, 215, 230, 232, 233
Mardonius, 116
Massalians, 104–5; dedications from, 110
maxims of Delphi, 138
Medeon, 52
Megacles, 98–99, 113, 125
Megarians, 137
megaron (room of consultation), 18
Megera, 86
Meleager sarcophagus, 231–32, 232, 296
Melisseus, 219
Memmia Lupa, 214
Memmius, 223
Messenia, 180; oracle and creation of history for, 168, 345n17; triangular column, miniature of, 301; war with Sparta, 57, 320n17
Mestrius Florus, L., 215
metallurgy. See Specific metals
metopes, 297; in Museum at Delphi, 297, 298; relief sculpture on Athenian treasury, 113, 272, 298; shields hung from Apollo temple, 113, 160, 171; on tholos, 82; visual experience of scenes in, 82
Midas of Phrygia, 58
Miltiades the Elder, 99
Minoan rhyton, 42
Minucius Rufus, M., 196
Mithridates, 197, 198–99
modern use of site, 283
monopteros, 82, 105
Montholon, le Compt de, 265
Moralia (Plutarch), 216–20
mosaics, 247–48, 367n6
Moustoxydis, Andréas, 258
Moüy, le Compt de, 264, 265
Müller, Carl, 258
museums: 2004 opening of new, 283; construction of, 278; and electrification at site, 283; tour of exhibits, 296–300
music: competitions, 4, 72–73, 173, 184, 188–89, 287, 357n15; construction of theater at Delphi, 188; fees for performances, 206; hymn inscribed in Athenian treasury, 272; inscription of musical notation, 194, 299; performances at Delphi, 189, 197, 206; and reputation of Delphi, 287
Mycenae: excavation of, 263
Mycenaean period, 44–45
Naupactian triangular column, 301
Naxian Sphinx, 87, 88, 147, 297, Plate II; plaster cast exhibited in Paris, 272; reconstruction plan for, 278
Naxos, 87. See also Naxian Sphinx
Nemea, 76
Nemean (Pindar), 125
Neolithic occupation of Delphi, 43
Neopolis, 136
Neoptolemus, 174; cult of, 104, 125–26, 157, 163, 236–37; in Heliodorus, 1
Nero: as competitor in Pythian games, 209, 211; and consultation of the Pythia, 210–11; dedications removed from Delphi by, 210–11; honored by Amphictyony, 209–10
Nerva, 214
Nicates, son of Alcinus, 195
Nicias, 25
Nicopolis, 203, 205, 207
Nicostratus: dedication honoring, 350n12
Nigrinus, 215–16
Nike of Gelon, 151
Nikephoria games, 188
Octavian, 201–2
Odysseus: association with Delphi site, 158–59
Odyssey (Homer), 49
offerings: altars for burning sacrificial, 94; pelanos (cakes) as, 16; smaller or sacrificial, 26, 47, 67–68; trade and, 53; treasuries and storage of, 66. See also dedications
oikos (room of consultation), 18
Olympia, 67, 69, 108, 112, 140, 165; archaeological excavation of, 261; dedications at, 82–83, 332n31; excavation of, 263; games at, 166; Roman interest in, 204–5, 207; Sicyonian focus on, 332n31
Olympias (Myrtale), 164, 165
omens: and celebration of Pythaïs festival, 194; Delphi consulted to interpret, 161; divination and natural events, 24–25, 309n1; reported at Delphi, 137, 148, 165; and Sulla’s raiding of treasuries at Delphi, 197–98
omphalos, 36; Athens column dedication, 166; as the “center of the world,” 18, 36, 166, 299; Hellenistic/Roman version of, 37; in museum, 299; as optical device, 315n19; and tripod, location of, 16, 18
On the Embassy (Aeschines), 71
Oppé, A. P., 22
oracles: authority and competition among, 39–40; as continuing institution during Christian era, 236, 242–43; at Delphi (see Pythia); discover of “lost,” 145; at Dodona, 24, 310n2; “fortune telling,” 30; interpretation of natural phenomena, 24, 309n1; lot oracle, 13, 24–25, 141, 310n10, 311n16, 320n11, 323n56; manipulation of, 142; manteis (oracle-tellers or seers), 25; Plutarch on “obsolescence of,” 218; political leaders as, 168; religious contexts for, 24–26, 54–55; as “sense-making mechanism,” 30
Orestiea (Aeschylus), 33–34
Oribasius, 243
Origen of Alexandria, 236
Orneates of the Argolid, 167
Orrhippus of Megara, 336n15
Orsilaus, 148–49
Osborne, Robin, 46, 59–60, 117
Otto, King of Greece, 257, 262
Ottoman Empire, 250–51, 263–64; Greece independence from, 257
Ovid, 169
Pactyes, 97
Paean (Pindar), 36, 125
painting: competition at Delphi, 124; crater decorated by Iliupersis painter, 125; embellishment of dedications, 128
Palmer, Eva, 277
palm tree dedications, 16, 121, 128, 137
Pan, 167
Parallel Lives (Plutarch), 216
Parke, Herbert, 11–12, 140, 164, 167, 183
Parnassus, Mount, 31, 34
Parnassus (hero), 35
Paros, 188
Parthenon, 251–52, 255–56; Elgin’s removal of marbles from, 255
Pausanias (historian and geographer), 60, 83; and archeological expectations, 42, 233–34, 363n25; English translation of works, 254; on founding of Delphi, 35–36; on inspiration of the Pythia, 21; on rivalry among oracles, 39–40; on Siphnians, 108
Pausanias (Spartan general): attempted “hijack” of Plataean dedication by, 121, 126, 334n6
Peisistratids, 98–101
Peisistratus, 25
pelanos (cakes) as offerings, 16
Peloponnesian War, 136–38
pochora, 46–47, 49
Pergamon, 184, 192
Periallus (Pythia involved in bribery), 112, 310n5
Periander, 83, 327n32
Pericles, 131
periodos circuit, 76, 209, 229, 288, 324n7, 339n7
perirrhanterion, 82
“peristyle house,” 214
Perseus of Macedon, 189; Delphi used for propaganda by, 189–90, 351n24
Persia, 97–98, 112; Cyrus and, 139; peace negotiations at Delphi, 147; Philip II of Macedon and plans to attack, 163; as threat to Greek city states, 114. See also Persian Wars
Persians (Aeschylus), 126
Persian Wars: consultations of Delphic oracle during, 112–17; dedications commemorating, 117–18, 121–22, 295; Delphi suspected of treason during, 114–17, 119; and reputation of Greek cities, 117–18; Thebes as Persian ally, 160
Phaselis, inscription of, 141
Pheidias, 205
Phemonoe, 310n5
Phi figurines, 44
Philip II of Macedon, 154–55; Athens and, 155, 160, 161; consultation of the Delphic oracle by, 163–64; death of, 163–64; dedications honoring, 155, 162; Hellenic league based in Delphi, 163; victory at Chaeroneia over Athens and Thebes, 161–62
Philippi, battle of, 201
Philip V of Macedon, 179, 180; annexation of Greek territories by, 184; death of, 188; invasion of Pergamon by, 186; as Roman ally, 185
Philiscus of Abydus, 147
Philiscus (Roman governor of Thessaly), 238–39
Philodamus, 152
Philomelus, 149, 164
philosopher, bust of, 217, 300, 362n14
philosophy at Delphi, 138, 229, 362n14
Phlegyians, 32, 51
Phocis, 148; accused of sacrilege by Thebans, 149; control of Delphi by, 154–55; dedications from, 111, 167, 169, 171; destruction of dedications to finance war, 151, 154; fine levied on, 154, 156, 159; and incorporation of Delphi, 130–31, 130–32; manumission inscriptions at Delphi, 200; proxeny granted to, 165–66; restored to Amphictyony, 171
phratries, 144, 331n29
Phrygians, 68
Phylacus, 104, 170
Picard, Charles, 275, 277
Pindar, 35, 36, 73, 124–25
Pittakos, Kyriakos, 161–62
plagues, 85, 136, 212, 221
Plataea: battle of, 117
Plataean serpent column, 121–22, 151; Constantine’s removal of, 240–41, 365n44; destruction of elements, 151; location, 16; miniature of, 301; Pausanias and attempted “hijack” of, 121, 126, 334n6; remnants at Delphi, 295
Plataikos (Isocrates), 72
Plato, 143–44
Pliny, 35–36
Plutarch: as agonothetes and member of Amphictyony, 216; on ambiguity of oracle, 29; bust of “philosopher type” identified with, 217, 300; on calendar of religious events at Delphi, 219–21; Chaeroneia as home of, 215–16, 359n30; on consultation of the Pythia, 18–21, 311n13; on Delphi as cult site, 41–42, 104, 218–21; on Dionysian festivals at Delphi, 152, 220–21; and fate of dedicators, 137; honored with dedications, 216; Moralia, 216–20; on mysterious “E,” 204, 217–18; on Nero, 209; on obsolescence of oracles, 218; Parallel Lives, 216; on pneuma and inspiration of Pythia, 20–21, 23, 357n18; as priest of Apollo, 222, 223, 229, 300; and reputation of Delphi, 229; on selection and number of Pythias, 12; on verse response of Pythia, 218, 312n26; visits to sanctuary at Delphi, 215–16
poetry: dedications honoring poets, 197, 362n15; Pythia and verse responses to consultation, 19, 27–28, 200, 218, 312n26
Polemon of Ilion, 219
political roles of oracle: and adaptability, 59; as antityrannical or prodemocratic voice, 83, 328n39; in arbitration, 58, 133, 135–36, 138, 140, 168, 174; in colonization, 59–63; and control of Delphi as political issue, 70, 79–80, 122, 201–2; declining, 168, 336n19; and favoritism or bias, 148; interpretation as opportunity for political deliberation, 26–27, 29, 54–56; legitimation of rulers, 141; “management consultant,” 30, 55, 57; in Pl
ato’s ideal state, 143–44; and propaganda, 189–90; and proxenia as political tool, 344n6; rulers as oracles in their own right, 168; and support of cult sites by political communities, 47; support of reform or innovation, 54–59, 81, 109–10
politics: Alcamaeonid/Peisistratid rivalry, 98–101, 110; Amphictyony as “general council of Greece,” 205–6; Athenian, 98–101, 109–10, 111–12, 113–14; and civic community of Delphi, 134; dedications as political statements, 146–47, 190; Delphi as neutral or independent, 65, 70, 72, 73–74, 130, 135–36, 148, 268; Delphi as politically valuable, 201–2; democracy in Greece, 98, 109, 133; instability after Peloponnesian War, 139–48; international interaction, 76–77, 97–98; military events as context for reforms, 110; oracle and (see political roles of oracle); rivalry between Athens and Sparta, 111, 134–35; Solon and reshaping of Athenian social contract, 81; Spartan constitution, 56–57; tyranny, 54, 57–59, 63–64, 83, 328n39
Polycrates of Samos, 97
Polydeucion, 230, 242
Polygnota, 198, 206
Polygnotes, 128, 192
Polyzalus of Gela, 123
Pompeii, 252
Pompey, 200
Pomtow, Hans, 265–66, 273, 275
Poppaeus Sabinus, 207
Poseidon, 35
pottery. See ceramics
Pouilloux, Jean, 277
Praxias, 153
Praxo, 189
preservation of site, 275; environmental degradation and, 283; research and, 284
Price, Simon, 24
Priestess of Delphi (Collier), 22, Plate IV
priests, 18–19, 27–28, 312n25
processions: during Pythaïs festival, 204; routes for, 136, 157
prohedria, 85
promanteia, 15, 85, 147; Aetolia and, 165, 169; Athens and, 131, 155; of the Chians, 173, 294; Cyrene and, 160; Philip II of Macedon and, 155; revoked, 155; Sparta and, 131; Thebes and, 148
Prometheus Unbound (Aeschylus), 277, 371n16
prophetes, 19
protection of site: legal, 257–58
proxenia, 165–66, 179, 183; Athens and, 178; and decline of Delphic influence, 193; as political tool, 344n6; as reflection of Delphi’s attitude toward recipient, 172; Rome and, 185; Spartans and, 199
Prusias II of Bithynia, 251n17
prytaneum, 143
Psi figurines, 44
Ptolemies of Egypt, 173, 176, 184, 347n32, 348n48; control of Greek territories by, 184
Punic Wars, 175, 179–80, 184
purification, 20, 63; of Apollo, 35; springs at Delphi and ritual, 13, 15