How the Internet Happened
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Bartiromo, Maria, 136
Beanie Babies, 116–17
Bear Sterns, 173
Bechtolsheim, Andy, 190
Bell, George, 189
Bell, Mike, 307, 308
Bell Laboratories, 9
Benchmark Capital, 118–19, 147, 261
Beninato, Joe, 130
Benioff, Marc, 300
Berners-Lee, Tim, 5, 11, 15
Bezos, Jackie, 102
Bezos, Jeff
and Amazon IPO, 105
on Barnes & Noble, 107
early challenges at Amazon, 98–99
funding of Amazon, 102
and Google, 190
hands-on involvement with early Amazon orders, 101
and origins of Amazon, 95–97
as Time magazine 1999 Person of the Year, 157
vision for Internet retail, 106
Bezos, MacKenzie, 96, 97
Bhatia, Sabeer, 126–27
Bhatnagar, Ranjit, 237
Bieber, Justin, 255
Biggs, Barton, 142
Bina, Eric, 12, 15–16, 49
BitTorrent, 205
Black, Michael Ian, 149
BlackBerry, 299–300, 318
BlackBerry Quark, 302
Black Monday crash (1987), 133
Blockbuster, 62, 217–20
Blockbuster Online, 220
Blodget, Henry, 137–39
Blogger, 236–37
blogs and blogging
Google’s purchase of Pyra Labs, 236–37
9/11 and, 242–43
roots of, 237–44
Slashdot and, 244–45
Web 2.0 and, 242–43
YouTube and, 254
Blogspot, 236
Blue Mountain Arts, 153
Bohnett, David, 125, 126
Boies, David, 163, 202
Bolt, Beranek & Newman, 321
BookLink Technologies, 46–47, 65
Books in Print, 98
Borders, Louis, 147
Borders Group, Inc., 103, 147–48
Bosworth, Andrew “Boz,” 279
Brady, Tim, 86, 92
Brandenburg, Karlheinz, 197
branding, 63, 68, 88–89
Brandt, Jan, 61–62, 66, 67
Breitbart, Andrew, 239, 243
Brin, Sergey; See also Google
and advertising, 227, 229
and Google IPO, 234–35
and Google’s origins, 189–92
insight about links, 184–85
and PageRank/BackRub, 185–88
and Eric Schmidt, 233
as Stanford student, 182–84
and venture capital, 193–94, 224
broadband, 168, 250
Broadcast.com, 126–27, 152, 175
browser wars, 52–54, 160–66
Buddy Zoo, 266
Bulletin Board, eBay, 112
Bureau of Labor Statistics, 71
Bush, George W., and administration, 163
Caballero, Ruben, 313
cable networks, 168, 169
Calacanis, Jason, 156–57
cameras, digital, 245, 302
Canova, Frank, Jr., 301
Case, Steve
on AOL’s infrastructure, 67
on AOL’s simplicity, 64
and AOL-Time Warner merger, 169, 170, 178
as BlackBerry user, 299
Jan Brandt and, 61
on communications, 57
on cover of Fortune magazine, 166
on Microsoft’s AOL offer, 60
and MSN, 63
as public face of AOL, 59–60
and search for merger partner, 168
CB Simulator, 54
CDs (compact discs), 205, 212
cell carriers, 305
cell phones, in early 2000s, 300–301
CERN, 5
Charles Schwab, 7
chat, 54, 58–59, 258
Chatterjee, Shuvo, 312–13
Chaudhri, Imran, 311
CheapTickets, 144
Chen, Steven, 253, 281
Cheriton, David, 190
“Chicago” project (Windows 95), 39
CIBC Oppenheimer, 137–38
CineMatch, 219
Cingular, See AT&T/Cingular
citations, links as, 184–85
Clark, Jim, 18–19
Marc Andreessen and, 19–22
on Bill Gates, 37
and Netscape business strategy, 23, 26–28
and Netscape IPO, 8, 32–35
and Netscape sale to AOL, 165–66
speed as imperative at Netscape, 28–29
classified ads, 71, 109, 113
click-through rate, 81
Clinton, Bill, 239
CNBC, 136–38
Cobain, Kurt, 123
Cohen, Abby Joseph, 139
Cohen, Bram, 205
Cohen, Jonathan, 138
Cohler, Matt, 284, 291
Cold War, 3
collectibles, 116–17
command line, 2
community(-ies)
AOL and, 57
AuctionWeb, 112
eBay, 112–16
GeoCities, 125–26
iVillage, 124–25
Compaq Computer, 52
CompuServe, 53–56, 59, 60, 62–64, 67, 126
Confinity, 222, 223
Consumer Electronics Show (1992), 295
Control Video Corporation, 56
Cook, Tim, 208
cookies, 80, 100
copyright violations
Napster and, 200–203
YouTube and, 255–57
Cornell University, 45
Corning, 313
counterculture, 108
Course Match, 266
Covey, Joy, 106
Cox, Ana Marie, 240
Cox, Chris, 290
CPM (cost per mille), 80, 80n–81n, 229
Cuban, Mark, 126, 175
Cue, Eddy, 315
Cunningham, Ward, 246, 247
Currie, Peter, 32
customer loyalty, 149
D. E. Shaw, 95
Dachis, Jeff, 120
D’Angelo, Adam, 266, 269
DARPA (Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency), 3
Dean, Howard, 243
Del.icio.us, 245, 252
Del Vecchio, Mark, 118
Denton, Nick, 240–41, 243
Desktop.com, 154
DeWolfe, Chris, 262–64
dial-up service, 57–58, 168
Diamond Multimedia, 206–7, 209–10
Diana (princess of Wales), 122
Digg, 251–52, 289
digital cameras, 245, 302
Digital Millennium Copyright Act, 256, 257
Diller, Barry, 42
Disney, 168
disruption, 105
Dixon, Chris, 69
Dobbs, Lou, 156
Doerr, John, 27, 103, 193
dogfooding, 312
domain name registration, 82
Donaldson, Sam, 156
Doonesbury (comic strip), 296
dot-com bubble, 143–59
AOL and, 166–69
ecommerce and, 145–50
Great Depression precedents for, 132
and investors, 174–77
IPOs and marketing, 150–57
job losses in market crash aftermath, 176–77
and late 1990s bull market, 136–37
and 2000 market crash, 170–81
media backlash against unprofitable companies, 158–59
1998 as pivotal year, 134–35
parallels with 19th-century British rail bubble, 178–80
Priceline.com and, 143–45
and telecommunications bubble, 180–81
TheGlobe.com and, 172–74
and “this time it’s different” idea, 135–36
dot-com era, 132–42
Alan Greenspan and, 140–41
and late 20th-century bull market, 132–37
sto
ck market analysts and, 137–39
DoubleClick, 120
Dougherty, Dale, 70–71
Dow Jones & Company, 122
Dow Jones Industrial Average, 132–33, 170–71
Draper Fisher Jurvetson, 151
Drkoop.com, 156, 166, 167
Drudge, Matt, 239–40
Drudge Report, 239–40
Duenas, Oswaldo-Fernando, 104
DVDs, Netflix and, 217–21
Dyson, Esther, 56
eBay, 108–19
and AOL, 168
and Beanie Babies, 116–17
community of users, 114–16
early incarnation as AuctionWeb, 110–13
early key personnel, 113–14
IPO, 119
naming of, 110
origins of, 108–9
and PayPal, 222–23
Skype acquisition, 253
venture capital for, 118–19
eCircles.com, 154
ecommerce, 94–107; See also specific ecommerce sites, e.g.: Amazon
and Compuserve, 54
and dot-com bubble, 145–50
grocery retailing, 147–48
pet supplies, 146, 149–50
EDGE network, 317
Edmondson, Peter, 298
Edwards, Elwood, 57–58
Edwards, Karen, 89
Egan, Michael, 173, 175
Eisner, Michael, 168
election of 2000, 299
email
AOL, 59
CompuServe, 54
Hotmail, 127–28
Prodigy, 56
Empire State Building, 50
employee stock options, 35
ENIAC, 1
entrepreneurship, 151
Ericsson R380, 302
eShop, 109
eToys, 145–46, 171, 175
E*TRADE, 171
eUniverse, 262, 264
Evans, Nancy, 124, 125, 156
Excite, 90, 130, 153, 188, 189
Excite@Home, 153
Facebook, 264–93
advertising, 273
expansion of network beyond college students, 287–88
growth after 2006, 293
Harvard origins of, 266–70
iPhones and, 320
Rupert Murdoch’s dismissal of, 264
News Feed, 288–91
offers to buy, 285–87, 291
open registration for, 291–93
origins as Thefacebook, 268–82
photo sharing on, 283–84
renaming of Thefacebook, 282
in Silicon Valley, 274–78
tagging, 284
Peter Thiel and, 224
users as most valuable asset, 125
and venture capital, 279–81
Facebook Photos, 284
Facemash, 266–67, 272–73
Fadell, Tony, 210, 295, 306–8, 311
FairPlay, 212
Fanning, Shawn; See also Napster
as celebrity, 202
and future of music distribution, 205, 206, 215
and Napster’s origins, 196, 198–99, 268
and RIAA trial, 202, 203
Federal Reserve, 140, 171
FedEx, 71
Feedback Forum, 112
feedback scores, 115
Feed magazine (Feedmag.com), 121
Fenne, Michael (Paul Stanley), 154
fiber optic cable, 180
Figaro, 295
file sharing, 196–97
in 2001–2003, 212
Napster, 198–207
Filo, David, 84–88, 90, 91, 188
Fingerworks, 309
Fire and Steam (Wolmar), 179–80
Firefox, 162
first-mover advantage, 88–89
Flickr, 245, 252, 283, 284
Fluid Concepts and Creative Analogies (Hofstadter), 98
Foley, Mary Jo, 164
Forbes magazine, 144
Forrester Research, 105
Forstall, Scott, 304, 306, 310–12
Foss, Bill, 19, 20, 24
Fountains of Wayne, 216
Frankel, Justin, 198, 204
Fraunhofer Society for the Advancement of Applied Research, 197
Friendster, 260–63, 270, 271, 287, 289
Friis, Janus, 252–53
Fry’s, 191
Fu, Ping, 10–11
Full Service Network, 41, 169
Furniture.com, 146
Galbraith, John Kenneth, 133–34
Garcia, Jerry, 8
Gassée, Jean-Louis, 318
Gates, Bill
on attempted acquisition of AOL, 60
early lack of interest in Internet, 38–39
early use of Internet, 42–43
and Google, 184
as hobbyist, 2
and interactive television, 40–41
Internet discussions during April, 1994 retreat, 45–46
and Internet Explorer’s market share, 53
Internet’s potential misjudged by, 42–45
“Internet Tidal Wave” memo, 47–48
and Microsoft antitrust suit, 163
as model for Netscape business strategy, 26
and MSN, 63
and Netscape Navigator’s release, 47–48
and Netscape’s growth, 37
and software, 319
vision for Microsoft, 38
and Windows 95 launch event, 50
Mark Zuckerberg’s parallels with career of, 282–83
Gawker, 240–41
General Magic, 295
GeoCities, 125–26, 152, 174
gestural input, 309–11
Get Big Fast, 103, 143, 145, 146, 150, 167
Giannandrea, John, 31
Glatzer, Ross, 56
Global Crossing, 180
Global Network Navigator, 65, 70–71, 77
Gnutella, 204
GO Corp., 295
Goldberg, Danny, 170
Goldman Sachs, 147
Goldstein, Seth, 119
Google, 182–95
and blogs, 236–37
cash crisis at, 226–27
first experiment with advertising, 229–32
and Friendster, 261
growth in early 2000s, 224–27
hiring policy, 194
home page design, 191–92
IPO, 234–35, 249
Myspace advertising partnership, 264
name’s origins, 189–90
origins, 182–89
PageRank and, 185–89
and relevancy, 186–87
as search engine for Yahoo, 225
venture capital for, 192–93
working conditions and perks, 194–95
Yahoo’s offer to buy, 233–34
YouTube acquisition, 256–58
Google AdSense, 236, 237, 241, 251
Google AdWords, 229–33
Google Search Appliance, 226
Google Trends, 195
Google Zeitgeist, 195
Gore, Al, 9n
“Gore Bill,” 9
Gorilla Glass, 313
GoTo.com, 227–29
GPS, 302, 317
Graham, Paul, 131, 249
Grant, James, 141
Great Britain, rail bubble in 19th century, 178–80
Greenspan, Alan, 140–41
Greylock Partners, 156
Grignon, Andy, 308–9, 314, 315
grocery retailing, 147–48
Gross, Bill, 227, 228
Grove, Any, 300
Grubman, Jack, 139
GTE, 41
Guardian, The, 243
GUI (graphical user interface), 2
Guinness Book of World Records, The, 200
Haft, Jeremy, 120
HAL 9000, 9
Hall, Justin, 238, 243
handheld computers, 294–97; See also mobile devices
Hand in Hand, 77
Harris, Joshua, 155
Hartley, Michael, 144
HarvardConnection, 267�
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Harvard Crimson, 267, 275
Harvard University
Facebook and, 266–74
Bill Gates and, 42
Hastings, Reed, 217–19, 221
Hawkins, Jeff, 297, 298
Healtheon, 166
Heller, Ehrman, White & McAuliffe, 77
High Performance Computing Act of 1991 (“Gore Bill”), 9
hobbyists, 117
Hoffman, Reid, 278
Hollywood, YouTube and, 257–58
Hollywood Video, 217
Homebrew Computer Club, 2
Horowitz, Ben, 165
Hotmail.com, 127–28, 130
HotorNot, 253, 266
HotWired, 76–80, 82, 91, 122, 238
How to Set Up and Maintain a World Wide Web Site (Stein), 98
H&R Block, 54
Hughes, Chris, 269
Huppi, Brian, 310
Hurley, Chad, 253, 255
Iam.com, 154
IAYF (Information at Your Fingertips), 39, 40, 42, 45
IBM, 1, 38, 55, 56, 301
iHarvest.com, 153–54
ILLIAC, 9
iMac, 208–9
independent ISPs, 66
infinite selection, 205–6
“information superhighway,” 39–42
Infoseek, 90, 128, 130
Ingle, Bob, 72
Ingram, 96–98
Inktomi, 233
instant gratification, 205–6
instant messaging, 258–59
interactive television, 39–42
Inter@ctive Pager, 298
interest rate hikes, 171, 179
Intermix, 264
Internet, origins of, 3–4
Internet Era, defined, 3
Internet Explorer, 49–51, 53, 160–66
Internet Relay Chat (IRC), 196
“Internet Tidal Wave” memo, 48
Internet Underground Music Archive, 196
Internetworks browser, 46
iPhone, 304–20
and Apple–Motorola partnership, 306–7
and App Store, 317–20
development, 308–14
and Facebook app, 320
first units sold, 316
hardware development, 312–14
Internet communication, 317
Macworld presentation, 314–16
operating system, 318
prototypes, 308–9
software development, 310–12
touchscreens, 309–11
iPhone 3G, 318
iPod, 209–15
and Apple’s corporate philosophy, 304–5
as basis for iPhone prototypes, 308–9
development, 209–11
digital music market dominance, 215
and iPhone, 316
and iTunes Store, 212–14
market dominance, 215
origins, 210–12
iPod Mini, 215
iPod Nano, 215, 304–5
IPOs (initial public offerings)
Amazon, 105
AOL, 60
Broadcast.com, 152
and dot-com bubble, 142, 150–57
DoubleClick, 120
IPOs (initial public offerings) (continued)
eBay, 119
eToys, 146
Excite, 90
GeoCities, 152
Google, 234–35, 249
Infoseek, 90
iVillage, 152
Lycos, 90
Netflix, 222
Netscape, 7–9, 32–36, 90
PayPal, 223–24