The Emperor’s New Road: China and the Project of the Century
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Afghanistan: Chinese construction in, (i); Chinese guarding Tajikistan border with, (i), (ii); New Silk Road initiative and, (i); Pakistan’s aid needed by U.S. in, (i); Soviets in, (i); U.S. in, (i), (ii), (iii)
Africa. See specific regions and countries
African Union, (i), (ii), (iii)
AHN (Asian Highway Network), (i)
AIIB (Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank), (i)
Airbus, (i)
Akon (singer), (i)
Aktau, Kazakhstan, (i)
Alexander the Great, (i), (ii)
al-Shabaab militant group, (i)
Alstom, (i), (ii)
Amur River: author’s experiences in Blagoveshchensk, (i); bridge (Russia-China partnership), (i), (ii), (iii); free-trade zone and entrepreneurs, (i); history of violent military clashes, (i); pontoon bridges, (i); Russian policies, (i)
Anthony, Jackson, (i)
antitrust concerns stopping merger of French and German railways, (i)
Arctic region, (i)
ASEAN. See Association for Southeast Asian Nations
Asian Development Bank (ADB): Central Asian connectivity plans and, (i); China picking up abandoned projects of, (i); Colombo Port in Sri Lanka, loan for, (i); development corridors, (i); on energy-tariff reforms, (i); Hambantota Port project in Sri Lanka, refusal to fund, (i); lending guidelines, (i), (ii); Sri Lankan debt to, (i)
Asian Highway Network (AHN), (i)
Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB), (i)
Al Assad, Bashar, (i)
Association for Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), (i), (ii); economy of, (i); members of, (i); technical assistance from China, (i)n48; “trans-Asian” railway and, (i), (ii)
Atambayev, Almazbek, (i)
Australia, (i), (ii), (iii)
Austria-Hungary and regional railway, (i)
Azerbaijan, (i), (ii)
Baghdad Pact (Central Treaty Organization), (i)
Balkan Silk Road, (i)
Baltic Sea, (i)
Baluchistan Liberation Army, (i)
Bangkok–Nong Khai railway, (i)
Bangladesh, (i), (ii)
Banomyong, Ruth, (i)
Bay of Bengal, (i)
Beijing Initiative for the Clean Silk Road, (i)
Beijing-Tianjin high-speed railway, (i)
Belarus, (i)
Belgrade, Serbia: author’s experiences in, (i), (ii); surveillance technology, planned installation of, in partnership with Huawei, (i); train station in, (i)
Belgrade-Budapest railway, (i), (ii); author’s train experiences, (i), (ii); delay in new railway construction, (i); European Commission investigation of contract award for, (i); history of, (i); likelihood of financial loss by, (i); link with Piraeus Port, (i); politics making choice for new construction over renovation, (i); speed of travel, (i)
Bell, David, (i)
Bell, John, (i), (ii)
Belt and Road Forum (2017), (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii)
Belt and Road Forum (2019), (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v)
Belt and Road Initiative. See BRI
Berbera, Somaliland, (i)
Berdimuhamedow, Gurbanguly: Turkmenistan Is the Heart of the Great Silk Road, (i)
Bhutto, Zulfikar Ali, (i), (ii)
Bin Laden, Osama, (i)
Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan, (i)
Black Sea, (i)
Blagoveshchensk, Russia, (i), (ii)
Blagoveshchensk-Heihe bridge. See Amur River
Boeing, (i)
Bolton, John, (i)
Boxer Rebellion (1899–1901), (i), (ii), (iii)
Bradford, O. B., (i), (ii)n38
Brautigam, Deborah, (i), (ii)
BRI (Belt and Road Initiative): compared to colonial powers’ infrastructure projects, (i), (ii), (iii); compared to Marshall Plan, (i); compared to projects by imperial predecessors, (i); compared to U.S. transcontinental railway development, (i); constitutional provision on, (i); CPEC as flagship effort, (i); global criticism of, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi); importance to Chinese economy and power, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv); National Development and Reform Commission, (i); “pan-Asian” railway network proposal linked to, (i); possible policy changes leading to more focused, higher-quality effort, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v); risks and challenges of, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii); undefined nature of its scope, (i), (ii), (iii). See also Belt and Road Forum (2017 & 2019); BRI corridors; debt diplomacy; infrastructure investment and projects; technology and digital infrastructure; specific countries
bribery. See corruption
BRI corridors: Caspian Sea and, (i); China–Central Asia–West Asia Economic Corridor (CCWAEC), (i); “China-Europe Land-Sea Express Line,” (i); China-Mongolia-Russia Economic Corridor (CMREC), (i); Lamu Port–South Sudan–Ethiopia Transport Corridor (LAPSSET), (i); New Eurasian Land Bridge, (i), (ii)n29; Transport Corridor Europe-Caucasus Central Asia (TRACECA), (i). See also China-Pakistan Economic Corridor
Britain/United Kingdom: Baghdad Pact and, (i); China Railway Express routes to, (i); China’s railway development (1873) and, (i); fears and criticism of China and Russia, (i); “Golden Era” of UK-Chinese relations, (i); railway development in, (i); telegraph domination of, (i), (ii), (iii)
British Empire: protection of workers and investments, (i); railway development in Africa, (i); railway development in Asia, (i), (ii); Sri Lanka as part of, (i); telegraph aiding decolonization movements in, (i), (ii). See also Suez Canal
Brown, Jerry, (i)
Brzezinski, Zbigniew, (i)
Buffet, Warren, (i)
Camp Lemonnier (Djibouti), (i), (ii)
Camp Simba (Kenya), (i)
Caspian Sea, (i)
Caspian Shipping Company, (i)
Cave, Danielle, (i)n74
CCCC. See China Communications Construction Company
CCWAEC (China–Central Asia–West Asia Economic Corridor), (i)
CENTCOM (U.S. Department of Defense Central Command), (i)
Center for Global Development, (i)n42
Central and Eastern Europe, (i), (ii); as bridge for China into EU, (i); foreign direct investment from China in, (i); joint projects with China remaining aspirational, (i); land-bound nations in, (i); MOUs signed with China, (i), (ii); non-EU governments’ relations with China, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv); 17+1 format for Chinese relations, (i), (ii); upgrade needed for railway tracks in, (i). See also specific countries
Central Archaeological Council (Greece), (i)
Central Asia, (i), (ii); in Asian Highway Network, (i); Caspian Sea, (i); China–Central Asia gas pipeline, (i); China surpassing Russia as leading trade partner and lender for, (i); Chinese workers used for projects in, (i), (ii); competition among countries for Chinese investment, (i); connectivity improvements needed in, (i); corruption in, (i); criticism of quality in Chinese construction, (i); east-west railway services, growth of, (i); great powers’ competition in, (i); landlocked nations in, (i), (ii); public distrust of Chinese influence in, (i); Soviet past of, (i). See also Khorgos Gateway; specific countries
Central Asia Regional Economic Cooperation (CAREC), (i)
Central Pacific Railway, (i)
Central Treaty Organization (CENTO or Baghdad Pact), (i)
Chabahar port (Iran), (i)
China: aggressive stance in South China Sea, (i), (ii); author’s experiences in southwestern region, (i), (ii); commercial naval power of, (i); “debt diplomacy” of, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii); defense budget of, (i); Department of Foreign Aid (DFA), (i); economic slowdown in, (i); foreign-bribery law (2011), (i); human rights record, (i), (ii), (iii); international lending norms, need to follow, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi); as largest export creditor, (i); Ministry of Commerce, (i), (ii); Ministry of Finance, (i), (ii); Ministry of Foreign Affairs, (i); Ministry of Railways, (i); security for Chinese workers in foreign countries, (i), (ii), (iii); transportation budget in, (i); U.S. (Nixon) opening relations with, (i); vice ministers’ power in, (i)
. See also BRI; U.S. policy toward China; state-owned enterprises (CHINA); specific cities and provinces in China; other countries for their relations with China
China (pre–Chinese Revolution): debt load and inability to repay, (i), (ii); failure to adopt new technology contributing to its loss of sovereignty, (i); infrastructure demands of Western traders in, (i); railway development in, (i); telegraph development in, (i); treaty ports created under Western pressure, (i), (ii)n21; Woosung railway, (i), (ii), (iii)
China–Central Asia gas pipeline, (i)
China–Central Asia–West Asia Economic Corridor (CCWAEC), (i)
China Communications Construction Company (CCCC): China Road and Bridge Corporation (subsidiary), (i), (ii); Lamu Port (Kenya) construction, (i), (ii); Port City development in Sri Lanka, (i), (ii); railway construction in Malaysia, (i), (ii)
China Development Bank, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi)
“China-Europe Land-Sea Express Line,” (i)
China Harbour Engineering Company (CHEC), (i), (ii)
China International Development Cooperation Agency (CIDCA), (i)
China-Laos railway, (i), (ii)
China Merchants, (i), (ii)
China-Mongolia-Russia Economic Corridor (CMREC), (i)
China National Petroleum Corporation, (i), (ii)
China National Railway Corporation, (i)
China Overseas Engineering Group (COVEC), (i)
China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC), (i), (ii), (iii), (iv); China’s dissatisfaction with Pakistan’s stewardship of, (i); compared to Marshall Plan, (i); energy sector and, (i), (ii), (iii); Gwadar’s port as part of, (i), (ii), (iii); potential for and controversy over, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv); railway and, (i); U.S.-Pakistan relationship as backdrop to, (i)
China Railway Company, (i)
China Road and Bridge Corporation, (i)
Christie, Agatha: Murder on the Orient Express, (i), (ii)
Churchill, Winston, (i)
CIDCA (China International Development Cooperation Agency), (i)
Clark, James, (i), (ii)n53
Clinton, Hillary, (i), (ii)
Cody, William “Buffalo Bill,” (i)
Colombo Port (Sri Lanka), (i), (ii), (iii); author’s experiences at, (i); Chinese military vessels using, (i); Lotus Tower, (i); Port City development, (i)
colonial powers: African railways and enterprises, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv); Chinese power and influence compared to, (i); infrastructure projects as analogy to BRI, (i), (ii), (iii). See also British Empire; countries
Commission of the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS), (i)
Congress of Berlin (1878), (i)
connectivity: BRI’s benefits of, (i); CPEC’s weakest area in, (i), (ii); imperial importance of, (i). See also technology and digital infrastructure
Conte, Giuseppe, (i)
Cooley, Alexander, (i)
corruption: in Afghanistan, (i); in Central Asia, (i); China’s anticorruption efforts, (i), (ii); Chinese contractors insulated from scandals of, (i); construction projects, factors allowing for, (i); as cost of doing business, (i), (ii), (iii); in Ethiopia, (i); highway police, bribe to, (i); in Japan, (i), (ii); Kazakhstan world’s fair (2017) and, (i); in Kenya, with Chinese siphoning of railway revenue, (i); Kyrgyz experience with Chinese-financed projects, (i); in Malaysia, (i), (ii); middlemen benefiting from choke points, (i); in Pakistan, (i); pervasiveness in BRI initiatives, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv); in Philippines, (i), (ii); in Sri Lanka, (i); Tajik highway construction and, (i); U.S. transcontinental railway and, (i)
Corruption Perceptions Index (Transparency International), (i)
COSCO shipping company, (i), (ii)
CPEC. See China-Pakistan Economic Corridor
Credit Mobilier, (i)
criminal activities at Piraeus Port (Greece), (i)
CRRC Corporation Limited (Chinese railroad company), (i)
currency transactions between Russia and China, (i)
Darius the Great, (i)
Davis, Raymond, (i)
Dawn (Pakistani newspaper) on CPEC aims, (i), (ii)
Dawood, Abdul Razak, (i)
debt diplomacy, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii)
decolonization, (i), (ii), (iii)
Deng Xiaoping, (i)
Diamer-Bhasha Dam (Pakistan), (i), (ii)n80
digital technology. See technology and digital infrastructure
Djibouti: author’s experiences in, (i), (ii), (iii); Camp Lemonnier (U.S. military base) in, (i), (ii); Chinese investment in, (i), (ii), (iii); Chinese military base in, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v); Chinese use of drones and lasers in, (i); Doraleh Container Terminal, (i), (ii); Doraleh Multipurpose Port, (i); DP World’s exclusive rights to container-handling facilities in, (i); French colonial history in, (i), (ii); French military base in, (i), (ii); Italian military base in, (i); Japanese military base in, (i); location and demographics of, (i); railways in, (i), (ii), (iii); as telecommunications hub, (i), (ii), (iii)
Djibouti Telecom, (i)
Dostyk railway station (Kazakhstan), (i), (ii)
DP World, (i), (ii)
Dulles, John Foster, (i)
EAEU (Eurasian Economic Union), (i), (ii), (iii)n46
East Africa, (i), (ii); author’s experiences in, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v); Chinese digital and high-tech goals in, (i); Chinese investment in and use of resource-credit swaps, (i); colonial history of, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv); digital infrastructure in, (i), (ii); new U.S. policy announced by John Bolton, (i). See also specific countries
East Coast Rail Link (Malaysia), (i), (ii), (iii)
Eastern Europe. See Central and Eastern Europe
Eastern Telegraph Company, map of system and general connections, (i)
ECOWAS (Commission of the Economic Community of West African States), (i)
Egypt, (i), (ii). See also Suez Canal
Eisenhower, Dwight D., (i), (ii)
energy sector: Caspian Sea oil reserves, (i); CPEC and, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv); energy-tariff reforms, (i); resource-credit swaps, (i), (ii); Russian exports, (i); Sino-Russian pipeline development, (i); Yamal liquid-natural-gas project, (i)
environmental concerns, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii)
Erdogan, Recep Tayyip, (i)
Eritrea’s ports, (i), (ii)
Ethiopia: access to fiber-optic cables, (i); Battle of Adwa (1896), (i); Chinese interest in, (i); civil war with Eritrean rebels, (i); Derg (military junta) in, (i); effect on Djibouti of rise of, (i), (ii); independence of, (i); Italian occupation of, (i), (ii); Kagnew Station, U.S. use of, (i); Lamu Port–South Sudan–Ethiopia Transport Corridor (LAPSSET Corridor), (i); as landlocked country, (i); railways in, (i); Soviet relations with and aid to, (i); telecommunications deal with China’s ZTE, (i); telecommunications held in national monopoly, (i); telegraph and telephone lines in, (i); U.S. relations with and aid to, (i)
Eugenie (French empress), (i), (ii)
Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU), (i), (ii), (iii)n46
Eurasian supercontinent: “Eurasian point of inaccessibility,” (i); as “geographical pivot of history,” (i); original BRI plan and, (i), (ii); preventing domination by single power, (i); railway development to cover, (i)
Europe: China-Europe railway services, growth of, (i), (ii); stock-market crisis (1873), (i). See also specific regions and countries
European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD), (i)n16
European Central Bank, (i)
European Commission: investigation of Belgrade-Budapest railway contract award, (i); Piraeus Port (Greece) and, (i)
European Union: antifraud office fining Piraeus Port (Greece), (i); China policy (2016 & 2019), (i); Chinese domestic policies as concern to, (i); competitive connectivity initiative in, (i), (ii); “EU-China Connectivity Platform,” (i); fears and criticism of Chinese investments and BRI, (i), (ii), (iii); fears and criticism of U.S. power and influence, (i); former Soviet states joining, (i); MOUs signed
by EU members with China, (i), (ii); New Eurasian Land Bridge and, (i), (ii)n29; obstacles to Chinese construction firms’ entry, (i); policing corruption of their companies abroad, (i); railway competition with China, (i); reciprocal access to China as basis for Chinese access to, (i); 17+1 format and, (i); South China Sea, statement on China’s claims in, (i); trade imbalance and rail transport patterns, (i); Transport Corridor Europe-Caucasus Central Asia (TRACECA), (i). See also Central and Eastern Europe; specific countries
Export-Import Bank of China, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi); airport for Hambantota Port (Sri Lanka) financing, (i), (ii); Ethiopian telecommunications financing, (i); Kenyan railway financing, (i)
Fitch (ratings agency), (i)
Ford Foundation, (i), (ii)
Forum on China-Africa Cooperation, (i)
France: African colonial railways and enterprises, (i), (ii), (iii); antitrust concerns stopping merger of French and German railways, (i); China Railway Express routes to, (i); deals with China in 2019, (i); Djibouti, French military base in, (i), (ii); fears and criticism of Chinese investments and BRI, (i), (ii); fears and criticism of U.S. power and influence, (i); high-speed railways in, (i); Suez Canal development and, (i)
Free and Open Indo-Pacific strategies, (i)
free-trade zones: Amur River and, (i); Shanghai Cooperation Organization and, (i)
French, Howard, (i), (ii)
Gabriel, Sigmar, (i)
Gabuev, Alexander, (i)
Gazprom, (i), (ii)
Geng Biao, (i)
Germany: African colonial railways and enterprises, (i); antitrust concerns stopping merger of French and German railways, (i); fears and criticism of China and U.S., (i); railway service between Britain and, (i)
Ghana, relations with China, (i), (ii)
Great Northern, (i)
Greece: BRI and, (i); Central Archaeological Council, (i); on China’s claims in South China Sea, (i); upgrade needed for railway tracks in, (i). See also Piraeus Port
Green Development International Alliance, (i)
Grossman, Marc, (i)
Guardian, on China Railway Express, (i)
Gulf of Aden, (i)
Guterres, António, (i)
Gwadar Port (Pakistan): Chinese goals for, (i), (ii); funding to build, (i), (ii); history of opening and local benefits, (i); as part of China-Pakistan Economic Corridor, (i), (ii); security concerns, (i)