by Will Durant
23. Taine, French Revolution, III, 122.
24. Gottschalk, 117–18.
25. Ibid., 15.
26. 23.
27. Taine, French Revolution, III, 129.
28. Morris, Gouverneur, Diary and Letters, I, 143.
29. Taine, I, 73.
30. Ibid., 70–71; Mathiez, French Revolution, 50–51.
31. Robinson, James Harvey, Readings in European History, 435.
32. Mathiez, 53.
33. Robinson, 438.
34. Ibid., 440.
35. In Taine, II, 5.
36. Michelet, French Revolution, 253; Mathiez, 63.
37. Campan, II, 78.
38. Michelet, 258.
39. Taine, I, 105.
40. Herold, J. C., Mistress to an Age, 92; EB, XXI, 634.
41. Mathiez, 98.
42. Phillips, C. S., The Church in France, I, 9..
43. Ibid., 14; Taine, I, 180.
44. Ibid., 182.
45. Carlyle, French Revolution, Book VIII, Ch. 11-12.
46. Michelet, 411.
47. Mathiez, 68.
48. Campan, II, 128; Ségur, Marie Antoinette, 225.
49. Taine, I, 96.
50. Ibid., 106.
51. Campan, II, 126n.
52. Carlyle, French Revolution, I, 397.
53. Ségur, 230.
54. Vallentin, Antonina, Mirabeau, 490–91.
55. Michelet, 567–68.
56. Vallentin, 512–17.
57. Michelet, 568.
58. Ibid., 569.
59. Ségur, 237.
60. Rudé, George, The Crowd in the French Revolution, 89.
61. Acton, J. E., Lord, The French Revolution, 199.
CHAPTER III
1. Bertaut, Jules, Napoleon in His Own Words, 58, 63.
2. Alexandre de Lameth in Robinson, Readings, 452.
3. Mathiez, French Revolution, 134.
4. Brinton, The Jacobins, 39, 183, 251.
5. Rudé, Robespierre, 88.
6. Taine, French Revolution, II, 54–67.
7. Lefebvre, French Revolution, I, 217.
8. Roland, Mme., Private Memoirs, 273.
9. Ibid., 55.
10. 345.
11. 357.
12. Lanfrey, Pierre, History of Napoleon, I, 292.
13. Mathiez, 140–41.
14. Lefebvre, French Revolution, I, 217.
15. Aulard, The French Revolution, 366.
16. Robinson, Readings, 456.
17. Acton, French Revolution, 232.
18. Gottschalk, Jean-Paul Marat, 96.
19. Taine, II, 182.
20. Lefebvre, French Revolution, I, 238.
21. Taine, II, 179–86; Ségur, 273–76.
22. Sorel, Georges, Reflections on Violence, 194.
23. Lefebvre, Études, 77–82; French Revolution, I, 239n.
24. Belloc, Hilaire, Danton, 380.
25. Musset, Alfred de, Confessions of a Child of the Century, 21–23.
26. Belloc, 198.
27. Mathiez, 174.
28. Ibid., 184–89; Aulard, Christianity and the French Revolution, 86–90; Lefebvre, French Revolution, I, 244.
29. Aulard, French Revolution, II, 141.
30. Le Bon, Gustave, The Psychology of the Revolution, 170.
31. Mathiez, 170.
32. Taine, II, 211; Lefebvre, 242.
33. Gottschalk, Marat, 120.
34. Carlyle, French Revolution, II, 174.
35. Madelin, Louis, French Revolution, 285.
36. Ibid.; Mathiez, 180.
37. Taine, II, 221.
38. Ibid., 226.
39. 227.
40. Morris, G., Diary, 583; Mathiez, 81.
41. Taine, II, 228.
42. Lefebvre, French Revolution, I, 243.
43. Taine, II, 229.
44. Le Bon, The Psychology of the Revolution, 188.
45. Taine, II, 214n.
46. Ibid., 218.
47. Le Bon, 98.
48. Mathiez, 183; Carlyle, II, 199.
49. Belloc, Danton, 342.
50. Taine, II, 214.
51. Ibid., 212n.
52. Mathiez, 222.
53. Brandes, Georg, Main Currents in Nineteenth Century Literature, II, 50.
CHAPTER IV
1. Mathiez, French Revolution, 195; Taine, French Revolution, II, 2n; Faÿ, B., Louis XVI, 388; Aulard, French Revolution, III, 109–11.
2. Lefebvre, French Revolution, I, 244.
3. Taine, II, 279.
4. Ibid., 276–82.
5. Mathiez, 211.
6. Taine, III, 155.
7. Morley, 296.
8. Mathiez, 239 ff.
9. Ibid., 275.
10. Robinson, Readings, 460.
11. Mathiez, 256.
12. Robiquel, Jean, Daily Life in the French Revolution, 91.
13. Gramont, Epitaph for Kings, 423.
14. Mathiez, 262.
15. Taine, II, 283.
16. Madelin, French Revolution, 320.
17. Gramont, 426; Rudé, Robespierre, 170.
18. Hugo, Victor, Ninety-three, 160.
19. Robiquel, Daily Life in the French Revolution, 9.
20. Taine, III, 361.
21. E. g., Lenotre, G., The Tribunal of the Terror, 119 and facing p. 22.
22. Aulard, French Revolution, III, 90.
23. Taine, III, 135.
24. Gottschalk, Marat, 159 ff.; Loomis, Stanley, Paris in the Terror, 104–5.
25. Lefebvre, French Revolution, II, 50.
26. Mathiez, 387 ff.
27. Taine, III, 388 ff.
28. Mathiez, 319.
29. Ibid., 322.
30. 324.
31. Carlyle, II, 332.
32. Loomis, 14, 128.
33. In Gottschalk, 92.
34. Ibid., 168.
35. 136.
36. 170.
37. Mathiez, 344; MacLaurin, Post Mortem, 206.
38. Mathiez, 344.
39. Loomis, 138, 143.
40. Mathiez, 343.
41. Loomis, 149.
42. Belloc, Danton, 234.
43. Palmer, R. R., Twelve Who Died, 55.
44. Morley, 324.
45. Palmer, 58, 160.
46. Taine, III, 313.
47. Palmer, 110.
48. Lefebvre, Études, 139.
49. Taine, II, 51.
50. Lefebvre, French Revolution, II, III, 282.
51. Ibid., 283 ff.
52. Rudé, Robespierre, 55.
53. Palmer, 58.
54. In Kropotkin, Peter, The Great French Revolution, 502 ff.
55. Palmer, 52; Mathiez, 366.
56. Palmer, 47.
57. Mathiez, 403.
58. Ségur, 293.
59. Ibid., 304.
60. 309.
61. Lenotre, 151.
62. Lamartine, Alphonse de, Histoire des Girondins, III, 36–37.
63. Roland, Mme., Private Memoirs, 105.
64. Ibid., 114.
65. 288.
66. Carlyle, II, 356.
67. Madelin, French Revolution, 377; Taine, III, 207, 297.
68. Madelin, 374.
69. Taine, III, 209–10.
70. Ibid., 299; Madelin, 375; Mathièz, 402.
71. Taine, III, 211.
72. Madelin, 376.
73. Palmer, 150.
74. Zweig, Stefan, Joseph Fouché, xv.
75. Ibid., 37.
76. Palmer, 156.
77. Zweig, 57.
78. Ibid., 167; Palmer, 167.
79. Ibid., 169
80. 180.
81. Taine, III, 39.
82. Palmer, 175.
83. Rudé, Robespierre, 8; NCMH, IX, 280.
84. Lefebvre, French Revolution, II, 120.
85. Lea, H. C., History of the Inquisition in Spain, I, 593.
86. Zweig, Fouché, 39 ff.
87. Palmer, 142 ff.
88. Taine, III, 175; Madelin, 389; Mathiez,
412; Carlyle, II, 371; Becker, Carl, Heavenly City of the 18th Century Philosophers, 156.
89. Lefebvre, French Revolution, II, 119.
90. Ibid., 78.
91. Palmer, 143.
92. Morley, 319; translation slightly improved.
93. Ibid., 321.
94. 311.
95. Carlyle, II, 229.
96. Taine, III, 380–81.
97. Soboul, Albert, The Parisian Sansculottes and the French Revolution, 28.
98. Robinson, Readings, 467.
99. Lefebvre, French Revolution, II, 88; Madelin, 395.
100. Morley, 332.
101. Madelin, 395.
102. Ibid., 397; Taine, III, 142.
103. Madelin, 397.
104. Lenotre, The Tribunal of the Terror, 137.
105. Ibid., 138.
106. Madelin, 398.
107. Brockway and Winer, Second Treasury of the World’s Great Letters, 273.
108. Morley, 333.
109. Madelin, 399.
110. Morley, 338.
111. Aulard, French Revolution, II, 286; Lefebvre, French Revolution, II, 124; Palmer, 365.
112. Taine, III, 299.
113. Lefebvre, II, 125.
114. Mathiez, 499.
115. Rudé, Robespierre, 9; Soboul in Kafker and Laux, The French Revolution: Conflicting Interpretations, 293.
116. Madelin, 408.
117. Stephens, H. Morse, Principal Speeches… of the French Revolution, II, 143–63.
118. Madelin, 420.
119. Belloc, Danton, 330.
120. Madelin, 422.
121. Mathiez, 508; Lefebvre, French Revolution, II, 135; Palmer, 379.
122. Mathiez, 509.
123. Ibid., 510.
124. Robiquel, Daily Life in the French Revolution, 202.
125. Palmer, 389.
126. Aulard, III, 247–48.
127. Lefebvre, II, 161.
128. Aulard, III, 291.
129. Ibid., 319.
CHAPTER V
1. Madelin, 489; Lefebvre, French Revolution, II, 173.
2. Lacroix, Paul, Directoire, Consulat et Empire, 120.
3. Aulard, IV, 40.
4. Ibid., 41.
5. 42.
6. Acton, French Revolution, 5.
7. Nietzsche, Will to Power, 877.
8. Source lost.
9. Napoleon, Letter of June 12, 1789, in Letters, 33.
10. In Lanfrey, I, 4.
11. Chuquet in Bourguignon, Jean, Napoléon Bonaparte, I, 4.
12. Kircheisen, F. M., Memoirs of Napoleon I, 11.
13. Ibid., 10.
14. Las Cases, Memoirs of Napoleon, under May 29, 1816, in Taine, The Modern Regime, I, 200.
15. Bourguignon, I, 22.
16. Kircheisen, 11.
17. Ibid., 24; Bourguignon, I, 23.
18. Kircheisen, 18.
19. Rémusat, Mme. de, Memoirs, 10.
20. Ibid., 102–3.
21. Rose, J. Holland, The Personality of Napoleon, 17.
22. Rémusat, 102.
23. Bourguignon, I, 28.
24. Rose, 57.
25. Plato, The Republic, paragraphs 338–44.
26. Nietzsche, Beyond Good and Evil, 201 and 53.
27. Mistler, Jean, ed., Napoléon et l’Empire, I, 36.
28. Kircheisen, 34–35.
29. Ibid., 41.
30. Taine, Modern Regime, I, 2n.
31. Lefebvre, French Revolution, II, 185.
32. Mossiker, Frances, Napoleon and Josephine, 65–66.
33. Ibid., 72; Mistler, I, 49.
34. G. Lenotre in Bourguignon, I, 91.
35. Mossiker, 89.
36. Ibid., 49.
37. 86–90.
38. Kircheisen, 47.
39. Lanfrey, I, 58; Mossiker, 92–95.
40. Mossiker, 34.
41. G. Lenotre in Bourguignon, I, 91.
42. Ibid., 93.
43. J. Godechot in Bourguignon, I, 96.
44. Napoleon, Letters, 45.
45. Bourrienne, Memoirs of Napoleon Bonaparte, I, 24.
46. Lanfrey, I, 71.
47. Mossiker, 23.
48. Ibid., 119.
49. 28.
50. Napoleon, Letters, 51.
51. Lanfrey, I, 87.
52. Ibid.; Bourguignon, I, 108; Mistler, I, 270.
53. Lanfrey, I, 84.
54. Mossiker, 29.
55. Bourguignon, I, 112.
56. EB, IX, 920d.
57. Mossiker, 128.
58. Kircheisen, 71.
59. Napoleon, Letters, 62.
60. Vandal, Albert, L’Avènement de Bonaparte, I, 13–15.
61. Staël, Mme. de, Memoirs, in Bourguignon, I, 137.
62. Ibid., 138.
63. Napoleon, Letters, 72.
64. Rémusat, Memoirs, 99.
65. Lefebvre, French Revolution, II, 219.
66. Talleyrand, Memoirs, I, 332.
67. CMH, VIII, 598.
68. Bourguignon, 148.
69. Kircheisen, 75.
70. Herold, J. C, ed., The Mind of Napoleon, 51.
71. Rémusat, Memoirs, 99, slightly rearranged.
72. Napoleon, Letters, 75.
73. Ibid., Oct. 23, 1798.
74. Herold, Bonaparte in Egypt, 276; CMH, VIII, 609.
75. Kircheisen, 42.
76. Rémusat, 99.
77. Kircheisen, 91.
78. Bourrienne, I, 212.
79. Las Cases, III, 200.
80. Mistler, I, 73; Méneval, Memoirs, I, 25–34; Madelin, French Revolution, 605.
81. Bourguignon, I, 172.
82. Méneval, I, 24; Mistler, I, 74.
83. CMH, VIII, 494.
84. Vandal, Avènement, 10.
85. Madelin, Talleyrand, 61.
86. CMH, VIII, 493.
87. Madelin, French Revolution, 559.
88. Taine, French Revolution, III, 455.
89. Ibid., 469.
90. Vandal, I, 70.
91. Taine, III, 467n.
92. Talleyrand, Memoirs, I, 207.
93. Madelin, 584.
94. Taine, III, 426–27.
95. Vandal, I, 233.
96. Aulard, IV, 139.
97. Fournier, Napoleon the First, I, 182.
98. Mossiker, 190–91.
99. Ibid., 202.
100. Bourrienne, II, 12n.; Vandal, I, 245; Mossiker, 205.
101. Aulard, IV, 139.
102. Madelin, French Revolution, 611.
103. Vandal, I, 274.
104. Ibid., 297–98.
105. Mistler, I, 76.
106. Lefebvre, French Revolution, II, 255.
107. Vandal, I, 314.
108. Ibid., 316–17.
109. 368.
110. 370.
111. Bourrienne, I, 272.
112. Vandal, I, 386.
113. Bourrienne, I, 284.
CHAPTER VI
1. EB, IX, 755; X, 343; NCMH, VIII, 714.
2. Barnes, H. E., Economic History of the Western World, 351.
3. Lefebvre, French Revolution, I, 114.
4. Palmer, R. R., Twelve Who Died, 240.
5. Mathiez, 267.
6. Macaulay, T. B., Critical, Historical, and Miscellaneous Essays, II, 70.
7. Taine, French Revolution, II, 291.
8. Aulard, French Revolution, IV, 108.
9. Lefebvre, French Revolution, II, 287.
10. Taine, III, 84.
11. Aulard, II, 282.
12. Ibid., III, 373, 387, 391.
13. Ibid., 392; Lacroix, Directoire, Consulat et Empire, 298.
14. Roland, Mme., Memoirs, 105.
15. Lacroix, 123; Carlyle, French Revolution, 382; Palmer, 65.
16. In Soboul, The Parisian Sansculottes in the French Revolution, 244.
17. CMH, VIII, 744.
18. Ibid., 750.
19. 752.
20. Robiquel, Daily Life in the French Revolution, 149 ff.
; 21. EB, X, 1019d.
22. Le Bon, G., Psychology of Revolution, 217.
23. Robiquel, 126.
24. EB, XIX, 868c.
25. Palmer, 65.
26. Robiquel, 74.
27. Soboul, 246; Madelin, French Revolution, 553.
28. Marcel Lachiver in London Times Literary Supplement, March 3, 1972, p. 243.
29. Taine, III, 82n.
30. Madelin, French Revolution, 554.
31. Taine, Modern Regime, I, 175.
32. Aulard, I, 232.
33. Lefebvre, French Revolution, II, 267.
34. Herold, ed., The Mind of Napoleon, 13.
35. Taine, French Revolution, III, 346.
36. Aulard, III, 241; Soboul, 229.
37. Taine, French Revolution, III, 88n.
38. Lacroix, Directoire, Consulat et Empire, 81, 34.
39. Robiquel, 54.
40. Ibid., 89.
41. Lacroix, 70.
42. Ibid., 80.
43. Robiquel, 88.
44. Madelin, French Revolution, 546.
45. Junot, Mme., Memoirs, I, 144.
46. Madelin, 428.
47. Lang, P. H., Music in Western Civilization, 787.
48. Grove’s Dictionary of Music and Musicians, I, 614.
49. Mantzius, K., History of Theatrical Art, VI, 153 f.
50. Hauser, A., The Social History of Art, II, 635.
51. Muther, R., History of Modern Painting, I, 103.
52. Livy, History of Rome, 1, 24.
53. Turner and Baker, Stories of the French Artists, 291.
54. Durant, Age of Voltaire, 536.
55. Brett, G. S., History of Psychology, 460.
56. Überweg, F., History of Philosophy, tr. Morris, II, 339.
57. CMH, VIII, 724.
58. Lamartine, History of the Girondists, III, 418.
59. Van Laun, H., History of French Literature, III, 166.
60. Stevens, Abel, Mme. de Staël, I, 54.
61. Herold, J. C, Mistress to an Age, 30.
62. Ibid., 62.
63. 95.
64. 103.
65. 108.
66. 113–14.
67. 117.
68. Pierre Lacretelle in Stevens, I, 145.
69. Herold, Mistress to an Age, 125.
70. In Bourguignon, I, 137.
71. Herold, 181.
CHAPTER VII
1. Bourrienne, Memoirs, I, 290.
2. Madelin, The Consulate and the Empire, I, 46.
3. Ibid., 37.
4. Fournier, Napoleon, 180.
5. Madelin, Consulate and Empire, I, 3.
6. Thiers, L. A., History of the Consulate and the Empire, I, 55.
7. Ibid., 57.
8. Las Cases, II, 330.
9. Taine, Modern Regime, I, 17.
10. EB, XIII, 717b.
11. Napoleon, Letters, 80.
12. Lefebvre, Napoleon, I, 84.
13. Ibid.; Taine, Modern Regime, I, 152; Madelin, Consulate and Empire, I, 56.
14. Lefebvre, Napoleon, I, 86.
15. Bourrienne, I, 289n.