How the Internet Happened
Page 40
23 Randall Stross, Planet Google: One Company’s Audacious Plan to Organize Everything We Know (New York: Free Press, 2008), 193.
24 Jason Abbruzzese, “The Rise and Fall of AIM, the Breakthrough AOL Never Wanted,” Mashable, April 15, 2014, http://mashable.com/2014/04/15/aim-history/#IJvEwv67sPq3.
25 Angwin, Stealing MySpace, 52.
26 “The Father of Social Networking,” Mixergy, December 3, 2014, https://mixergy.com/interviews/andrew-weinreich-sixdegrees/.
27 David Kirkpatrick, The Facebook Effect: The Inside Story of the Company That Is Connecting the World (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2010), 69.
28 Angwin, Stealing MySpace, 53.
29 Gary Rivlin, “Wallflower at the Web Party,” New York Times, October 15, 2006.
30 Internet History Podcast, Episode 117: Founder of Friendster and Nuzzel, Jonathan Abrams, September 18, 2016.
31 Angwin, Stealing MySpace, 64.
32 Lev Grossman, “Tila Tequila,” Time, December 16, 2006.
33 Angwin, Stealing MySpace, 84, 103.
34 Ibid., 140.
35 Ibid., 104.
36 John Cassidy, “Me Media: How Hanging Out on the Internet Became Big Business,” New Yorker, May 15, 2006.
37 Angwin, Stealing MySpace, 175, 179.
38 Ibid., 262.
15. THE SOCIAL NETWORK: FACEBOOK
1 S. F. Brickman, “Not-So-Artificial Intelligence,” Crimson, October 23, 2003.
2 David Kirkpatrick, The Facebook Effect: The Inside Story of the Company That Is Connecting the World (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2010), 25.
3 Ben Mezrich, The Accidental Billionaires: The Founding of Facebook (New York: Anchor Books, 2010), 49.
4 Kirkpatrick, The Facebook Effect, 26.
5 Crimson Staff, “Put Online a Happy Face,” Crimson, December 11, 2003.
6 Luke O’Brien, “Poking Facebook,” 02138, November–December 2007, 66.
7 Mezrich, The Accidental Billionaires, 95.
8 Sam Altman, “Mark Zuckerberg on How to Build the Future,” Y Combinator (blog), August 16, 2016, http://blog.ycombinator.com/mark-zuckerberg-future-interview/.
9 Kirkpatrick, The Facebook Effect, 34.
10 Ibid., 38.
11 “CS50 Lecture by Mark Zuckerberg,” December 7, 2005; posted April 4, 2014, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xFFs9UgOAlE.
12 Kirkpatrick, The Facebook Effect, 38.
13 Ibid., 47.
14 Katherine Losse, The Boy Kings: A Journey into the Heart of the Social Network (New York: Free Press, 2012), xvii.
15 O’Brien, “Poking Facebook.”
16 Kirkpatrick, The Facebook Effect, 43.
17 Ibid., 42.
18 Cassidy, “Me Media.”
19 Kirkpatrick, The Facebook Effect, 64.
20 Kevin J. Feeney, “Business, Casual,” Crimson, February 24, 2005.
21 Ibid.
22 Sarah Lacy, Once You’re Lucky, Twice You’re Good: The Rebirth of Silicon Valley and the Rise of Web 2.0 (New York: Gotham, 2008), 150.
23 Ibid.
24 Kirkpatrick, The Facebook Effect, 63.
25 Ibid. 48.
26 Ibid., 89.
27 Altman, “Mark Zuckerberg on How to Build the Future.”
28 Kirkpatrick, The Facebook Effect, 86.
29 Ibid., 95.
30 Ibid., 103.
31 Ibid., 98.
32 “What’s the Story Behind Mark Zuckerberg’s Fabled ‘I’m CEO . . . Bitch!’ Business Card?” updated February 1, 2011, https://www.quora.com/Facebook-company/Whats-the-story-behind-Mark-Zuckerbergs-fabled-Im-CEO%E2%80%A6bitch-business-card/answer/Andrew-Boz-Bosworth.
33 Melia Robinson, “How Sean Parker Bounced Back from Being Fired to Change Facebook’s History,” Business Insider, February 9, 2015, http://www.businessinsider.com/how-plaxo-and-sean-parker-changed-facebook-2015-2.
34 Kirkpatrick, The Facebook Effect, 100.
35 Ibid.
36 Julia Angwin, Stealing MySpace: The Battle to Control the Most Popular Website in America (New York: Random House, 2009), 177.
37 “James W. Breyer and Mark E. Zuckerberg Interview, Oct. 26, 2005, Stanford University,” posted July 14, 2012, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WA_ma359Meg&feature=youtu.be.
38 Kirkpatrick, The Facebook Effect, 149.
39 Ibid., 111.
40 “CS50 Lecture by Mark Zuckerberg.”
41 Kirkpatrick, The Facebook Effect, 113.
42 Ibid., 126.
43 Ibid., 130.
44 Ibid., 148.
45 Ibid., 145.
46 Ibid., 131.
47 Ibid., 150.
48 Ibid., 152.
49 Ibid., 154.
50 “CS50 Lecture by Mark Zuckerberg.”
51 Kirkpatrick, The Facebook Effect, 156.
52 Ibid., 157.
53 Ibid.
54 Ibid., 170.
55 Ibid., 168.
56 Allison Fass, “Peter Thiel Talks About the Day Mark Zuckerberg Turned Down Yahoo’s $1 Billion,” Inc.com, March 12, 2013, https://www.inc.com/allison-fass/peter-thiel-mark-zuckerberg-luck-day-facebook-turned-down-billion-dollars.html.
57 David Kushner, “The Baby Billionaires of Silicon Valley,” Rolling Stone, November 16, 2006.
58 Kirkpatrick, The Facebook Effect, 161.
59 Ibid., 168.
60 Lacy, Once You’re Lucky, Twice You’re Good, 169.
61 Kirkpatrick, The Facebook Effect, 180.
62 Ibid., 181.
63 Ibid., 189.
64 Ibid., 190.
65 Ibid.
66 Ibid., 192.
67 Ibid., 191.
68 Ibid., 192.
69 Ibid., 173.
70 Ibid., 185.
71 Ibid., 197.
72 Ibid., 227.
73 Ellen McGirt, “Hacker. Dropout. CEO.,” Fast Company, May 2007.
74 Kirkpatrick, The Facebook Effect, 235.
75 Ibid., 275.
16. THE RISE OF MOBILE: PALM, BLACKBERRY AND SMARTPHONES
1 Tom Hormby, “The Story Behind Apple’s Newton,” Gizmodo, January 19, 2010, https://gizmodo.com/5452193/the-story-behind-apples-newton.
2 Markos Kounalakis, Defying Gravity: The Making of Newton (Hillsboro, OR: Beyond Words, 1993), 01:56.
3 Andrea Butter and David Pogue, Piloting Palm: The Inside Story of Palm, Handspring, and the Birth of the Billion-Dollar Handheld Industry (New York: Wiley, 2002), 23.
4 “Newton Message Pad,” apple-history, last modified July 15, 2015, http://apple-history.com/nmp.
5 Kounalakis, Defying Gravity, 00:36.
6 Jim Louderback, “Newton’s Capabilities Just Don’t Measure Up,” PC Week, September 13, 1993.
7 Peter H. Lewis, “So Far, the Newton Experience Is Less Than Fulfilling,” New York Times, September 26, 1993.
8 Harry McCracken, “Newton, Reconsidered,” Time, June 1, 2002; John Markoff, “Apple’s Newton Reborn: Will It Still the Critics?” New York Times, March 4, 1994.
9 David S. Evans, Invisible Engines: How Software Platforms Drive Innovation and Transform Industries (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2006), 159.
10 Butter and Pogue, Piloting Palm, 197.
11 Evans, Invisible Engines, 155; Butter and Pogue, Piloting Palm, 166.
12 Rod McQueen, BlackBerry: The Inside Story of Research in Motion (Toronto, ON: Key Porter, 2010), 154.
13 Alastair Sweeny, BlackBerry Planet: The Story of Research in Motion and the Little Device That Took the World by Storm (Mississauga, ON: John Wiley, 2009), 47.
14 McQueen, BlackBerry, 93.
15 Ibid., 174.
16 Ibid., 185.
17 Sweeny, BlackBerry Planet, 4.
18 Jacquie McNish and Sean Silcoff, Losing the Signal: The Untold Story Behind the Extraordinary Rise and Spectacular Fall of BlackBerry (New York: Flatiron Books, 2015), 112.
19 Kevin Maney, “BlackBerry: The Heroin of Mobile Computing,” USA Today, May 7, 2001.
20 McQueen, BlackBerry, 194.
21 Ibid., 80.
22 Brian Merchant, The One Device: The Secret History of the iPhone (New York: Little, Brown, 2017), 30.
23 Ibid., 34.
24 Ibid., 195.
25 Mary Meeker, Scott Devitt, and Liang Wu, Internet Trends: June 7, 2010, CM Summit—New York City (Morgan Stanley, 2010), www.kpcb.com/file/june-2010-internet-trends.
26 McQueen, BlackBerry, 11.
27 “Steve Jobs on Apple’s Resurgence: ‘Not a One-Man Show,’ ” BusinessWeek Online, May 12, 1998, available from the Internet Archive Wayback Machine, https://web.archive.org/web/20111209185106/http://www.businessweek.com/bwdaily/dnflash/may1998/nf80512d.htm
17. ONE MORE THING: THE IPHONE
1 How the iPhone Was Born: Inside Stories of Missteps and Triumphs, video documentary, Wall Street Journal Video, June 25, 2017, http://www.wsj.com/video/how-the-iphone-was-born-inside-stories-of-missteps-and-triumphs/302CFE23-392D-4020-B1BD-B4B9CEF7D9A8.html.
2 Brian Merchant, The One Device: The Secret History of the iPhone (New York: Little, Brown, 2017), 200.
3 “Steve Jobs at D2 2004 All Things Digital Conference,” March 25, 2013, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mCBu50CozH0.
4 “Steve Jobs in 2005 at D3,” June 1, 2012, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IzH54FpWAP0.
5 How the iPhone Was Born.
6 Fred Vogelstein, Dogfight: How Apple and Google Went to War and Started a Revolution (New York: Sarah Crichton Books / Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2013), p. 25, Kindle.
7 “Motorola Razr,” note 3, Wikipedia, last modified December 26, 2017, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motorola_Razr#cite_note-3.
8 Charles Arthur, Digital Wars: Apple, Google, Microsoft and the Battle for the Internet (Philadelphia: Kogan, 2012), loc. 153, Kindle.
9 Frank Rose, “Battle for the Soul of the MP3 Phone,” Wired, November 1, 2005.
10 Merchant, The One Device, 217.
11 Vogelstein, Dogfight, 28.
12 Ibid.
13 Ibid., 29.
14 Merchant, The One Device, 217.
15 Walter Isaacson, Steve Jobs (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2011), p. 466, Kindle.
16 Merchant, The One Device, 205.
17 Ibid., 20.
18 Ibid., 21.
19 Isaacson, Steve Jobs, 468.
20 Brent Schlender and Rick Tetzeli, Becoming Steve Jobs: The Evolution of a Reckless Upstart into a Visionary Leader (New York: Crown Business, 2016), p. 310, Kindle.
21 Merchant, The One Device, 94.
22 “CHM Live: Original iPhone Software Team Leader Scott Forstall (Part Two), June 28,” 2017, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IiuVggWNqSA.
23 Merchant, The One Device, 105.
24 Vogelstein, Dogfight, 38.
25 Matthew Panzarino, “Apple v. Samsung Day 2: Schiller, Forstall Testify on Creation, Sales and Hardships of iPhone Project,” Next Web, August 3, 2012, https://thenextweb.com/apple/2012/08/03/apple-v-samsung-day-2-schiller-forstall-testify-on-creation-sales-and-hardships-of-iphone-project/.
26 Merchant, The One Device, 209.
27 “On the Verge—Tony Fadell and Chris Grant—On the Verge, Episode 005,” April 30, 2012, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qf9XcNWRvSU&t=1901s.
28 Isaacson, Steve Jobs, 469.
29 Ibid., 67.
30 Ibid., 35–36.
31 Merchant, The One Device, 365.
32 Vogelstein, Dogfight, 17.
33 Schlender and Tetzeli, Becoming Steve Jobs, 360.
34 “Steve Jobs Talks iPhone—All Things D5 (2007),” posted December 22, 2013, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fkPN_U0D3CM&t=1570s.
35 John Markoff, “Phone Shows Apple’s Impact on Consumer Products,” New York Times, January 11, 2007.
36 Schlender and Tetzeli, Becoming Steve Jobs, 363.
37 Ibid.
38 Ibid., 362.
39 Prince McLean, “Apple iPhone 3G Sales Surpass RIM’s BlackBerry,” AppleInsider, October 21, 2008, http://appleinsider.com/articles/08/10/21/apple_iphone_3g_sales_surpass_rims_blackberry.html.
40 Adam Lella, “U.S. Smartphone Penetration Surpassed 80 Percent in 2016,” comScore, February 3, 2017, https://www.comscore.com/Insights/Blog/US-Smartphone-Penetration-Surpassed-80-Percent-in-2016.
41 “Steve Jobs Talks iPhone—All Things D5 (2007).”
INDEX
Page numbers listed correspond to the print edition of this book. You can use your device’s search function to locate particular terms in the text.
Abrams, Jonathan, 260–62, 272
Acampora, Ralph, 139
Accel Partners, 281
Accidental Billionaires, The (Mezrich), 269
Active Apparel, 153
Adelson, Jay, 252
AdSense, 236, 237, 241, 251
advertising
AOL and, 166–68
Digg and, 251
Facebook and, 273, 286
Google and, 226–27, 229–32, 234
GoTo.com and, 227–29
and HotWired, 76–79
measuring effectiveness of, 79–81
in mid-1990s, 76–81
Pets.com and, 149–50
portals and, 129–30
Prodigy and, 55
Yahoo and, 91–93
AdWords, 229–33
Afghanistan War, 243
Agarpao, Chris, 113, 114
Age of Spiritual Machines, The (Kurzweil), 135
aggregators, 244–45
Ailes, Roger, 136
AIM (AOL Instant Messenger), 258–59
Aimster, 259
Alamo Rent A Car, 71
Alberg, Tom, 104
album, as music industry business model, 213, 216
Allard, James, 44–46
All Things D, 305–6
Alsop, Stewart, Jr., 305
AltaVista, 186–87, 192
Altucher, James, 175
Amazon; See also Bezos, Jeff
and AOL, 167
and Barnes & Noble, 104–6
book sales as test for, 95–96
as disruptive threat to traditional businesses, 105–7
and dot-com era, 134, 137–38, 145, 158, 172
early challenges as bookseller, 98–99
early methods for placing orders on, 99
and ecommerce, 145
expansion in Seattle, 103–4
full website launch, 101
funding of, 102
innovations introduced by, 99–101
IPO, 105
losses in early years, 102
as model for Netflix, 217
name’s origins, 97–98
origins of, 95–96
and Pets.com, 146
revenue growth, 2000–2010, 181
rise in share price during 1998, 134–35
venture capital for, 103
Wall Street Journal article, 102–3
America Online, See AOL
analysts, 137–39, 171
“Anatomy of a Large-Scale Hypertextual Web Search Engine, The” (Brin and Page), 188
Anderson, Tom, 262–64
Andreessen, Marc
arrival in Silicon Valley, 17–18
Jim Clark and, 19–22
on dot-com bubble, 177
and Facebook as acquisition target, 287
on future of Windows, 37
and Mosaic, 13–15, 268
at NCSA, 10–12
on need for new business model, 161
on Netscape as platform, 47
and Netscape business strategy, 26
and Netscape IPO, 8, 34–35
and Netscape product development paradigm, 23
and Netscape’s sale to AOL, 165
opposition to images/multimedia on web, 15–16
and origins of Internet Explorer code, 49
as public face of Netscape, 25–26
and “riff-raff,” 12, 244
Suck post about, 123
AngelFire, 265
Anker, Andrew, 76, 79
antitrust, 162–
65
Anuff, Joey, 122, 123
AOL (America Online)
and Barnes & Noble website, 104
BookLink Technologies acquisition, 47
consolidation of position in Internet economy, 124–25
and copyright violations, 200
flat-rate pricing introduced by, 66–68
GNN acquisition, 71
Google and, 231
growth in 1990s, 166–68
installation discs, 57, 61–62
Instant Messenger, 258–59
and internet access, 63–65
and Internet Explorer, 53
IPO, 60
market dominance by, 61–63
marketing campaign, 61–62
Microsoft antitrust suit, 162
Microsoft’s overtures to, 60–61
and MSN, 62–63
Netscape purchased by, 165–66
origins, 56–57
rise in share price during 1998, 135
service outage (8/7/1996), 65–66
Time Warner merger, 169–70
as “walled garden,” 64
and web browsing, 65
When.com acquisition, 130
Winamp acquisition, 198
AOL Greenhouse, 124
AOL Instant Messenger (AIM), 258–59
AOL Studios, 124
AOL Time Warner, 169–70, 177–78, 299
Appelman, Barry, 259
Apple; See also iPhone; iPod
decline in late 1990s, 208
and Facebook, 286
and General Magic, 295
and iMac, 208–9
and iPod/iTunes, 209–15
iPod’s effect on corporate philosophy, 304–5
Motorola partnership, 306–7
mouse, 2
Newton MessagePad, 295–96
reluctance to enter cell phone market, 305–6
“underground” projects, 309
App Store, 317–20
ARPANET, 3–4, 321
Arrington, Michael, 249–50
AT&T/Cingular
and AOL, 168
banner ads, 78, 79
and iPhone, 307–8, 312, 315, 317
AuctionWeb, 110–13
Aydar, Ali, 199, 203
baby boomers
Internet’s potential misjudged by, 42–43
and late 20th-century bull market, 133–34
BackRub, 185–88; See also PageRank
Baha Men, 216
Baker & Taylor, 96, 98
bandwidth, 40, 180–81
BankNet, 71
Bank of England, 179
banner ads, 77–79
Barger, John, 237
Barksdale, Jim, 27, 31, 32, 34, 44
Barnes & Noble, 103–6, 166–67