The Emperor’s New Road: China and the Project of the Century
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112. Zafar Bhutta, “Optic Fibre Cable Connecting Pakistan, China to Be Inaugurated Today,” Express Tribune, July 13, 2018, https://tribune.com.pk/story/1756458/2-optic-fibre-cable-connecting-pakistan-china-inaugurated-today/.
113. “$44m Pakistan-China Optic Fibre Project,” Dawn, August 3, 2013, https://www.dawn.com/news/1033788.
114. Jamil Anderlini, Henny Sender, and Farhan Bokhari, “Pakistan Rethinks Its Role in Xi’s Belt and Road Plan,” Financial Times, September 9, 2018, https://www.ft.com/content/d4a3e7f8-b282-11e8-99ca-68cf89602132.
115. “CPEC Project: Chinese Companies Frustrated by Delayed Payments by Pakistan Government,” Eurasian Times, December 19, 2018, https://eurasiantimes.com/cpec-project-chinese-companies-frustrated-by-delayed-payments-by-pakistan-government-for/; Omer Farooq Khan, “Chinese Companies Warn Pakistan against Delay in CPEC Project,” Times of India, January 21, 2019, https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/pakistan/chinese-companies-warn-pakistan-against-delay-in-cpec-project/articleshow/67627895.cms.
116. Press Trust of India, “China Stops Funds for China-Pakistan Economic Corridor over Corruption,” NDTV, December 5, 2017, https://www.ndtv.com/world-news/china-stops-funds-for-china-pak-economic-corridor-over-corruption-report-1783849.
117. Fan Zhang, In the Dark: How Much Do Power Sector Distortions Cost South Asia? (Washington, DC: World Bank, 2019), 23, https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/bitstream/handle/10986/30923/9781464811548.pdf.
118. C. Christine Fair, “Pakistan’s Sham Election: How the Army Chose Imran Khan,” Foreign Affairs, July 27, 2018, https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/pakistan/2018-07-27/pakistans-sham-election.
119. Embassy of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan Beijing, “Pakistan to Become Energy Sufficient Country Soon: Omar Ayub Khan,” October 18, 2018, http://www.pakbj.org/index.php?m=content&c=index&a=show&catid=12&id=259.
120. Page and Shah, “China’s Global Building Spree.”
121. AFP, “Pakistan, China Vow to Promote Regional Peace, Cooperation,” Dawn, July 5, 2013, https://www.dawn.com/news/1022999.
Chapter Eight. Game of Loans: Sri Lanka
1. “Sri Lanka-China Industrial Zone Office in Hambantota Port Kicks Off Industrialisation of Ruhuna,” Daily FT, November 6, 2017, http://www.ft.lk/business/Sri-Lanka-China-Industrial-Zone-Office-in-Hambantota-Port-kicks-off-industrialisation-of-Ruhuna/34-642838.
2. Mike Pence, “Remarks by Vice President Pence on the Administration’s Policy toward China” (Hudson Institute, Washington, DC), White House, October 4, 2018, https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefings-statements/remarks-vice-president-pence-administrations-policy-toward-china/.
3. Mahinda Rajapaksa, “A Brighter Future, Presidential Election—2010: Mahinda Chintana, Vision for the Future,” PreventionWeb, accessed June 26, 2019, https://www.preventionweb.net/files/mahinda_chintana_vision_for_the_future_eng%5B1%5D.pdf.
4. Saliya Wickramasuriya, interviewed by Meg Rithmire and Yihao Li, “Chinese Infrastructure Investments in Sri Lanka: A Pearl or a Teardrop on the Belt and Road?” (Harvard Business School Case 719-046, January 2019, revised July 2019).
5. Government of Sri Lanka, “Regaining Sri Lanka: Vision and Strategy for Accelerated Development,” December 2002, http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTPRS1/Resources/Country-Papers-and-JSAs/Sri_Lanka_PRSP.pdf.
6. “Hambantota Port Feasibility Study Rejected,” Island, November 21, 2003, http://www.island.lk/2003/11/21/news03.html.
7. “25 Colombo (Sri Lanka),” Lloyd’s List, August 2, 2017, https://lloydslist.maritimeintelligence.informa.com/articles/2017/one-hundred-ports/25-colombo-sri-lanka.
8. “Sri Lanka Colombo Plans for 35mn TEU Capacity with North Port,” Economy Next, September 22, 2016, http://www.economynext.com/Sri_Lanka_Colombo_plans_for_35mn_TEU_capacity_with_north_port-3-6175.html.
9. “Hardliner Wins Sri Lanka Election,” BBC News, November 18, 2005, http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4447794.stm.
10. “I’ve Honoured My First Two Promises Made 5 Yrs Ago—MR First Vessel Ceremonially Berthed at Hambantota Port,” Island, November 18, 2010, http://www.island.lk/index.php?page_cat=article-details&page=article-details&code_title=11569.
11. Guinness World Records, “Most Cabinet Ministers Appointed by a Government,” accessed February 19, 2019, http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/most-cabinet-ministers-appointed-by-a-government/.
12. Maria Abi-Habib, “How China Got Sri Lanka to Cough Up a Port,” New York Times, June 25, 2018, https://www.nytimes.com/2018/06/25/world/asia/china-sri-lanka-port.html.
13. Colum Lynch, “U.N.: Sri Lanka’s Crushing of Tamil Tigers May Have Killed 40,000 Civilians,” Washington Post, April 21, 2011, https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/un-sri-lankas-crushing-of-tamil-tigers-may-have-killed-40000-civilians/2011/04/21/AFU14hJE_story.html?utm_term=.07d228a67783.
14. Central Intelligence Agency, “The World Factbook—Sri Lanka,” last updated February 8, 2019, https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ce.html.
15. Sonali Samarasinghe, “Helping Hambantota Investigation,” Lanka Standard, July 3, 2005, http://www.lankastandard.com/vault/helping-hambantota-investigation/.
16. “Bribery Complaint Filed against Former Sri Lankan President over Misappropriating Tsunami Funds,” Colombo Page, April 24, 2015, http://www.colombopage.com/archive_15A/Apr24_1429883356CH.php.
17. Nieman Foundation, “Louis M. Lyons Award for Conscience and Integrity in Journalism,” November 17, 2009, https://nieman.harvard.edu/events/louis-m-lyons-award-for-conscience-and-integrity-in-journalism/.
18. Amal S. Kumarage, “Feasibility Study for the Road Network for Hambantota Development Plan,” Department of Transport & Logistics Management, University of Moratuwa, December 2010, https://kumarage.files.wordpress.com/2015/03/2010-ucr-2-te-feasibility-of-road-network-for-hambantota-develoment-rda-186pp.pdf.
19. Central Bank of Sri Lanka, Economic and Social Statistics of Sri Lanka 2010 (Colombo: Central Bank of Sri Lanka Statistics Department, 2010), https://web.archive.org/web/20190605142032/https:/www.cbsl.gov.lk/sites/default/files/cbslweb_documents/statistics/otherpub/econ_%26_ss_2010_e-min.pdf; World Shipping Council, “Top 50 World Container Ports,” accessed February 19, 2019, http://www.worldshipping.org/about-the-industry/global-trade/top-50-world-container-ports.
20. James Kynge, Chris Campbell, Amy Kazmin, and Farhan Bokhari, “How China Rules the Waves,” Financial Times, January 12, 2017, https://ig.ft.com/sites/china-ports/.
21. Karthik Sivaram, “Locked-In” to China: The Colombo Port City Project (Stanford, CA: Leadership Academy for Development, 2016), https://fsi-live.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/colombo_port_city.pdf; China Harbour Engineering Company, “President of China and President of Sri Lanka Attended the Commencement Ceremony of Colombo Port City Project,” September 18, 2014, http://www.chec.bj.cn/pub/chec_pc/en/Media/PressReleases/2014/201903/t20190306_7046.html.
22. Matthew Funaiole and Jonathan Hillman, “China’s Maritime Silk Road Initiative: Economic Drivers and Challenges,” Center for Strategic and International Studies, April 2, 2018, https://www.csis.org/analysis/chinas-maritime-silk-road-initiative-economic-drivers-and-challenges.
23. Diresh Jayasuriya, “Lotus Tower to Open Soon,” Daily News, March 2, 2018, http://www.dailynews.lk/2018/03/02/business/144350/lotus-tower-open-soon.
24. Telecommunications Regulatory Commission of Sri Lanka, Cumulative Number of Licenses Granted under Section 17 of the Sri Lanka Telecommunications Act No 25 of 1991 as Amended (Colombo: Telecommunications Regulatory Commission of Sri Lanka, December 2018), http://www.trc.gov.lk/images/pdf/statis_q42018.pdf; Ministry of Mass Media and Information, Media Licence Issued for Television Transmission (Colombo: Ministry of Mass Media and Information, November 2018), https://media.gov.lk/images/pdf_word/2019/english-tv.pdf; Ministry of Mass Media and Information, Media Licence Issued for Radio Broadcasting (Colombo: Ministry of Mass Media and Information, November 2018), https://www.media.gov.lk/images/pdf_wor
d/2019/english-radio.pdf.
25. External Resources Department, Government of Sri Lanka, Global Partnership in Development (Colombo: External Resources Department, 2011), http://www.erd.gov.lk/images/pdf/global_partnership_in_development_2011.pdf.
26. “Mattala Rajapaksa International Airport Opens Tomorrow with Pomp and Pageantry,” Sunday Times, March 17, 2013, http://www.sundaytimes.lk/130317/news/mattala-rajapaksa-international-airport-opens-tomorrow-with-pomp-and-pageantry-37247.html.
27. Allison Hope, “This $200 Million Airport Sees an Average of 7 Passengers a Day,” Forbes, October 10, 2017, https://www.cntraveler.com/story/this-200-million-dollar-airport-sees-an-average-of-7-passengers-a-day.
28. Eric Ellis, “The Brothers’ Grip,” Global Mail, accessed February 19, 2019, http://tgm-archive.github.io/sri-lanka/brothers-grip.html.
29. Ellis, “Brothers’ Grip.”
30. “Buddha’s ‘Blood Relative’ Tolerates His Tattoo but His Officials Can’t Tolerate Buddha Tattoo,” Colombo Telegraph, March 19, 2013, https://www.colombotelegraph.com/index.php/buddhas-blood-relative-tolerates-his-tattoo-but-his-officials-cant-tolerate-buddha-tattoo/.
31. “I’ve Honoured My First Two Promises Made 5 Yrs Ago.”
32. China Harbour Engineering Company, “Opening Ceremony of Hambantota Port in Sri Lanka Was Held,” November 22, 2010, https://www.ccdz056.com/zg/tabid/81/InfoID/2666/Default.aspx&hl=en&gl=us&strip=1&vwsrc=0.
33. Abi-Habib, “How China Got Sri Lanka to Cough Up a Port.”
34. Maithripala Sirisena, “A Compassionate Maithri Governance: A Stable Country,” New Democratic Front, December 2014, https://www.onlanka.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/maithripala-election-manifesto-english.pdf.
35. Ranga Sirilal, “Chinese Firm Pays $584 Million in Sri Lanka Debt-to-Equity Deal,” Reuters, June 28, 2018, https://www.reuters.com/article/us-sri-lanka-china-ports/chinese-firm-pays-584-million-in-sri-lanka-port-debt-to-equity-deal-idUSKBN1JG2Z6.
36. Shihar Aneez, “China’s ‘Silk Road’ Push Stirs Resentment and Protest in Sri Lanka,” Reuters, February 1, 2017, https://www.reuters.com/article/us-sri-lanka-china-insight/chinas-silk-road-push-stirs-resentment-and-protest-in-sri-lanka-idUSKBN15G5UT.
37. “458 Employees Shut Out of Hambantota Port: Labour Minister Slams Port Company,” Sunday Times, December 3, 2017, http://www.sundaytimes.lk/171203/news/458-employees-shut-out-of-hambantota-port-labour-minister-slams-port-company-271604.html.
38. China Xinhua News, “Another milestone along path of #BeltandRoad. Sri Lanka officially hands over southern port of Hambantota to China on 99-year lease,” Twitter, December 9, 2017, 11:09 p.m., https://twitter.com/XHNews/status/939753813115789312/.
39. Jonathan Hillman, “The Hazards of China’s Global Ambitions,” Washington Post, February 5, 2018, https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/theworldpost/wp/2018/02/05/obor-china-asia/?utm_term=.fdf8206fbd98.
40. Abi-Habib, “How China Got Sri Lanka to Cough Up a Port.”
41. Brahma Chellaney, “China’s Debt-Trap Diplomacy,” Project Syndicate, January 23, 2017, https://www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/china-one-belt-one-road-loans-debt-by-brahma-chellaney-2017-01.
42. Sri Lanka faced “significant” risk from Chinese lending, according to a study by the Center for Global Development, but was not among the eight countries at greatest risk. See John Hurley, Scott Morris, and Gailyn Portelance, Examining the Debt Implications of the Belt and Road Initiative from a Policy Perspective (Washington, DC: Center for Global Development, March 2018), https://www.cgdev.org/sites/default/files/examining-debt-implications-belt-and-road-initiative-policy-perspective.pdf.
43. Christine Lagarde, “Belt and Road Initiative: Strategies to Deliver in the Next Phase,” International Monetary Fund, April 12, 2018, https://www.imf.org/en/News/Articles/2018/04/11/sp041218-belt-and-road-initiative-strategies-to-deliver-in-the-next-phase.
44. Marwaan Macan Markar, “Sri Lanka Sinks Deeper into China’s Grasp as Debt Woes Spiral,” Nikkei Asian Review, August 29, 2018, https://asia.nikkei.com/Spotlight/Belt-and-Road/Sri-Lanka-sinks-deeper-into-China-s-grasp-as-debt-woes-spiral.
45. Kiran Stacey, “China Signs 99-Year Lease on Sri Lanka’s Hambantota Port,” Financial Times, December 11, 2017, https://www.ft.com/content/e150ef0c-de37-11e7-a8a4-0a1e63a52f9c.
46. Deng Xiaoci, “China’s Blue Helmets Help Maintain Peace,” Global Times, May 29, 2018, http://www.globaltimes.cn/content/1104710.shtml.
47. Press Trust of India, “Hambantota Port Not a Military Base for Foreign Countries: Lanka PM Assures,” Hindustan Times, September 1, 2017, https://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/hambantota-port-not-a-military-base-for-foreign-countries-lanka-pm-assures/story-rXxlFtYizREefdRRotDacO.html.
48. Press Trust of India, “Hambantota Port Won’t Be Used as Military Base: Lankan Official,” India Today, February 27, 2018, https://www.indiatoday.in/pti-feed/story/hambantota-port-wont-be-used-as-military-baselankan-official-1178931-2018-02-27.
49. Ryan D. McLearnon, “Spruance Arrives in Sri Lanka for the 25th Anniversary of CARAT 2019 Series,” United States Navy, April 22, 2019, https://www.public.navy.mil/surfor/ddg111/Pages/Spruance-arrives-in-Sri-Lanka-for-the-25th-anniversary-of-CARAT-2019-series.aspx; “Japanese Naval Ship ‘Ikazuchi’ Arrives at Hambantota Port,” Daily FT, January 16, 2019, http://www.ft.lk/news/Japanese-Naval-Ship-Ikazuchi-arrives-at-Hambantota-Port/56-670932.
50. Abi-Habib, “How China Got Sri Lanka to Cough Up a Port.”
51. Yogita Limaye, “Sri Lanka: A Country Trapped in Debt,” BBC, May 26, 2017, https://www.bbc.com/news/business-40044113.
52. Department of External Resources, Government of Sri Lanka, “Debt Indicators Summary,” last modified September 6, 2018, http://www.erd.gov.lk/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=86&Itemid=307&lang=en#debt-stock.
53. Yusuf Ariff, “Sri Lanka Facing a Massive Debt Crisis—Auditor General,” Ada Derana, February 7, 2018, http://www.adaderana.lk/news/45829/sri-lanka-facing-a-massive-debt-crisis-auditor-general.
54. “India Firm’s Interest in Sri Lankan Port Upgrade Advances,” Journal of Commerce, September 17, 2018, https://www.joc.com/port-news/india-firm%E2%80%99s-interest-sri-lanka-port-upgrade-advances_20180917.html.
55. Zulfath Saheed, “Eastern Gateway Prepare for Takeoff or Landing?,” LMD, accessed February 4, 2020, https://lmd.lk/eastern-gateway/.
56. Sanjeev Miglani and Mohamed Junayd, “After Building Spree, Just How Much Does the Maldives Owe China?,” Reuters, November 23, 2018, https://www.reuters.com/article/us-maldives-politics-china/after-building-spree-just-how-much-does-the-maldives-owe-china-idUSKCN1NS1J2.
57. Quoted in “Inspiring Speeches at Gaining Independence,” Sunday Observer, February 14, 2016, http://archives.sundayobserver.lk/2016/02/14/fea02.asp.
58. Shihar Aneez and Ranga Sirilal, “Sri Lanka Signs Port Deals with China amid Political Upheaval,” Reuters, November 29, 2018, https://www.reuters.com/article/us-sri-lanka-china/sri-lanka-signs-port-deals-with-china-amid-political-upheaval-idUSKCN1NY19S.
59. Shihar Aneez and Ranga Sirilal, “Sri Lanka PM Rajapaksa Resigns amid Government Shut Down Fears,” Reuters, December 15, 2018, https://www.reuters.com/article/us-sri-lanka-politics-rajapaksa-idUSKBN1OE068.
60. “MR Blasts Govt. for Diluting Intelligence Services,” Daily Mirror, April 23, 2019, http://www.dailymirror.lk/breaking_news/MR-blasts-govt-for-diluting-intelligence-services/108-165806.
61. “Minister Instructs to Resume Operations at Mattala Airport Soon,” Colombo Page, January 12, 2020, http://www.colombopage.com/archive_20A/Jan12_1578848662CH.php.
Chapter Nine. War and PEACE: East Africa
1. Charles W. Koburger, Naval Strategy East of Suez: The Role of Djibouti (New York: Greenwood, 1992), xvii.
2. International Development Association, “Project Appraisal Document on a Proposed Credit to the Republic of Djibouti,” World Bank, April 4, 2018, 9, http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/826531523301322820/pdf/Djibouti-Public-Admin-PAD-PAD26
04-04062018.pdf.
3. Julian Ryall, “Japan to Expand Djibouti Base Despite Decline in Piracy,” Deutsche Welle, November 19, 2018, https://www.dw.com/en/japan-to-expand-djibouti-base-despite-decline-in-piracy/a-46356825?maca=en-rss-en-all-1573-rdf.
4. Adam Satariano, “How the Internet Travels across Oceans,” New York Times, March 10, 2019, https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2019/03/10/technology/internet-cables-oceans.html.
5. International Telecommunications Union, “ICT Data for the World, by Geographic Regions and by Level of Development,” accessed December 20, 2019, https://www.itu.int/en/ITU-D/Statistics/Pages/stat/default.aspx.
6. Jiangsu Stock, “600487 Hengtong Optoelectronics—PEACE-Information Silk Road—Information Is Power” (in Chinese), Sina, April 10, 2017, http://guba.sina.com.cn/?s=thread&tid=370073&bid=357.
7. China’s military has been a powerful force behind its technological rise. For an excellent history, see Evan A. Feigenbaum, China’s Techno-Warriors: National Security and Strategic Competition from the Nuclear to the Information Age (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2003).
8. Mission Information Office, “The Prosperous Civil-Military Integration of Leading Enterprises into the ‘People’s Participation Army’ in Suzhou: The Accumulation of Products, an Industry to Serve the Country” (in Chinese), Suzhou Chamber of Commerce, September 11, 2018, http://www.szcc.org.cn/news-micro/su-zhou-min-can-jun-ling-jun-qi-ye-de-4706.html [link broken].
9. Cheng, “Hengtong Group Won 2015 China Innovation Model Award” (in Chinese), China Economic Weekly, December 28, 2015, https://web.archive.org/web/20190812090014/http://tech.hexun.com/2015-12-28/181467366.html; Hengtong Group, “OFweek Optical Communication Network: Joint Laboratory of Underwater Optical Network Established Hengtong Layout Underwater Optical Network” (in Chinese), November 1, 2016, http://www.hengtonggroup.com/news/497604.htm.