The Comanche Empire
Page 82
Nueces Strip, 226, 233, 234
El Oso (The Bear), Chief, 47
Nueva Vizcaya, 5, 61, 83, 101, 130; Apache
Otoes, 35, 36
flight to, 128; Apache raids on, 89, 97,
354; genocidal war against Apaches in,
Pacer, Chief, 326
124; mining districts, 27, 64, 109, 354;
Padilla, Juan Antonio, 248
stolen livestock from, 205
Pahayuko (Amorous Man), Chief, 174,
Nuevo León, 129, 212, 220, 221, 226, 231;
224, 259, 277, 308
Comanche raids, 306–7; as slaving
Paiutes, 356
frontier, 351
Palo Duro Canyon, battle of, 339, 340,
Nuevo Santander, 129, 208
340–41, 344
Numic peoples, 21, 24
Panismahas, 151, 169, 176
Numunu. See Comanches
Paraginanchi, Chief, 125
paraibos (band leaders), 133, 282, 290, 311;
Ochoa, Gen. Gaspar, 229
grand councils and, 276, 277; as heredi-
Ojo Caliente, 55, 56, 63, 74, 76, 79, 81
tary position, 265; power and its limits,
492
Index
paraibos (band leaders) (continued)
204, 412n41; maps, 56, 63, 79, 169, 176,
270–74; as secondary leaders, 163. See
316; treaty talks, 121–22, 135
also chiefs, Comanche
Penatekas (Honey Eaters), 306–8, 311, 323;
Päréiyä (Afraid of Water), Chief, 161
pan-Indian coalition and, 338; range,
Paris, Treaty of, 68, 69, 100, 112
316; on reservation, 312, 326
Parker, Cynthia Ann, 327
Pérez, Gov. Albino, 211
Parker, Ely S., 328
Peta Nocona, Chief, 327
Parriginanchi, Chief, 122
Picurís, 24, 40, 77, 124; Comanche raids
Parrilla, Col. Diego Ortiz, 60–61
on, 76, 81; Comanche trade in, 27, 127,
Paruacoom (He-Bear), Chief, 326, 334
204; maps, 56, 63, 79
Paruakevitsi (Little Bear), Chief, 196, 210,
Pimas, 124, 128
263
Pino, Pedro Bautista, 143, 145, 157–58, 248
Paruanarimuca (Bear Harness), Chief, 126,
Pinto, Chief, 119
127, 134, 139
Pisimampat, Chief, 122
Paruaquita, Chief, 184, 229
Pisinampe, Chief, 191, 281
Paruasemena (Ten Bears), Chief, 313,
Pizarro, Francisco, 2
323–24, 331
Plains Indians, 161–65, 203, 241; bison
pastoralism, 239, 241–42, 315; Coman-
and, 294, 298–99; horse culture of,
ches’ shift to, 241, 246; hunting bal-
356; swept aside by U.S. expansion, 292;
anced with, 239, 241, 247, 251–52, 347;
war with United States, 321–22, 332–33,
internal Comanche social dynamics
342–43; winter dispersal of, 284. See also
and, 351–52; resources necessary to,
specific nations
351; revival of Comanche power and,
Platte River, 30, 34, 70, 321
320
Plummer, Rachel, 253
Pawnees, 27, 30, 33, 36, 133; as allies of
Polk, James K., 236
Comanches, 48–49, 65; coalition with
polygyny, 247–50, 252, 255, 290; “chore
French, 34; Comanche trade relations
wives,” 257; poor prospects of junior
with, 71, 72, 73, 79, 169; Comanches at
men and, 264; practiced by adopted
war with, 42, 73, 110, 111, 139; economic
captives, 258, 265. See also marriage,
dependence on Comanchería, 170;
Comanche
incorporation into Comanchería, 174–
Poncas, 71, 72, 171
75; Panismaha offshoot of, 151; Spanish
Pontiac’s War, 69
war against, 34–35; summer hunting of
Pooheve Quasoo (Iron Jacket), Chief, 310
Comanches and, 286; temperance of,
population, Comanche, 102, 179, 303,
272; territory of, 56, 63, 176; trade on
339–40, 381n97, 389n68; disease epi-
northern plains and, 164; trade relations
demics and, 179, 293, 347–48; ecologi-
with Comanches, 160–61; truces with
cal capacity and, 88, 361, 431n9; hor-
Comanches, 281
ticultural imports and, 221; rancherías
Peace Policy, 325, 328, 332, 333, 339
and, 242; slavery and, 250
Pecos, 31, 125, 203; Apaches seeking protec-
Portillo Urrisola, Manuel del, 52, 53, 55
tion from, 36, 40, 48; Comanche raids
Post Oak Jim, 175
on, 44, 46, 51, 77, 81, 119; Comanche
Potsanaquahip (Buffalo Hump), Chief,
trade in, 47, 120–21, 127, 204; decline of,
216, 217–18, 225, 310, 311, 435n48
Index
493
Povea, Chief, 94, 95
proach to, 245, 273; captives acquired
power, Comanche, 5, 11, 14, 102, 245, 255,
through, 258; Comanche expansion
260; collapse of, 361, 424n37; compari-
and, 39; diplomatic-military policy
son with U.S. expansion, 142, 233, 234,
and, 269; economy of, 105; halted by
235, 292; in historical perspective, 344;
peace agreement, 47; herds captured
as imperialism, 349, 350; Mexico and,
in Mexico, 225, 226; horse markets and,
236; motives and actions, 15–16; muta-
75; masculine honor and, 269; in New
tions in complex of, 17; in New Mexico,
Mexico, 74–75, 314–15; in northern
88, 202; raiding economy and, 352; revi-
Mexico, 176, 219–32, 222, 354; post–Civil
val of, 316, 337; Spanish empire and, 69,
War, 322, 332; resource distribution and,
208; viewed from within Comanchería,
15; as seasonal migration, 224; in Texas,
12, 239; zenith of, 142, 260, 292, 346
309–10, 314, 320, 329–30; trading alter-
Powhatans, 3
nated with, 81–83, 92, 108, 192; U.S.
presidios, 9, 57, 67, 220, 390n2; Los Adaes,
Army and, 307, 328; in Ute territory, 88;
57, 63, 109; El Cuartelejo, 35; maps, 56,
against Wichitas, 95–96
63, 79, 169; in New Mexico, 36, 80; in
railroads, 303, 322, 324, 336
northern Mexico, 227, 232, 234; peace
ranches, 9, 321, 331; Apache raids on, 61,
establishments and, 129; in San Sabá
64, 80; Comanche raids on, 51, 76, 85,
valley, 59–62, 429n93; in Texas, 57, 98,
98, 186, 192, 245, 329; in Mexico, 225–
192, 387n49. See also forts
27, 231, 232, 245; in New Mexico, 80,
Prick in the Forehead, Chief, 313
305, 335; in Spanish/MexicanTexas, 57,
Pueblo Indians, 26, 40; Chimayó Rebel-
92, 98, 106, 197, 198; in state of Texas,
lion and, 211; Comanche trade with, 72;
309, 310, 312, 314, 329. See also hacien-
as comancheros, 318; as farmers, 206;
das
incorporation into Comanchería, 175;
ransoming, 9, 81; of captive Indians, 26–
mixing with Spanish settlers, 355; pan-
27; of Hispanic captives, 138; limosna
Indian alliance and, 301
(alms) fund for, 76; ra
nsomed captives’
Pueblo Revolt (1680), 23, 24, 30
voluntary return to Comanchería, 258;
in Texas Republic, 217; U.S. agents and,
Quadruple Alliance, War of the, 33
319, 328. See also captives
Quakers, as U.S. Indian agents, 325, 326,
Red River, 30, 42, 49, 57; British peddlers
328, 332
on, 102; Great Bend of, 91; headwaters,
Quanah Parker, 326, 327, 334, 338
295; as northern limit of Spanish rule,
Quapaws, 153, 175, 176
99; smallpox epidemic along, 111; U.S.
Quegüe, Chief, 133, 136
commerce on southern plains and, 149,
Quenoc, Chief, 191
150, 151; valley of, 61; Wichita villages,
Qui Te Sain, Chief, 96–97
93; winter camps, 284–85
Quihuaneantime, Chief, 122
religion, 278, 289, 337
Reséndez, Andrés, 10
race, as blood lineage, 177
reservations, 281, 293; in Indian Territory,
racism, 215, 253
312, 435n48; Little Arkansas Treaty and,
raiding, 5, 11, 244–45; by Apaches, 89;
314; on northern plains, 322; poverty and
bison crisis and, 302; businesslike ap-
cultural decline of Indians on, 337; in
494
Index
reservations (continued)
capital, 109; Spanish-Comanche peace
Texas, 308–9, 311, 316, 435n45; Wichitas
treaty in, 116, 117; in Texas Republic,
on, 300
215; threat of Comanche-Lipan raids,
Richardson, Rupert Norval, 343, 344
187
Río Grande valley, 1, 18, 29, 50, 55, 345;
San Luis Potosí, 229, 231, 351, 354
Apache retreat to, 89; Big Bend of river,
Sanaco, Chief, 190, 308, 309
139; Comanche attacks in, 74; Coman-
Sánchez, Jesús, 177
che raiding south of, 219–32, 222; extent
Sánchez, Lt. José María, 180, 248
of Spanish empire and, 69; Mexican-
Sánchez y Tapia, Lino, 163, 268
American War and, 234; U.S. expansion
Sand Creek massacre, 321
to, 141
Sandoval, Felipe de, 241
Ripperdá, baron de (Juan Maria Vicencio),
Sangre de Cristo range, 24, 36, 48, 124,
94–95, 95, 96, 97
204; in Comanche home territory, 37;
Rivera, Brig. Gen. Pedro de, 20, 36–37,
horse herds in, 242
62
Santa Anna, Gen. Antonio López de, 199,
Rocky Mountains, 21, 28, 88, 111, 148, 345;
209; Alamo and, 201; Comanche raids
beaver trade in, 167; horses from, 171;
into Mexico and, 227; dictatorial poli-
Native migrations out of, 22; Utes and,
cies, 200; independence of Texas and,
50, 219
213
Ronquillo, Capt. José María, 210
Santa Anna, Chief, 218, 230, 308
Rubí, marqués de, 64, 76, 80, 93; Bour-
Santa Fe, 27, 33, 47; Anglo-dominated
bon Reforms and, 109; exterminationist
trade of, 213; Comanche trade in, 157,
agenda toward Apaches, 62, 124; plans
204; comancheros and, 205; as Euro-
implemented in Texas, 62, 387n49;
pean metropolitan vision, 353; Gover-
Spanish crown and, 390n2
nor’s Palace, 35; maps, 56, 63, 79, 169,
Ruíz, José Francisco, 173; on captives of
176, 316; Spanish settlers, 76
Comanches, 250, 251, 257; on paraibos,
Santa Fe Trail, 158, 159, 296, 303
271; peace offer to Comanches, 191;
Sargento. See Cordero (Sargento-Cordero)
on sun-centered religion, 278; on war
Satank, Chief, 332, 335
preparations of Comanches, 267, 279
Satanta, Chief, 326, 332, 335
Runnels, Gov. Hardin R., 310
Sauks, 93, 96
Ruxton, George, 231, 232
scalp wars, 228, 307
Seminoles, 112, 176, 306, 316; black slaves
Salcedo, Gov. Manuel María de, 185,
of, 153; Comanche raids against, 309;
189
incorporation into Comanchería, 175; as
Salcedo, Nemesio, 150, 185
settled farmers, 329
salt, 38, 81, 96, 153, 203, 285, 318
settlers, Anglo-American, 153, 165; Anglo-
San Antonio, 59, 62, 64, 94, 197; Co-
Texans, 177; end of Comanche resis-
manche chiefs in, 196; Comanche
tance and, 342; in Kansas Territory, 300;
raids on, 194, 198, 215; Comanche
after Mexican-American War, 292; in
traders in, 129, 184, 198; maps, 56,
Mexican Texas, 193–94, 198, 200–201;
63, 79, 169, 176, 222, 316; massacre of
in New Mexico, 213; western expansion
Comanches in, 216, 217; as provincial
of, 167
Index
495
settlers, Hispanic/Spanish, 76, 80, 83,
United States, 142, 303; Ute involve-
85, 187, 355; Apaches and, 89; in New
ment in, 356
Mexico, 213
smallpox, 100, 198, 216, 313; Comanche
Seven Years’ War, 51, 68, 368n8
population losses, 102, 111, 347; malnu-
Shawnees, 147, 152, 153, 155, 176, 196, 223;
trition combined with, 302; origin of
bison hunting and, 294; black slaves of,
Comanches and, 23; revival of Lipans
154; displaced by French and Indian
and, 129; slave raiding and, 223, 302;
War, 93; incorporation into Coman-
trade networks and, 178–79; Wichitas
chería, 175; Texas Republic and, 214,
struck by, 96, 111, 146. See also disease
215, 217
epidemics
sheep, 302, 331; grazing competition with
smuggling, 92, 205
bison, 296; slaughtered by Comanches,
Sofais, Chief, 188
74, 85, 209
Sohuacat, Chief, 122
Sheridan, Gen. Philip H., 325, 328, 330,
Somiquaso, Chief, 136, 161, 395n66
333, 334, 339
Sonora, 101, 108, 228; Apache flight to, 128;
Sherman, Gen. William Tecumseh, 319,
Apache raids, 232; genocidal war against
325, 332, 333, 339
Apaches in, 124; silver-mining districts,
Shoshones, 21–22, 23, 56, 162–64, 168, 169,
109
174–75, 176, 356
El Sordo (The Deaf One), Chief, 184–85,
Sibley, John, 147–49, 174, 175, 188, 244
189
sign language, 171
Southwest, 8, 141, 347; cultural mixing,
Sill, Fort, 325, 328, 329, 332, 335–36;
12; decline of Spanish imperial power,
Comanche raids on, 328, 330; defeated
19; drought in, 74; exceptional place in
Comanches at, 341, 342; map, 340. See
colonial history, 3; geopolitical order in,
also forts
101, 124; indigenous slave systems of,
Sitting Bull, Chief, 343
252; racial identity and mixing in, 359–
slavery, 2, 33, 219, 239; abolished in United
60; revisionist history of, 10–11; as small-
States, 318, 332; as ambiguous and mal-
scale world-system, 5; U.S. takeover, 9,
&nbs
p; leable institution, 253, 254–55, 258–59,
167, 233, 292–93, 358–59
290–91; Anglo-American settlers in
Spain/Spanish empire, 3, 20, 173, 345;
Texas and, 198, 199; Apache slaves, 39,
alliances against Comanches, 350;
92; bison hunt and, 290; black slaves
American Revolutionary War and, 98,
of Indian nations, 153–54, 175; colonial
99, 111, 129; Apaches and, 32, 33–34, 35;
records on, 13; Comanche economy
army horses of, 246; British rivalry with,
driven by, 14, 142, 250–53; in Coman-
90–91, 93, 100; Caribbean center of,
che Texas after Civil War, 319; Coman-
84; Comanche culture misunderstood
che women and, 249; Comanches in
by, 188–89; Comanches viewed by, 343;
Spanish captivity, 78; horse wealth and,
Commandancy General of the Interior
261; kinship slavery, 11, 423n30; Navajo
Provinces, 100–101, 108, 113, 144, 150,
slaves, 25; in New Mexico borderlands,
157, 185; decay of, 19; differences with
26; racial mixing (mestizaje) in South-
Comanche worldview, 40–41; end of
west and, 359–60; raiding and, 9; in
colonial era (1821), 145, 150, 159; expan-
Taos, 38, 45; in Texas Republic, 179; in
sion of United States and, 112; exploit-
496
Index
Spain/Spanish empire (continued)
71, 81–83, 84, 120; trading operations
ative power of Comanches over, 6; fear
shifted from, 55; as virtual Comanche
of Comanche power, 45, 71, 73, 76, 80,
satellite, 83
119, 143, 179, 183–84, 187, 205, 207,
Taovayas, 42, 50, 63, 79, 176, 184; as allies
355; French rivalry with, 33, 34, 44–45,
of Comanches, 43–44, 48–49, 59, 61,
60, 65–66, 350, 370n1; genocidal war
70, 90, 91–93; Comanche war on, 98;
against Apaches, 124; Indian slave trade
French alliance with, 58; incorporation
and, 26; Mexico’s independence from,
into Comanchería, 173, 174; language
190, 191–92; Napeolonic invasion of
of, 113, 114; Osage pressure on, 57; Span-
Iberia, 185; nominal control of South-
ish relations with, 94, 113, 114; trade
west, 5; northern frontier, 62, 64; over-
relations, 71, 72. See also Wichitas
reach of, 9; patriarchal order and, 125,
Tatum, Lawrie, 325, 326, 328–29, 330, 332
130–31, 138; renewed imperial drive,
Tave Peté, Chief, 307
108; San Sabá scheme, 59; scheme to
Tawakonis, 33, 63, 79, 91, 176, 184; alle-
make Comanches into settled farmers,
giance to Spain, 94; Comanche raids
126–27; settlers on northern frontier,