Burned Alive: Bruno, Galileo and the Inquisition

by Alberto A. Martinez

  basilica of St Peter, Rome: p. 186; from Antonio Tempesta, Recens prout hodie iacet almæ urbis Romæ cum omnibus viis aedificiis que prospectus accuratissime delineatus [1593] (Rome, 1645): pp. 46, 72, 75, 201 (photos Metropolitan Museum of Art [open access]); Francesco Villamena, Galileo Galilei linceo

  filosofo e matematico del Ser.mo Gran Duca di Tosc.a . . . ([Rome], 1613): p. 138

  (photo Metropolitan Museum of Art [open access]).

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  333

  INDEX

  Page numbers in italics refer to illustrations

  Abelard, Peter 51–2, 103, 134, 153,

  atomism 21, 35, 53, 59, 76, 100, 132,

  159, 162, 210, 232, 270

  138, 180, 193–4, 196, 214, 217

  Adam and Eve 81, 92, 125, 143, 217

  Augustine, St 17, 169, 171, 179,

  Albertus Magnus 98, 115, 162, 234

  185, 208, 218, 224, 234, 236,

  alien beings see extraterrestrial life

  258, 265, 270

  Alsted, Johann 242

  denied antipodes 217

  Alvarez, Sebastian 259–60

  on demons on the Moon 100

  Anaxagoras 21, 101–2, 131–3, 170,

  denied Earth is alive 56

  222–3, 230, 235, 238

  and Galileo 122, 179, 189

  Anaximander 133, 164, 218, 230,

  on Hell 94

  242

  on heresies 59, 61, 91, 95, 123,

  Antichrist/anti­Christian 16, 118,

  152, 216, 219, 230, 262, 272,

  128, 181, 243, 257, 263, 271

  323, 324

  antipodes 60, 97, 188, 216–17, 220,

  and Kepler 109, 159

  245

  against Manichaeans 98, 216,

  Apollo 19, 22, 112, 263–4, 281

  220–21

  Apollonius of Tyana 22, 31, 25, 37,

  against Porphyry 20, 57, 185, 266

  43, 51, 55–8, 93, 116, 122, 134,

  against Pythagoras 20, 266–7

  154–5, 159, 168, 184, 266

  denied the soul of the world 51,

  Aquinas, Thomas 20–21, 28, 57, 82,

  56, 159, 222, 224–5

  101, 115, 125, 132, 147, 162,

  denied transmigration 57, 66,

  173, 175, 194, 206, 208, 209,

  on worlds 59, 61, 66, 91, 95, 98,

  219, 234, 239, 246, 270, 275,

  100, 125, 127, 133, 152, 162,

  277

  217, 219, 230, 241–2, 257,

  Archelaus 98, 102, 262

  262

  Aristarchus 24, 109, 124, 140, 173,

  Aventinus 188, 217

  187, 189, 202, 218

  Aristotle 18, 20–22, 25–6, 28, 33–6,

  Barberini, Cardinal Antonio 245

  56–63, 85, 101–3, 107, 115, 118, Barberini, Cardinal Francesco

  130–33, 147, 152, 161–9, 173–7,

  184–6, 186, 193, 196, 199–200,

  185, 189, 205–10, 232, 236, 239,

  203, 210, 215, 232–3, 245, 253,

  241, 245

  258, 272, 278

  Arrigoni, Celestino 44, 45, 73, 80, 90 Barberini, Maffeo see Pope Urban viii 335

  burned alive

  Baronio, Cesare 56, 93, 97, 258,

  his books burned 71

  278

  burned alive 7, 15, 28, 72–7, 76,

  Basil, St 58, 126, 216, 225, 234–5

  88,

  88, 90–91, 95, 96–7, 99,

  Bellarmine, Robert 144, 249, 250

  101, 109, 182–3, 262

  and allies 123–6, 130–31, 137,

  and Campanella 116–17, 122,

  145–6, 151–2, 157, 273

  148, 166–7, 171, 176–7, 183,

  and Bruno 14, 63–8, 70–73, 95,

  200, 205, 210, 216, 231, 235,

  123, 133–7, 145–6, 149, 152,

  245, 261–2, 269–70

  154–9, 163, 166, 169, 201,

  censorship of 9, 11, 48–62,

  210, 247–8, 268, 273

  70–71, 120, 123

  and Campanella 166, 176

  compared to Copernicus 9–11,

  as consultor 47, 63

  33, 36, 111–12, 165, 186–7,

  criticized 129, 250–51

  232, 268

  death of 168, 247–51

  and Democritus 34, 61, 76, 110,

  on Earth’s motion, 135–7,

  and demons/daemons 38, 55,

  141–2, 153, 157, 196, 240,

  57, 81, 93–4, 137, 241, 260,

  270, 274

  288

  and Galileo 14, 130, 133, 136,

  on Earth as animal 33–5, 50, 56,

  141, 145–6, 149, 151, 157–8,

  86, 239

  161, 166, 172, 198, 201, 210, on Earth’s motion 9, 33, 49, 54,

  246, 273–5

  86, 90, 201

  on heresies 63–6, 91, 123–4,

  said Earth is a star 8, 15, 33–5,

  134–5, 144–5, 152–4, 166,

  40, 53, 59, 64, 84–5, 88, 141,

  184, 219, 228, 236, 240, 248,

  153, 158, 165, 232, 238, 267,

  258, 268, 275, 278

  274

  on the Index 56, 124, 150–51,

  on exoplanets 10, 15, 40, 59, 88,

  158, 248

  114, 261

  and Kepler 163

  on extraterrestrial life 10, 33–4,

  on the Pythagoreans 63, 134–5,

  50, 59, 85, 108

  151–6

  compared to Galileo 7–11, 14,

  and Schoppe 93, 124

  100, 110–14, 164, 169,

  on Sun and suns 145, 153–5,

  207–9, 254, 261, 264, 270,

  247–250

  273–9

  see also soul of the world

  on Hell 36, 45, 57, 67, 80, 85

  Beretta, Francesco 214

  and heresies 15, 28, 38–9, 43–5,

  Berti, Domenico 212–14

  62–76, 79–87, 90–91, 94–9,

  Blackwell, Richard 203–4, 212, 259

  103, 141, 145–6, 150, 156,

  Borborites 98, 183

  165, 183, 192–3, 208, 242,

  Borgia, Cardinal 191–2

  259, 267–8, 272–5

  Boschetti, Lucia 68–9

  on the Holy Spirit 52, 64–5, 68,

  Brahe, Tycho 108–9, 189, 221,

  80, 86, 92–3, 97, 116, 126,

  226–7, 262

  159, 168, 242, 246, 268, 271

  Bruce, Edmund 106–7, 113–14

  and Inchofer 205, 207, 209, 216,

  Bruno, Giordano

  230–32

  accusations against 37–9, 44–95 and Jesus Christ 15, 30, 33, 37,

  and Bellarmine 14, 63–73, 95,

  39, 45–6, 62, 65, 67, 80, 82–3,

  123, 133–7, 144–6, 149, 152,

  90, 92, 94, 127, 181, 260

  154–9, 163, 166, 169, 201,

  and Kepler 9–11, 16, 100, 106,

  210, 247–8, 268, 273

  108–9, 130, 133–4, 163–4

  336

  Index

  and Lutherans 36–7, 79, 91–2,

  103, 134, 170, 182–3, 221, 242,

  96, 98–9, 260, 271–2

  271–2

  on magic
35, 37, 42, 81, 83, 88,

  Campanella, Tommaso 119

  90, 92

  and Bruno 116–17, 122, 148,

  on the Moon 10, 64, 110–11

  166–7, 171, 176–7, 183, 200,

  on moons 10, 34, 110–13, 141,

  205, 210, 216, 231, 235, 245,

  145, 216, 261

  261–2, 269–70

  on non­circular orbits 9, 34

  on Democritus 118, 167, 175,

  ‘nothing new under the Sun’ 41,

  193–4

  49–50, 53–4, 58–62, 84, 156, denounced, 179, 181, 183–4,

  231

  191, 198, 205–7, 232–7, 263

  on Origen 37, 62, 94, 231

  on Earth’s motion 122, 147–8,

  on Plato 35, 37, 42, 55, 155

  166, 171–4, 193, 198, 205,

  on Pythagoras 15, 33, 35–7,

  234, 243, 269–70, 274

  40–44, 46, 50, 53–4, 57–9,

  and Galileo 117, 121–3, 147,

  61–4, 68, 71, 84–5, 155, 158,

  171–8, 183, 189, 193–4, 198,

  160

  205, 207, 216, 238, 241, 246,

  self­description 74, 155–6

  261–2, 270, 276

  and sins 38, 78–80, 270

  and the Inquisition 117–20,

  on soul of world 40–43, 48–52,

  147–9, 183, 198, 200, 233

  56, 64, 68, 80, 86–7, 92–3,

  on the Pythagoreans 116–18,

  97, 116, 133–4, 156, 159,

  122–3, 147, 166–7, 173–4,

  168, 180, 230–31, 246, 268,

  176–8, 183, 193, 207, 210,

  270–71

  233–5, 238, 242–6, 261–3,

  on souls imprisoned in bodies

  269–70, 273–4

  41, 50, 57–8, 70, 85, 268

  on the Sun 118, 120, 167,

  statue of 32, 89, 95, 261

  175–8, 236, 263, 274

  on suns 8–9, 33–4, 50, 53, 59,

  tortured 118–20, 171, 183,

  73–4, 80, 90, 96, 112–15,

  and transmigration 115, 167–8,

  141, 145, 152, 171, 247, 261,

  178, 183, 231, 244, 269

  274

  see also soul of the world

  on transmigration 35–9, 42–5,

  see also worlds

  54, 57, 61–2, 74, 85–7, 94,

  Camerarius, Ludwig 98, 182–3

  99, 157, 180, 231, 267–9

  Campo de’ Fiori 75

  on transubstantiation 37, 65,

  Capella, Martianus 140, 226

  71, 83, 200

  Capoano, Alessandro 150

  on universe 9, 33–5, 40–43,

  Castelli, Benedetto 139–40, 142,

  51–3, 58, 84, 91, 267–8

  144, 150, 150, 186–7

  on worlds 30, 33–5, 39, 50,

  Castro, Alfonso de 52, 159, 270

  59–64, 66, 84–5, 88–9, 92,

  Caussin, Nicolas 241

  94–9, 110–13, 167, 180–81,

  Cerbu, Thomas 203

  232, 245, 259, 261

  Cesi, Prince Federico 137, 149, 183,

  youth of 28, 30, 32

  240, 243

  Ciampoli, Giovanni 142–3, 150, 192

  Caccini, Tommaso 139, 142, 146,

  Cicero 23, 35, 95, 135–6, 157, 163,

  240

  171, 185, 194, 208

  Cain and Abel 45–6, 80

  Chrysostom, John 17, 19, 28, 66,

  Calcidius 134, 235

  125–6, 152, 169, 171–2, 176,

  Calvin, John 16, 22, 32, 79, 91, 98–9,

  208, 224, 234, 241, 266, 277

  337

  burned alive

  Church of Santa Croce 252

  118, 130–32, 136, 161, 175,

  Church of Santa Maria Sopra

  194, 217–18, 230, 232

  Minerva 201, 202

  and Galileo 110, 114, 193–4,

  Clavius, Christopher 130, 194

  197, 232

  Clement of Alexandria 125, 234–5

  as heresy 61, 95, 98, 193–4, 218

  Collius, Franciscus 169–70

  on worlds 21, 34, 61, 95, 98,

  Copernicus

  100, 110, 130–32, 136,

  as anti­Christian 128

  161–2, 167, 175, 194,

  censured 26, 103, 109, 128, 131, 217–18, 230, 238

  140, 151, 162–5, 170, 179,

  demons (or daemons)

  198, 202, 227–8, 232, 255–6, and Apollonius 22, 31, 51

  271, 275

  and Bruno 38, 81, 55, 57, 93–4,

  compared to Bruno 9–11, 33,

  137, 241, 260

  36, 111–12, 165, 186–7, 232, and Campanella 118, 167–8,

  268

  263

  criticized 121, 138, 174, 189,

  and Kepler 104

  303

  on the Moon 19, 100, 104, 129,

  and Earth’s senses 166, 234

  132, 266

  and Galileo 109, 111–12, 121,

  and Porphyry 185, 266–7

  137, 146, 157, 253, 277

  and Pythagoras 8, 16, 19–20,

  as heretical 109, 124, 128, 136,

  27, 31, 55, 100, 153, 167–8,

  148, 152, 157, 165, 171, 179,

  170, 266–7, 244, 263

  188, 210, 228, 246, 274

  Devil 19–20, 23, 31, 58, 88, 92–4,

  and Inchofer 199, 205, 208, 216,

  98, 118, 125, 128–9, 139, 153,

  226–8

  170, 259–60, 265–6, 278

  and Kepler 103–6, 109, 112,

  Digges, Thomas 31, 33, 43, 53, 55,

  162–3

  91, 126, 152, 226

  and Pythagoras 17, 23–5, 35–6,

  Diogenes Laertius 19, 55–6, 60, 98,

  55, 105–6, 112, 136, 140,

  124, 131, 168–9, 171, 177, 185,

  166, 176–7, 199, 202, 208,

  222, 264

  267, 271

  Dionysius the Aeropagite 36, 63,

  as Pythagoras reborn 105–6

  159–60

  ‘soul of the Earth’ 128

  Dionysius of Alexandria 217

  and worlds 100, 131, 149–50,

  Dominicans 20, 26, 28, 76, 78, 79,

  174, 261, 267

  103, 115, 117, 137, 139, 145,

  Corpus of Canon Law 61, 175, 230,

  150, 163, 201, 233

  234, 242, 244, 262

  see also Bruno, Caccini,

  Costeus, Joannes 102, 223

  Campanella, Capiferreus,

  Council of Sens 52, 270

  Lorini, Petreto, Tolosani

  Council of Trent 26, 61, 139, 141,

  Donne, John 127–30, 181–2

  242, 246

  Earth, as animal 19, 33, 35, 44, 50,

  d’Ascoli, Cardinal (Felice Centino)

  56, 102, 115–16, 122, 124, 163,

  145, 199, 201

  166, 177, 188, 223–5, 274–5

  Delrio, Juan Martin 174

  see also Bruno; Origen;

  Democritus

  Pythagoras; universe animal

  and Bruno 34, 61, 76, 110,

  Earth as star

  and Campanella 118, 167, 193,

  denied by Aristotle 18, 22, 59,

  criticized 21, 61, 99–100, 114,

  232

  338

  Index

  denied by Barberini 186–7, 200, Campanella on 174–6, 220,

  232

  262

  denied by Bonciani 140

  denied by Capoano 150

  said Bruno 8, 15, 33–5, 40, 53,

  denied by Ciampoli 143

  59, 64, 84–5, 88, 141, 153,

  Cusa on 25, 262

  158, 165, 232, 238, 267, 274

  Donne on 128–9, 181–2

  said Campanella 174, 176–
7

  denied by Emmius 124

  denied by censors 64, 84–5,

  denied by Fabricius 262

  157–8, 164, 187

  denied by Froidmont 188

  said Copernicus 157, 165, 187,

  Galileo on 10–11, 137–8,

  232

  149–51, 174, 192, 196–7,

  said Cusa 24, 238

  220, 238, 245, 262

  denied by Dante 22

  and the Gnostics 98

  and Donne 128–9, 182

  as a heresy 50, 97, 174, 188,

  said Foscarini 141, 232

  241–2, 244–5, 262

  and Galileo 157, 165, 176,

  denied by Hippolytus 59, 194

  186–7, 200, 213, 232

  denied by Inchofer 208–9, 213,

  and Kepler 109, 213

  219–20

  denied by La Cazre 255–7

  on Jupiter 19, 110, 114, 132,

  denied by Lagalla 131–2

  137–8, 264, 269, 275

  denied by Mersenne 180

  Kepler on 104, 108–9, 113–14,

  and the Pythagoreans 18, 22,

  131, 176, 219–20, 238, 262,

  26, 30, 40, 59, 158, 218, 274

  269

  denied by Tolosani 26

  denied by La Cazre 255–6

  Ecphantus the Pythagorean 54–5,

  denied by Lagalla 131–3

  136, 140

  Lucian on 34, 59, 100, 245

  Elizabeth i, Queen 45, 103, 129,

  and the Manichaeans 98, 262

  132

  denied by Mersenne 181,

  Emmius, Ubbo 124–5, 272, 302

  on the Moon 10–11, 19, 34,

  Empedocles 21, 101–2, 173, 243,

  59, 100–101, 104, 108–13,

  266

  121, 128–32, 137–8, 143,

  Epicurus 34, 53, 59, 98, 100, 127,

  150, 175–6, 181, 192, 196–7,

  136, 167, 217–18, 230, 261

  219–20, 223, 238, 245, 262,

  Epiphanius, St 53, 57, 91, 98–9, 152,

  264–6, 275

  169, 185, 216, 230, 242, 266

  denied by Morhof 261–2

  Erasmus of Rotterdam 28–30, 58,

  and Orpheus 262

  62, 95, 135

  Plutarch on 100, 104, 110, 133,

  Euclid 18, 112

  238

  Eusebius 171, 185, 234, 272

  Pythagorean belief 34, 59, 91,

  extraterrestrial life

  100, 110, 131, 209, 238, 269

  Anaxagoras on 223

  on the Sun 34–5, 59, 132

  denied by Augustine 100

  Wilkins on 238–9

  denied by Maffeo Barberini 143

  denied by Baronio 97

  Fabricius, Johann 262, 305

  Bellarmine on 135, 151

  Fantoli, Annibale 199

  Brahe on 109, 262

  Fattori, Marta 169

  Bruno on 10–11, 33–5, 50, 59,

  Favino, Federica 73