by Will Durant
CHAPTER XII
1. Masson, F., Napoleon at Home, II, 74.
2. Lacroix, Directoire, Consulat et Empire, 494.
3. Las Cases, III, 97.
4. Grout, D. J., Short History of Opera, 326.
5. Dijon Museum.
6. Goodrich, Court of Napoleon, 299.
7. Muther, R., History of Modem Painting, I, 111.
8. Bertaut, Napoleon in His Own Words, 55.
9. Stranahan, C. H., History of French Painting, 129.
10. Las Cases, I, 368.
11. Mantzius, K., History of Theatrical Art, VI, 164.
12. Ibid., 163.
13. Goodrich, 118.
14. In Lacroix, 188.
15. Goodrich, 390.
16. Dumas père, Alexandre, Mes Mémoires, IV, 27, in Mantzius, VI, 178.
17. Rémusat, 58–62.
18. Lacroix, 189.
CHAPTER XIII
1. Herold, ed., Mind of Napoleon, 156.
2. Mistler, ed., Napoléon et l’Empire, I, 231.
3. Méneval, I, 185.
4. Herold, 121.
5. Time Magazine, Oct. 19, 1970, p. 43.
6. Mistler, I, 232.
7. Herold, Mind of Napoleon, 132.
8. Goodrich, Court of Napoleon, 249.
9. Ibid., 250.
10. Taine, Modern Regime, II, 200.
11. Ibid.
12. Staël, Mme. de, Ten Years’ Exile, 19.
13. Sainte-Beuve, Portraits of Celebrated Women, 224.
14. Staël, Mme. de, Germany, I, 77.
15. Bourrienne, II, 364–66.
16. Staël, Mme. de, Corinne, introduction, xvi.
17. Brandes, G., Main Currents in 19th Century Literature, I, 94.
18. Staël, Mme. de, Ten Years’ Exile, 25.
19. Ibid., 74.
20. Stevens, Abel, Mme. de Staël, II, 263.
21. Las Cases, IV, 7.
22. Taine, Modern Regime, I, 29n.
23. Madelin, Consulate and Empire, I, 150.
24. Herold, Mistress to an Age, 186.
25. In Brandes, Main Currents, I, 94.
26. Staël, Mme. de, Considérations, 97.
27. Ibid., I.
28. Staël, Mme. de, De la Littérature, II.
29. In Herold, Mistress, 210.
30. Ibid., 211.
31. 233.
32. Staël, Mme. de, Ten Years’ Exile, 8.
33. In Herold, 259.
34. Source illegible.
35. Herold, 263.
36. Staël, Mme. de, Ten Years’ Exile, 105.
37. Stevens, Abel, Mme. de Staël, I, 32.
38. Herold, 293.
39. Madelin, I, 368.
40. Herold, 342.
41. Ibid., 343.
42. Corinne, 37–38.
43. Ibid., 18–20.
44. Herold, 344.
45. Ibid., 363.
46. 369.
47. Brockway and Winer, Second Treasury of the World’s Great Letters, 315.
48. Staël, Mme. de, Germany, I, 38.
49. Ibid., 34, 84.
50. 34.
51. 31.
52. 42.
53. 90–93.
54. De la Littérature, 21.
55. Germany, I, 114.
56. Ibid., II, 84.
57. II, 187.
58. 297.
59. Corinne, 125.
60. Germany, I, 36.
61. E.g., Germany, II, 188; cf. Stevens, II, 26.
62. Stevens, 218.
63. Ten Years’ Exile, 246n.
64. Ibid., 304.
65. Source lost.
66. Staël, Mme. de, Considérations, 432.
67. Ibid.
68. 430.
69. Stevens, II, 313.
70. Sainte-Beuve, Portraits of Celebrated Women, 204.
71. Stevens, I, 4.
72. Bertaut, Napoleon in His Own Words, 77–78; Las Cases, IV, 7.
73. Constant, B., The Red Notebook, 112.
74. Ibid., 123.
75. 133.
76. Herold, Mistress, 151.
77. Nicholson, H., Benjamin Constant, 140.
78. Herold, 240, 246.
79. Ibid., 248.
80. Constant, B., Journal intime, 155.
81. Ibid., 155–65.
82. 172.
83. 242.
84. Ibid.
85. Herold, 463.
86. In Nicholson, 255.
87. Ibid., 273.
88. Sainte-Beuve, Chateaubriand et son groupe littéraire, I, 13.
89. Faguet, Émile, Dix-septième Siècle: Études et portraits littéraires, 70.
90. Chateaubriand, Memoirs, ed. Baldick, preface, xx.
91. Ibid., 5.
92. 39.
93. 39.
94. 46–47.
95. 47.
96. 56.
97. 122.
98. In Sainte-Beuve, Chateaubriand, I, 128.
99. Ibid., 203 ff
100. Memoirs, ed. Baldick, 150.
101. Lanson, Histoire de la littérature française, 887n.
102. Memoirs, 157.
103. Ibid., 191.
104. Sainte-Beuve, Chateaubriand, I, 149.
105. In Faguet, Dix-neuvième Siècle: Études littéraires, 14.
106. Sainte-Beuve, I, 175.
107. In Faguet, 14.
108. Chateaubriand, Atala and René, 72 ff.
109. Ibid., 87.
110. Lemaître, Jules, Chateaubriand, 146.
111. Chateaubriand, The Genius of Christianity, 190.
112. Lemaître, 138.
113. The Genius of Christianity, 148.
114. Lemaître, 150.
115. Ibid., 326–27.
116. 321.
117. Atala and René, 135.
118. Brandes, Main Currents, I, 29.
119. Bertaut, 76.
120. Memoirs, 208.
121. Ibid., 216.
122. Ibid., preface, xiv.
123. 218.
124. 231.
125. Mémoires d’outre-tombe, volume on Napoleon, 391.
126. Memoirs, ed. Baldick, 244.
127. Ibid., 153.
128. In Sainte-Beuve, Chateaubriand, I, 149n.
129. Mémoires, appendix, 457.
130. Ibid., 463.
131. 481.
132. 497–509.
133. Memoirs, ed. Baldick, 261.
CHAPTER XIV
1. NCMH, IX, 124.
2. Bernal, Science in History, 381.
3. EB, IX, 667a.
4. NCMH, IX, 133.
5. Berry, Short History of Astronomy, 307. Repeated from The Age of Voltaire, 549.
5a. Bertrand, Napoleon at St. Helena, 168; Castiglione, History of Medicine, 714; letter of Dr. Elmer Belt.
6. Sigerist, H. E., The Great Doctors, 240, 274.
7. Ibid., 276.
8. Garrison, F., History of Medicine, 412.
9. Castiglione, Arturo, History of Medicine, 701.
10. Hippocrates, Works, VI, “Decorum.”
11. Williams, H. S., History of Science, III, 78 ff.
12. Ibid., IV, 104–6.
13. Locy, W. A., Biology and Its Makers, 382.
14. EB, XIII, 614–17.
15. Ibid.
16. Destutt de Tracy in Boas, George, French Philosophers of the Romantic Period, 25.
17. Ibid.
18. Taine, Modern Regime, II.
19. Taine, Les Philosophes classiques du XIXe siècle en France, 55.
20. John Knox’s phrase. See The Age of Reason Begins, 115.
21. Maine de Biran, The Influence of Habit on the Faculty of Thinking, 115.
22. Ibid., 122.
23. Madelin, Consulate and Empire, I, 365.
24. Phillips, C. S., The Church in France, I, 192–93.
25. Maistre, Soirées de Saint-Pétersbourg, I, 149.
26. Maistre, Works, 57.
27. Ibid., 52.
28. 86.
29. 196.
; 30. 74.
31. Soirées, I, 10.
32. Ibid., II, 222.
33. I, 24.
34. 182.
35. 31.
36. II, 64.
37. II 254.
38. Ibid.
39. Works, 62.
40. Soirées, II, 24.
41. Works, 163, 177.
42. Ibid., 166.
CHAPTER XV
1. Bertrand, Henri, Napoleon at St. Helena, 148.
2. Hobsbawn, E. J., The Pelican Economic History of Britain, 10.
3. Kropotkin, Modern Science and Anarchism, 84, 87.
4. Quennell, History of Everyday Things in England, 198.
5. Heilbroner, R. L., The Worldly Philosophers, 67, 85.
6. Watson, J. S., The Reign of George III, 517.
7. Owen, Robert, A New View of Society, 120.
8. Ibid., 123.
9. Halévy, Élie, History of the English People in 1815, 245.
10. Watson, 530.
11. Kropotkin, Modern Science and Anarchism, 33.
12. Rogers, J. E. Thorold, Six Centuries of Work and Wages, III.
13. Watson, 526.
14. Kropotkin, 33.
15. EB, XVIII, 494.
16. Kropotkin, 80n.
17. Rogers, 110.
18. Tocqueville, Journeys to England and Wales, 107, in Hobsbawn.
19. Rudé, G., The Crowd in History, 238.
20. Heilbroner, 98.
21. Malthus, Essay on Population (1798), 14.
22. Malthus, Essay (1803), 106.
23. Heilbroner, 90.
24. Carlyle, Latter-Day Pamphlets, No. 1 (1850).
25. Heilbroner, 95.
26. Owen, A New View of Society, “Catechism,” 172.
27. Owen, New View, 86.
28. Heilbroner, 98; Russell, Bertrand, Understanding History, 24.
29. Owen, address at New Lanark, in A New View of Society, 95.
30. Ibid., 65.
31. Title page of first edition of A New View of Society.
32. New View, 20.
33. Ibid., 98.
34. 35.
35. 52–53.
36. 112.
37. 83.
38. 68.
39. 162–69.
40. 140–47.
41. 246.
42. 86.
43. III.
44. EB, XVI, 1174b.
45. Cole, G. D. H., Robert Owen, 187.
46. Ibid., 91.
47. 231.
CHAPTER XVI
1. Beard, Charles, Introduction to the English Historians, 520.
2. Watson, George, III, 335; Hobsbawn, 95.
3. Halévy, History of the English People in 1815, 195.
4. Bertrand, H., Napoleon at St. Helena, 77.
5. Further details in Rousseau and Revolution, 684.
6. Dicey, Law and Public Opinion in England during the 19th Century, 116.
7. Halévy, 293.
8. Blackstone in Halévy, 101.
9. Las Cases, II, 366.
10. Plumb, J. H., The First Four Georges, 147.
11. Burke, Thomas, English Night Life, passim; Thackeray, The Four Georges, 84.
12. Thackeray, The Four Georges, 93; Plumb, 138, 101.
13. Markun, Leo, Mrs. Grundy: A History of Four Centuries of Morals, 219.
14. EB, X, 212b.
15. Trevelyan, G. M., English Social History, 493.
16. Mill, J. S., On Bentham and Coleridge, 134 f.
17. NCMH, IX, 177.
18. Markun, 251.
19. Sorel, Albert, Europe and the French Revolution, I, 352.
20. Halévy, 370.
21. Corti, E. C, Rise of the House of Rothschild, Ch. II, III, IV; Finkelstein, Louis, ed., The Jews, I, 266.
22. Godwin, Enquiry Concerning Political Justice, Book V, Ch. XIII.
23. Ibid., Book VIII, Ch. x.
24. Halévy, 464.
25. Trevelyan, English Social History, 459.
26. Monroe, Paul, Text-book in the History of Education, 724; EB, VII, 996c; Halévy, 463.
27. Hirsh, Diana, The World of Turner, 100.
28. Plumb, J. H., The First Four Georges, 180.
29. Trevelyan, 491.
30. Dicey, Law and Public Opinion, 371–73.
31. EB, X, 518 d.
32. Wollstonecraft, Mary, Vindication of the Rights of Woman, 154.
33. Ibid., 142.
34. 47, 139.
35. 80.
36. 44.
37. 46, 83, 128.
38. 75.
39. 69.
40. 5.
41. 83.
42. 64.
43. EB, X, 519c.
44. Vindication, 196.
45. Ibid., 157.
46. Van Doren, Dorothy, The Lost Art: Letters of Seven Famous Women, 137–78.
47. Markun, Mrs. Grundy, 235.
48. Dicey, 87; Watson, 446; Halévy, 10.
49. Trevelyan, 499.
50. EB, XX, 635a.
51. Traill, H. D., Social England, V, 495.
52. Watson, 548.
53. Traill, Social England, V, 499.
54. Wright, Raymond, Prose of the Romantic Period, 41.
55. Ibid.; Markun, 232.
56. Austen, Jane, Mansfield Park, Ch. XXI.
57. In Fruman, Coleridge, the Damaged Archangel, 372.
58. Burke, Thomas, English Night Life, 103.
59. EB, XX, 478d.
60. Mantzius, Karl, History of Theatrical Art, VI, 30.
61. Burke, Night Life, 84; Mantzius, VI, 56.
62. Mantzius, VI, 79.
63. Burke, 81.
64. EB, XIII, 263.
65. Mantzius, VI, 94.
66. Halévy, 8.
67. Staël, Mme. de, Germany, I, 84.
CHAPTER XVII
1. In the Victoria and Albert Museum.
2. Ibid.
3. EB, VIII, 280d.
4. Plumb, The First Four Georges, 164.
5. Hirsh, The World of Turner, 56.
6. Mistler, Napoléon et l’Empire, I, 234.
7. EB, X, 419.
8. Pelican Guide to English Literature, V, 258.
9. New York Evening Post, April 13, 1918.
10. Russell, A. G., The Engravings of William Blake, plates 6–7.
11. Hirsh, 123.
12. G. W. Thornbury, in Hirsh, 17. This section is especially indebted to Diana Hirsh, The World of Turner.
13. EB, XXII, 412d.
14. Hirsh, 7.
15. Ibid., 169.
16. EB, XXII, 413.
17. Hirsh, 175.
CHAPTER XVIII
1. Wolf, A., History of Science, Technology and Philosophy in the 18th Century, 197.
2. Williams, H. S., History of Science, III, 216.
3. Garrison, History of Medicine, 350.
4. Moore, F. J., History of Chemistry, 68.
5. Ibid., 69.
6. Williams, H. S., III, 234.
7. EB, VII, 109b.
8. In Osborn, H. F., From the Greeks to Darwin, 146.
9. Sedgwick and Tyler, Short History of Science, 426.
10. Garrison, 375.
CHAPTER XIX
1. EB, XVII, 376.
2. Paine, Thomas, The Age of Reason, Part II, preface.
3. Ibid., 5.
4. 6.
5. 9.
6. Ibid.
7. 30.
8. 74.
9. William Paley, Natural Theology, in Wright, R., Prose of the Romantic Period, 74, 73.
10. EB, XVII, 175a.
11. Hazlitt, Lectures on the English Poets and The Spirit of the Age, 183.
12. Ibid.
13. Godwin, Enquiry Concerning Political Justice, Book IV, Ch. I.
14. Ibid., VI, II.
15. IV, VII.
16. IV, VIII.
17. IV, XI.
18. IV, v.
19. XV.
20. VIII, VIII.
21. I, iv.
22. I, I
II.
23. VIII, v.
24. VIII, II.
25. II, v.
26. I, III.
27. V, XI; III, VII; VIII, II.
28. VIII, II.
29. IV, IV.
30. I, IV.
31. XV, XVI.
32. EB, X, 519d.
33. Malthus, Essay on the Principle of Population, 4.
34. Ibid., 7, 12, 86.
35. 26–31; Heilbroner, 85.
36. Malthus, 49.
37. Ibid., 51.
38. Malthus, Second Essay on Population, 98.
39. Ibid., 101.
40. Heilbroner, 85.
41. Ibid., 71.
42. Hazlitt, Spirit of the Age, 276.
43. R. K. Wilson in Dicey, Law and Opinion, 133.
44. Bentham, Anarchical Fallacies, in Encyclopedia of Philosophy, I, 284c.
45. Benn, Alfred, History of English Rationalism, I, 295.
46. Ibid., 297.
47. Bentham, Fragment on Government, 3, 56.
48. Bentham, Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation, 102–3.
49. Bentham, Works, X, 73, in Dicey, 133.
50. EB, XI, 913b.
51. Helvétius, De l’Esprit, 6, 17.
52. Leviticus xix, 18.
CHAPTER XX
1. Austen, Jane, Mansfield Park, in Complete Novels, 733.
2. Pride and Prejudice, 242.
3. Margoliouth, H. M., William Blake, 3; EB, III, 755d.
4. EB, III, 755d.
5. Blake, “Jerusalem,” in Selected Poems, 277.
6. Blake, Poems and Prophecies, 392.
7. Margoliouth, 7.
8. EB, 756b.
9. Margoliouth, 63.
10. Blake, Poems and Prophecies, 289.
CHAPTER XXI
1. “To a Butterfly.”
2. Moorman, Mary, William Wordsworth: The Early Years, 71.
3. Ibid., 150.
4. 153.
5. Wordsworth, The Prelude, Book IX, in Poems, 297.
6. Moorman, Early Years, 201.
7. The Prelude, XI, in Poems, 311.
8. Ibid., x, in Poems, 305.
9. Moorman, Early Years, 13, 171; Bateson, F. W., Wordsworth: A Re-interpretation, 186.
10. “Tintern Abbey,” lines 118–19.
11. Moorman, Early Years, 288.
12. Letter to Thomas Poole, in Coleridge, Selected Poetry and Prose, 528–29.
13. Thornton, J. C., Table Talk, 171.
14. Gilman, James, Life of Coleridge, 20–21, in Fruman, Coleridge, the Damaged Archangel, 65.
15. Letter of October, 1791, in Coleridge, Selected Poerty and Prose, 534–37.
16. Ibid,, 143.
17. Colmer, John, Coleridge Critic of Society, 112.
18. In White, R. J., Political Tracts of Wordsworth, Coleridge, and Shelley, p. xxxii.
19. Coleridge, Letters, I, 221 and 224, in Lowes, J. L., The Road to Xanadu, 600.