93.Elihu B. Washburne to Ulysses S. Grant, January 6, 1863, in Papers of Ulysses S. Grant, 7:55–56.
94.Id.
95.Jonathan D. Sarna, When General Grant Expelled the Jews (New York: Nextbook/Schocken, 2012), 25.
96.Don Seitz, Artemus Ward: A Biography and Bibliography (New York: Harper & Bros., 1919), 113–14.
97.Herndon, Herndon’s Lincoln, 208.
98.Id.
99.Ted Widmer, Martin Van Buren (New York: Times Books, 2003), 147.
100.Tara McLellan McAndrew, “Flashback Springfield: Lincoln, Van Buren Had Unlikely Meeting in Rochester,” State Journal Register, October 31, 2015, https://www.sj-r.com/article/20151031/NEWS/151039892.
101.Herndon, Herndon’s Lincoln, 503.
102.Id. at 504.
103.Id.
104.Id.
105.Edward Bates, The Diary of Edward Bates: 1859–1866, ed. Howard K. Beale (Cre-ateSpace Independent Publishing Platform, 2013), 244.
106.John T. Stuart to Abraham Lincoln, January 24, 1862, Lincoln MSS.
107.Diary of Orville Hickman Browning 1:621.
108.Prize Cases, 67 U.S. 635, 667 (1863).
109.Id. at 669.
110.Mark E. Neely Jr. Lincoln and the Triumph of the Nation: Constitutional Conflict in the American Civil War (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2011), 206.
111.Eliakim Littell, Littell’s Living Age (1916), 289, 629.
112.T. Harry WIlliams, Lincoln and His Generals (New York: Vintage, 2011), 269.
113.Papers in Illinois History and Transactions for the Illinois State Historical Society for the Year 1906 (1906), 143.
114.Id. at 142.
115.Abraham Lincoln to James M. Cutts, Jr., October 26, 1863, in Lincoln: Speeches and Writings 1859–1865 (New York: Library of America, 1989), 530.
116.Abraham Lincoln, Address Delivered at the Dedication of the Cemetery at Gettysburg, November 19, 1863, in Lincoln, Collected Works, 7:17.
117.Id.
118.Id. at 20–21.
119.Daniel Webster, The Great Speeches and Orations of Daniel Webster, ed. Edwin P. Whipple (1879), 257.
120.Lincoln, Collected Works, 7:264.
121.Id. at 265.
122.Id.
123.Abraham Lincoln, Address Delivered at the Dedication of the Cemetery at Gettysburg, in Lincoln, Collected Works, 7:19.
124.Id.
125.The Living Age 85 (1865): 283.
126.Ralph Waldo Emerson, Emerson in His Journals, ed. Joel Porte (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1982), 421.
127.Herndon, Herndon’s Lincoln, 571.
128.Lincoln and the Civil War in the Diaries and Letters of John Hay, ed. Tyler Dennett (1939), 121.
129.Edward Everett to Abraham Lincoln, November 20, 1863, Abraham Lincoln Papers: Series 1, General Correspondence, 1833 to 1916, Manuscript/Mixed Material, Library of Congress, https://www.loc.gov/item/mal2813300/.
130.Id.
131.Abraham Lincoln, Annual Message to Congress, December 8, 1863, in Lincoln, Collected Works, 7:49.
132.Id. at 50.
133.Id.
134.Id. at 49.
135.Abraham Lincoln, Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction, December 8, 1863, in Lincoln, Collected Works, 7:53–56.
136.Id. at 54.
137.Abraham Lincoln, Proclamation about Amnesty, March 26, 1864, in Lincoln, Collected Works, 7:269.
138.Donald, Lincoln, 510.
CHAPTER EIGHT: FINAL ACT (1864–1865)
1.Elizabeth Keckley, Behind the Scenes; Or, Thirty Years a Slave, and Four Years in the White House (1868), 59.
2.Gettysburg Address.
3.Orville Hickman Browning, The Diary of Orville Hickman Browning: 1850–1864, ed. Theodore Calvin Pease (Champaign: University of Illinois, 1925), 1:600.
4.David Herbert Donald, Lincoln Reconsidered: Essays on the Civil War Era (New York: Vintage, 2001), 131.
5.Michael Burlingame, Abraham Lincoln: A Life, 2 vols. (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2008), 2:379.
6.Carl Sandburg, Abraham Lincoln: The Prairie Years and the War Years (New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1954), 2:537.
7.Ron Chernow, Grant (New York: Penguin, 2017), 329.
8.David Herbert Donald, Lincoln (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1995), 491.
9.Jean Edward Smith, Grant (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2001), 286.
10.Donald, Lincoln, 491.
11.Smith, Grant, 290.
12.Id. at 290–91.
13.Chernow, Grant, 42.
14.Id. at 41.
15.Smith, Grant, 259.
16.Abraham Lincoln, Collected Works of Abraham Lincoln, 8 vols., ed. Roy Basler et al. (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1953–1955), 7:88.
17.Smith, Grant, 259.
18.G.W.S., “British Topics: Home and Foreign Affairs,” New-York Tribune (New York Herald-Tribune), July 6, 1877, 1, col. 5.
19.Smith, Grant, 40.
20.Id. at 68.
21.Chernow, Grant, 42.
22.Smith, Grant, 259–60.
23.Id. at 298.
24.Id.
25.Id. at 296.
26.Id.
27.Chernow, Grant, 329.
28.Abraham Lincoln to Albert G. Hodges, April 4, 1864, in Lincoln, Collected Works, 7:282.
29.Id.
30.Id.
31.Donald, Lincoln, 480.
32.Id. at 482.
33.Id.
34.Id.
35.Abraham Lincoln, Life and Works of Abraham Lincoln, ed. Marion Mills Miller (1907), 5:197.
36.Donald, Lincoln, 496.
37.Id. at 506.
38.Lincoln, Collected Works, 7:380.
39.Id. at 414.
40.Abraham Lincoln to Salmon Chase, June 30, 1864, in Lincoln, Collected Works, 7:419.
41.Donald, Lincoln, 509.
42.Id.
43.Id.
44.Id. at 533.
45.Gideon Welles, diary entry for September 23, in Diary of Gideon Welles: Secretary of the Navy Under Lincoln and Johnson (New York: Houghton Mifflin Co., 1911), 156.
46.Id.
47.Id.
48.Id.
49.Id.
50.Id. at 156–57.
51.Id. at 157.
52.Id.
53.Id.
54.Doris Kearns Goodwin, A Team of Rivals: The Political Genius of Abraham Lincoln (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2005), 660.
55.John Hay, Inside Lincoln’s White House: The Complete Civil War Diary of John Hay, July 11, 1864, p. 221. In Battle Cry of Freedom: The Civil War Era (New York: Oxford University Press, 1988), James M. McPherson says that Holmes shouted “Get down, you damn fool, before you get shot!” (757).
56.Lincoln, Collected Works, 7:514.
57.James M. McPherson, Tried by War: Abraham Lincoln as Commander in Chief (New York: Penguin, 2008), 218.
58.Burlingame, Abraham Lincoln: A Life, 2:649.
59.Id.
60.Donald, Lincoln, 501.
61.Abraham Lincoln, The Papers and Writings of Abraham Lincoln, vol. 7, ed. Arthur Brooks Lapsley (Project Gutenberg, 2009), https://www.gutenberg.org/files/2659/2659-h/2659-h.htm#link2H_4_0138.
62.Id.
63.Donald, Lincoln, 530.
64.Lincoln’s policy of allowing soldiers to vote in the presidential election became an issue during the impeachment of President Donald Trump in 2019. Trump’s defenders likened his solicitation of foreign assistance to defame a likely political rival (former vice president Joseph Biden) in the 2020 election to Lincoln’s policy of allowing Union soldiers to vote, that both presidents were simply making policy decisions that inured to their personal benefits. The analogy is false, however. Lincoln’s policy was stated publicly and purported to allow all soldiers, not just Republicans, the opportunity to vote, and it was consistent with the polices of nineteen states, which were constitutionally empowered to regulate the manner and timing of elections. President Trump’s action in soliciting foreign interference in the electi
on was not national policy enacted beforehand by Congress, and he opposed every effort of Congress to get information about his actions. True, both presidents benefited personally from their actions, but only Lincoln’s was cast as an actual openly stated position of the federal government backed by the states in the exercise of their lawful authority under the Constitution. Trump’s attempt to condition U.S. aid to Ukraine on Ukraine’s president doing him a “favor” was not the official policy of the land and no other constitutional authority recognized this as anything more than a purely private and personal benefit for the president, precisely the kind of misconduct that the Constitution created the impeachment process to address. To be sure, federal officials other than Lincoln abused their powers in making it difficult for Democratic soldiers to vote, but Lincoln’s position still resulted in votes being cast against him, whereas President Trump’s so-called policy would never have become public but for a whistleblower whom he denounced. In short, Lincoln’s policy was imperfectly executed but Trump’s position was illegitimate in every way.
65.McPherson, Tried by War, 250.
66.Id.
67.Id. at 151.
68.Timothy S. Huebner “‘The Unjust Judge’: Roger B. Taney, the Slave Power, and the Meaning of Emancipation,” Journal of Supreme Court History 40 (2015): 249.
69.Donald, Lincoln, 536.
70.Salmon Chase to Kate Chase Sprague, September 17, 1864, in Salmon Portland Chase, The Salmon P. Chase Papers: Correspondence, April 1863–1864, ed. John Niven (Kent, OH: Kent State University Press, 1993), 432.
71.Donald, Lincoln, 552.
72.Abraham Lincoln, Annual Message to Congress, December 6, 1864, in Lincoln, Collected Works, 8:149.
73.Id.
74.Id.
75.Id.
76.Id.
77.Isaac N. Arnold, The Life of Abraham Lincoln (1887), 358.
78.Abraham Lincoln, Response to a Serenade, February 1, 1865, in Lincoln, Collected Works, 8:224.
79.Id. at 359.
80.Id.
81.Donald, Lincoln, 555.
82.Washington correspondence, February 1, 1865; New York Tribune, February 2, 1865; and Jewett to the editor of the New York Tribune, February 4, 1865; New York Tribune, February 6, 1865.
83.Chester G. Hearn, Lincoln, the Cabinet, and the Generals (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2010), 278.
84.Conversation with Francis Preston Blair, January 12, 1865, in Jefferson Davis, The Papers of Jefferson Davis: July 1846–December 1848, ed. Lynda Lasswell Crist (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1971), 318.
85.Jefferson Davis to Hon. R. M. T. Hunter, January 28, 1865, Official Records of the Union and Confederate Navies in the War of the Rebellion (1922), 191.
86.Id.
87.Abraham Lincoln to William H. Seward, Washington, February 1, 1865, in Lincoln, Collected Works, 8:250.
88.The Century 38 (May–October 1889): 850.
89.Abraham Lincoln, Annual Message to Congress, December 6, 1864, in Lincoln, Collected Works, 8:152.
90.The Century 38 (May–October 1889): 851.
91.Id. at 849.
92.Diary of Orville Hickman Browning, 1:699.
93.The Century 38 (May–October 1889): 849.
94.J. William Jones, Southern Historical Society Papers (1877), 3:174.
95.Southern Historical Society Papers, ed. R. A. Brock (1899), 27:375.
96.Donald, Lincoln, 565.
97.Abraham Lincoln, Second Inaugural Address, March 4, 1865, in Lincoln, Collected Works, 8:333.
98.Id.
99.Louis P. Masur, Lincoln’s Last Speech (New York: Oxford University Press, 2015), 152.
100.Id. at 153.
101.Frederick Douglass, The Life and Times of Frederick Douglass: From 1817–1882, ed. John Lobb (1882), 321.
102.Id.
103.Id.
104.Id.
105.Id.
106.Abraham Lincoln to Thurlow Weed, March 15, 1865, in Lincoln, Collected Works, 8:356.
107.Francis Bicknell Carpenter, The Inner Life of Abraham Lincoln: Six Months at the White House (1872), 234.
108.Abraham Lincoln to Ulysses S. Grant, March 3, 1865, in Lincoln, Collected Works, 8:330–31.
109.David Dixon Porter, Incidents and Anecdotes of the Civil War (1886), 314.
110.Clifton Melvin Nichols, Life of Abraham Lincoln: Being a Biography of His Life from His Birth to His Death (1896), 235.
111.Jeff Rosenheim, Photography and the American Civil War (New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2013), 224.
112.Porter, Incidents and Anecdotes of the Civil War, 295.
113.Donald, Lincoln, 577–79.
114.Id. at 580.
115.William Shakespeare, The Tragedy of Hamlet, Prince of Denmark, Act III, Scene III.
116.Donald, Lincoln, 581.
117.Conversation with Orville H. Browning, June 17, 1875, in Michael Burlingame, ed., An Oral History of Abraham Lincoln: John G. Nicolay’s Interviews and Essays (Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 2006), 4.
118.Abraham Lincoln, Last Public Address, April 11, 1865, in Lincoln, Collected Works, 8:401.
119.Id. at 404.
120.Id.
121.Id.
122.Id. at 402.
123.Id.
124.Id.
125.John Wilkes Booth, “Right or Wrong,” in God Judge Me: The Writings of John Wilkes Booth, ed. John Rhodehamel and Louise Taper (Champaign: University of Illinois Press, 1997), 15.
126.Id.
127.Diary of Orville Hickman Browning, 2:18.
128.Id.
129.Id.
130.Id.
131.Id.
EPILOGUE
1.DeNeen L. Brown, “Frederick Douglass Delivered a Reality Check at Emancipation Memorial Unveiling,” Washington Post, June 27, 2020 (quoting Douglass’s April 14, 1876, speech).
2.Abraham Lincoln, Address on Colonization to a Deputation of Negroes, in Collected Works of Abraham Lincoln, 8 vols., ed. Roy Basler et al. (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1953–1955), 5:371, 372.
3.Douglas L. Wilson, “Lincoln’s Rhetoric,” Journal of the Abraham Lincoln Association 34, no. 1 (Winter 2013): 8.
4.Jefferson Davis, Messages to the Provision Congress, Second Session (Called) (Met at Montgomery, Ala., April 29, 1861), in James D. Richardson, ed., A Compilation of Messages and Papers of the Confederacy, Including the Diplomatic Correspondence, 1861–1865 (Nashville, TN: United States Publishing Co., 1905), 82.
5.“Lincoln Statue Is Unveiled, and Protestors Come Out,” New York Times, April 6, 2003.
6.See, for example: Sidney Blumenthal, A Self-Made Man: The Political Life of Abraham Lincoln (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2016); Michael Burlingame, Abraham Lincoln: A Life (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2008); David Herbert Donald, Lincoln (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1995); Eric Foner, The Fiery Trial: Abraham Lincoln and American Slavery (New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 2010); Doris Kearns Goodwin, A Team of Rivals: The Political Genius of Abraham Lincoln (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2005); Richard Hofstadter, The American Political Tradition (New York: A.A. Knopf, 1948); Harold Holzer, Lincoln President-Elect: Abraham Lincoln and the Great Secession Winter, 1860–1861 (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2008); Louis P. Masur, Lincoln’s Last Speech (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2015); James McPherson, Tried by War: Abraham Lincoln as Commander in Chief (New York: Penguin, 2008); Allan Nevins, The War for the Union: The Improvised War, 1861–1862 (New York: Scribner, 1959); Allen Guelzo, Lincoln’s Emancipation Proclamation: The End of Slavery in America (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2004); J. G. Randall, Lincoln, the President (multivolume) (New York: Dodd, Mead, 1945); and Kenneth J. Winkle, The Young Eagle: The Rise of Abraham Lincoln (Lanham, MD: Taylor Trade Publishing/Rowman & Littlefield, 2001).
7.David Porter, Incidents and Anecdotes of the Civil War (D. Appleton & Co., 1885), 294–95.
8.David Davis, Memorial Address: The Life and Services of John Todd Stuart (Read
Before the Illinois State Bar Association, at Its Annual Meeting Held at Springfield, January 12th and 13th, 1886), in Proceedings of the Illinois State Bar Association at Its First Annual Meeting (Springfield, Illinois, 1878), 54.
9.Hofstadter, The American Political Tradition, 124 n. 1 (citation omitted in original).
10.William H. Herndon to Jesse W. Weik, January 9, 1886, Herndon-Weik Collection, Library of Congress.
11.Nathaniel Hawthorne, “Chiefly About War Matters,” printed anonymously and with omissions as “A Peaceable Man,” The Atlantic (July 1862).
Index
A specific form of pagination for this digital edition has been developed to match the print edition from which the index was created. If the application you are reading this on supports this feature, the page references noted in this index should align. At this time, however, not all digital devices support this functionality. Therefore, we encourage you to please use your device’s search capabilities to locate a specific entry.
75,000 volunteers, 297–98
abolitionism. See also slavery
Bleeding Kansas, 201, 212–17, 224–25, 231, 236, 246, 261
election of 1846, 111
election of 1848, 135–36
Giddings and Wilmot, 120–21, 130–31
Lincoln-Douglas debates, 240–42
Wilmot Proviso, 116, 121, 131, 136, 137, 166, 167, 179, 198–99, 207, 243, 306
Abraham Lincoln Memorial University, 412
Adams, Charles Francis, Jr., 392
Adams, John, 33, 218, 392
education of, 263
election of 1800, 32, 33, 400
Adams, John Quincy, 147
death of, 131–32
education of, 263
election of 1824, 33–34
election of 1824 and “corrupt bargain,” 34, 90, 101, 421
election of 1828, 25, 34–35
later congressional career, 97, 129, 305–6
legal experience of, 55
military experience of, 305–6
presidency of, 55, 215, 253, 273, 285, 381, 420, 425
secretary of state, 30, 89
Adams-Onis Treaty, 30, 89
Address at Independence Hall (1861), 269–70
Address to Congress. See State of the Union Address
Aesop’s Fables, 16–17, 202–3, 229
African Americans. See Emancipation Proclamation; fugitive slaves; slavery
Lincoln's Mentors Page 52