110.Horace Greeley, Proceedings of the Republican National Convention (1860), 108.
111.Doris Kearns Goodwin, A Team of Rivals: The Political Genius of Abraham Lincoln (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2005), 253.
112.Donald, Lincoln, 251.
113.Green, Lincoln and the Election of 1860, 63.
114.John B. Alley, Reminiscences of Abraham Lincoln by Distinguished Men of His Time, ed. Allen T. Rice (North American Pub. Co., 1886), 575.
CHAPTER SIX: “HE WAS ENTIRELY IGNORANT NOT ONLY OF THE DUTIES, BUT OF THE MANNER OF DOING BUSINESS” (1860–1861)
1.Robert L. Wilson to William H. Herndon, February 10, 1866, in William Henry Herndon and Jesse William Weik, Herndon’s Informants: Letters, Interviews, and Statements About Abraham Lincoln, ed. Douglas L. Wilson and Rodney O. Davis (Champaign: University of Illinois Press, 1998), 207.
2.James K. Polk, The Diary of James K. Polk During His Presidency: 1845–1849 (A.C. McClurg & Co., 1910), 261.
3.Orville Hickman Browning, diary entry for July 3, 1861, in The Diary of Orville Hickman Browning: 1850–1864, ed. Theodore Calvin Pease (Champaign: University of Illinois, 1925).
4.Joseph Holt and Winfield Scott to Lincoln, March 5, 1861.
5.Diary of Orville Hickman Browning, 1:xvi.
6.Harold Holzer, Lincoln President-Elect: Abraham Lincoln and the Great Secession Winter 1860–1861 (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2008), 59.
7.Id. at 78.
8.Henry Villard, Memoirs of Henry Villard (Boston: Houghton, Mifflin, 1904), 1:93.
9.Holzer, Lincoln President-Elect, 89.
10.Id. at 90.
11.Henry Villard, Sixteenth President-in-Waiting: Abraham Lincoln and the Springfield Dispatches of Henry Villard, 1860–1861, ed. Michael Burlingame (Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 2018), 134.
12.Id. at 135.
13.Id. at 136.
14.Id.
15.Holzer, Lincoln President-Elect, 189.
16.Abraham Lincoln, “Letter to Daniel Ullman,” February 1, 1861, in Abraham Lincoln, Collected Works of Abraham Lincoln, 8 vols., ed. Roy Basler et al. (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1953–1955), 4:184.
17.Holzer, Lincoln President-Elect, 189.
18.Ted Widmer, Lincoln on the Verge: Thirteen Days to Washington (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2020), 277 (quoting both the newspaper and Fillmore).
19.Lincoln, Collected Works, 4:214.
20.Id.
21.Abraham Lincoln, Speech in Independence Hall, Philadelphia, February 22, 1861, in Lincoln, Collected Works, 4:2401–41.
22.Quoted in David M. Potter, The Impending Crisis, 1848–1861 (New York: Harper, 1976), 432.
23.Holzer, Lincoln President-Elect, 60.
24.Id.
25.John B. Alley, Reminiscences of Abraham Lincoln by Distinguished Men of His Time, ed. Allen T. Rice (North American Pub. Co., 1886), 603.
26.Id.
27.Holzer, Lincoln President-Elect, 312.
28.Id.
29.Id.
30.Id.
31.Id.
32.Id.
33.Id. at 296.
34.Seward to Lincoln, February 1861.
35.Diary entry for February 9, 1861, in Diary of Orville Hickman Browning.
36.Id.
37.Browning to Lincoln, February 17, 1861.
38.Id.
39.Maurice G. Baxter, Orville H. Browning: Lincoln’s Colleague and Critic (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1957), 110.
40.Id. at 109–10.
41.President Andrew Jackson’s Proclamation Regarding Nullification, December 10, 1832, via Avalon Project at Yale Law School.
42.Abraham Lincoln, First Inaugural Address, March 4, 1861, in Lincoln, Collected Works, 4:265.
43.Jackson’s Proclamation Regarding Nullification, December 10, 1832, via Avalon Project at Yale Law School.
44.Lincoln, First Inaugural Address, in Lincoln, Collected Works, 4:265.
45.Jackson’s Proclamation Regarding Nullification.
46.Id.
47.Lincoln, First Inaugural Address, in Lincoln, Collected Works, 4:268.
48.Id. at 267.
49.Id. at 268.
50.Jackson’s Proclamation Regarding Nullification.
51.Lincoln, Collected Works, 4:265, 270.
52.Jackson’s Proclamation Regarding Nullification.
53.Id.
54.Lincoln, First Inaugural Address, in Lincoln, Collected Works, 4:265.
55.Id.
56.Jackson’s Proclamation Regarding Nullification.
57.Lincoln, Collected Works, 4:271.
58.Id.
59.Henry Clay, Speech of Mr. Clay, of Kentucky, On the Measures of Compromise: Delivered in the Senate of the United States, July 22, 1850 (Washington, D.C.: J. T. Towers, 1850), 25.
60.Id.
61.Lincoln, Inaugural Address, in Lincoln, Collected Works.
62.Id. at 270.
63.Id. at 271.
64.Id.
65.Henry Clay, Speech, January 29, 1850, via HathiTrust, 24.
66.Lincoln, First Inaugural Address, in Lincoln, Collected Works, 4:271.
67.Richard Carwardine, Lincoln’s Sense of Humor (Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 2017), 33.
68.Joshua F. Speed to Herndon, February 7, 1866, in Herndon’s Informants, 197.
69.Abraham Lincoln, First Debate with Stephen Douglas, Ottawa, Illinois, August 21, 1858.
70.Abraham Lincoln, Annual Address to Congress, December 1, 1862, in Lincoln, Collected Works, 5:535.
71.Abraham Lincoln to William H. Seward, December 8, 1860, in Lincoln, Collected Works, 4:148.
72.Abraham Lincoln to Thurlow Weed, March 15, 1865, in Lincoln, Collected Works, 8:356.
73.Holzer, Lincoln President-Elect, 103.
74.Walter Stahr, Seward: Lincoln’s Indispensable Man (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2012), 244.
75.Michael Burlingame, Abraham Lincoln: A Life, vol. 1 (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2008), 740.
76.Abraham Lincoln to Simon Cameron, January 3, 1861, in Lincoln, Collected Works, 4:169.
77.Noah Brooks, Washington in Lincoln’s Time (New York: The Century Co., 1895), 49; and Century Illustrated Monthly Magazine, November 1894–April 1895, p. 147.
78.Holzer, Lincoln President-Elect, 104.
79.Id.
80.The other three were Polk, Taylor, and Van Buren.
81.William O. Stoddard, Abraham Lincoln: The True Story of a Great Life (Fords, Howard & Hulbert, 1885), 245.
82.John G. Nicolay and John Hay, Abraham Lincoln: A History (1890), 380–81.
83.Noah Brooks to George Witherle, December 23, 1863, in Lincoln Observed: Civil War Dispatches of Noah Brooks, ed. Michael Burlingame (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1998), 97–98.
84.Gideon Welles, Diary of Gideon Welles: Secretary of the Navy Under Lincoln and Johnson (New York: Houghton Mifflin Co., 1911), 13.
85.Id.
86.Francis P. Blair to Montgomery Blair, March 12, 1861, Lincoln Papers, Library of Congress.
87.Allan Nevins, The War for the Union: The Improvised War, 1861–1862 (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1959), 48.
88.Welles, Diary of Gideon Welles, 13–14.
89.Id. at 14.
90.Francis P. Blair to Montgomery Blair, March 12, 1861.
91.Abraham Lincoln, Letter from the President to the Secretary of State, March 15, 1861, in Lincoln: Speeches and Writings, 1859–1865 (New York: Library of America, 1989), 225.
92.Montgomery Blair to Lincoln, March 15, 1861.
93.Charles Francis Adams, Sr., March 29, 1861, diary entry, in Charles Francis Adams, Sr.: The Civil War Diaries (Unverified Transcriptions) (Boston: Massachusetts Historical Society, 2015), http://www.masshist.org/publications/cfa-civil-war/view?id=DCA61d0889.
94.Diary of Gideon Welles, 6, via Archive.org.
95.Id. at 9; and John G. Nicolay and John Hay, Abraham Lincoln: A History (1890), 390.
; 96.Letter from Francis Blair to A. Lincoln, March 18, 1861, quoted in Allan Nevins, The War for the Union (New York: Scribner, 1959), 1:48.
97.Stephen A. Hurlbut to Abraham Lincoln, May 27, 1861, in Abraham Lincoln Papers: Series 1. General Correspondence, 1833–1916, Library of Congress, https://www.loc.gov/item/mal2813300/.
98.John G. Nicolay and John Hay, Abraham Lincoln: A History (1890), 394.
99.Id. at 395.
100.Id. at 345.
101.Id. at 394.
102.William H. Seward to Abraham Lincoln, April 1, 1961, in Abraham Lincoln Papers: Series 1. General Correspondence, 1833–1916, Library of Congress, https://www.loc.gov/item/mal2813300/.
103.John G. Nicolay and John Hay, Abraham Lincoln: A History (1890), 443.
104.Diary of Gideon Welles, 21, 25.
105.Id. at 24.
106.Virginia Woodbury Fox, Diary, April 18, 1861, available in microfilm format in the Levi Woodbury Family papers, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress.
107.Abraham Lincoln, His Speeches and Writings, quoting on-camera tour of Lincoln’s presidential office, with Harold Holzer, C-SPAN (2007); and Mark E. Neely Jr., “Wilderness and the Cult of Manliness: Hooker, Lincoln, and Defeat,” in Gabor S. Boritt, ed., Lincoln’s Generals (New York: Oxford University Press, 1994), 51–77.
108.Abraham Lincoln, Reply to Baltimore Committee, April 22, 1861, in Lincoln, Collected Works, 4:342.
109.Id.
110.Abraham Lincoln, Proclamation Calling Militia and Convening Congress, April 15, 1861.
111.John Savage, The Life and Public Services of Andrew Johnson, Seventeenth President of the United States (1866), 163.
112.Paul Angle, ed., The Lincoln Reader (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1947), 357.
113.Abraham Lincoln, Reply to Baltimore Committee, April 22, 1861, in Lincoln, Collected Works, 4:341.
114.Id. at 342.
115.For a discussion of the myth of this quotation, see Stephen M. Engel, American Politicians Confront the Court: Opposition Politics and Changing Responses to Judicial Power (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2011), 134 n. 9.
116.Abraham Lincoln, Message to Congress in Special Session, July 4, 1861, in Lincoln, Collected Works, 4:430.
117.Abraham Lincoln, Speech at Havana, Illinois, August 14, 1858, in Lincoln, Collected Works, 2:542.
118.General Orders, 1861, 1862 & 1863, Adapted for the Use of the Army and Navy, ed. Thomas M. O’Brien (1864), 1:62.
119.Baxter, Orville H. Browning, 123.
120.Orville H. Browning to Abraham Lincoln, March 26, 1861, in Abraham Lincoln Papers: Series 1. General Correspondence, 1833–1916, Library of Congress, https://www.loc.gov/item/mal2813300/.
121.Henry Wilson to William Henry Herndon, Natick, Massachusetts, May 30, 1867, in Herndon’s Informants, 562.
122.Diary entry for July 3, 1861, in Diary of Orville Hickman Browning, 1:476.
123.Ari Hoogenboom, “Gustavus Fox and the Relief of Fort Sumter,” Civil War History 9, no. 4 (December 1963): 383–98, at 396.
124.Abraham Lincoln, Message to Congress, July 4, 1961, in Abraham Lincoln Papers: Series 1. General Correspondence, 1833–1916, Library of Congress, https://www.loc.gov/item/mal2813300/.
125.Michael Burlingame, ed., With Lincoln in the White House: Letters, Memoranda, and Other Writings of John Nicolay, 1860–1865, Memorandum, July 13, 1861, 48.
CHAPTER SEVEN: COMMANDER IN CHIEF (1861–1864)
1.The American Quarterly Register and Magazine, vol. 1, p. 533, via Google Books.
2.Lucien Bonaparte Chase, History of the Polk Administration (1850), 435, via Google Books.
3.Neely, “War and Partisanship: What Lincoln Learned from James K. Polk,” Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society 74, no. 3 (1981): 213.
4.Edgar Curtis Taylor, “Lincoln the Internationalist,” Abraham Lincoln Quarterly 4, no. 2 (June 1946): 73, https://quod.lib.umich.edu/a/alajournals/0599998.0004.002/21.
5.Abraham Lincoln, First Inaugural Address, March 4, 1861, in Collected Works of Abraham Lincoln, 8 vols., ed. Roy Basler et al. (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1953–1955), 4:268.
6.Abraham Lincoln, Message to Congress, July 4, 1961, in Abraham Lincoln Papers: Series 1. General Correspondence, 1833–1916, Library of Congress, https://www.loc.gov/item/mal2813300/.
7.Citing speech to Wisconsin State Agricultural Society, Milwaukee, September 30, 1859; and Lincoln, Collected Works, 3:479.
8.Id.
9.Michael Burlingame, Abraham Lincoln: A Life, vol. 1 (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2008), 63.
10.William H. Herndon, Herndon’s Lincoln (Herndon’s Lincoln Pub. Co., 1889), 337.
11.James M. McPherson, Tried by War: Abraham Lincoln as Commander in Chief (New York: Penguin, 2008), introduction.
12.Michael Burlingame, ed., Lincoln’s Journalist: John Hay’s Anonymous Writings for the Press, 1860–1864 (Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 1999), 366 n. 1.
13.Abraham Lincoln to Winfield Scott, April 1, 1861, in Lincoln, Collected Works, 4:316.
14.Carl Sandburg, Abraham Lincoln: The Prairie Years and the War Years (one-volume edition) (New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1954), 258.
15.Id.
16.Burlingame, Abraham Lincoln: A Life, 2:199.
17.David Herbert Donald, Lincoln (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1995), 319.
18.David Donald, “Getting Right with Lincoln,” The Atlantic (1956), https://www.theatlantic.com/past/docs/issues/95nov/lincoln/lincrite.htm.
19.Abraham Lincoln to Carl Schurz, November 10, 1862, in Lincoln, Collected Works, 5:494.
20.Robert Remini, Daniel Webster: The Man and His Time (New York: W. W. Norton, 1997), 520–21.
21.Burlingame, Abraham Lincoln: A Life, 2:224–25.
22.Id. at 360.
23.McPherson, Tried by War, 66. (It appears there are variations of this quote, but this is the only book where I could find it.)
24.Lincoln, Collected Works, 5:111.
25.Burlingame, Abraham Lincoln: A Life, 2:297.
26.McPherson, Tried by War, ch. 3.
27.Id.
28.Id.
29.George B. McClellan, McClellan’s Own Story: The War for Union, the Soldiers Who Fought It, the Civilians Who Directed It and His Relations to It and to Them (New York: Charles L. Webster & Co., 1887), 546.
30.Lincoln, Collected Works, 5:486.
31.Ethan Rafuse, McClellan’s War: The Failure of Moderation in the Struggle for the Union (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2011), 376.
32.Burlingame, Abraham Lincoln: A Life, 2:430.
33.McPherson, Tried by War, 145.
34.Id.
35.Donald, Lincoln, 402.
36.Orville Hickman Browning, The Diary of Orville Hickman Browning: 1850–1864, ed. Theodore Calvin Pease (Champaign: University of Illinois, 1925), 1:600–601.
37.Id. at 600.
38.Burlingame, Abraham Lincoln: A Life, 2:453.
39.Sandburg, The Prairie Years (one-volume edition), 333.
40.Doris Kearns Goodwin, A Team of Rivals: The Political Genius of Abraham Lincoln (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2005), 490. It’s possible the longer quote is elsewhere and I just couldn’t pin it down.
41.Donald, Lincoln, 403.
42.Id.
43.Id. at 404.
44.Id.
45.Id.
46.Id.
47.Id.
48.Id.
49.Id.
50.Id.
51.Id.
52.Id. at 405.
53.Id.
54.Id.
55.Id.
56.Id. at 406.
57.Burlingame, Abraham Lincoln: A Life, 2:174.
58.Diary of Orville Hickman Browning, 1:478.
59.Orville Browning to Abraham Lincoln, September 17, 1861, reproduced in Burrus M. Carnahan, Act of Justice: Lincoln’s Emancipation Proclamation and the Law of War (Lexington: University of Kentucky Press, 2011), 146.
60.
Lincoln, Collected Works, 4:531.
61.Id.
62.Id. at 532.
63.Id.
64.Id.
65.Id. at 5:48–49.
66.Id. at 7:281.
67.McPherson, Tried by War, 86.
68.Abraham Lincoln, Message to Congress, March 6, 1862, in Lincoln, Collected Works, 5:144.
69.Abraham Lincoln, To the Senate and House of Representatives, July 17, 1862, in Lincoln, Collected Works, 5:331.
70.Id. at n. 3.
71.William Whiting, The War Powers of the President, Military Arrests, and Reconstruction of the Union (1864), 58.
72.National Quarterly Review 13 (1867): 387.
73.Francis Bicknell Carpenter, Six Months at the White House with Abraham Lincoln (1866), 22.
74.Illinois State Historical Society, Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society (1955): 448.
75.Id.
76.William Henry Herndon and Jesse William Weik, Herndon’s Informants: Letters, Interviews, and Statements About Abraham Lincoln, ed. Douglas L. Wilson and Rodney O. Davis (Champaign: University of Illinois Press, 1998), 197.
77.Abraham Lincoln, Emancipation Proclamation, January 1, 1863, in Lincoln, Collected Works, 6:29.
78.Abraham Lincoln, Annual Message to Congress, December 1, 1862, in Lincoln, Collected Works, 5:537.
79.Id.
80.General Order No. 11 (1862).
81.Id.
82.Ron Chernow, Grant (New York: Penguin, 2017), 85 n. 20.
83.Albert Deane Richardson, A Personal History of U.S. Grant (1868), 277.
84.Francis Bicknell Carpenter, Six Months at the White House with Abraham Lincoln (1866), 269.
85.Frederick William Seward, Seward at Washington as Senator and Secretary of State (1891), 151.
86.Carpenter, Six Months, 269.
87.Id. at 87.
88.Id. at 270.
89.H. W. Halleck to Ulysses S. Grant, January 4, 1963, in United States War Department, The War of the Rebellion (1887), 1:17, 2:530.
90.Ulysses S. Grant, The Papers of Ulysses S. Grant: December 9, 1862–March 31, 1863, vol. 7, ed. John Y. Simon (Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 1979), 54.
91.Washington Correspondence, January 8, 1863; “The Last of General Grant’s Order,” Washington Correspondence, January 23, 1863; Washington Correspondence, January 7, 1863; New York Tribune, January 8, 1863.
92.H. W. Halleck to Ulysses S. Grant, Washington, January 21, 1863, United States War Department, in The War of the Rebellion, 1:9, 24.
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