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Possessed

Page 23

by Bruce Hood


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  27 Shariff, A. F. and Norenzayan, A. (2007), ‘God is watching you: priming God concept increases prosocial behavior in an anonymous economic game’, Psychological Science, 18, 803–9.

  28 Merritt, A. C., Effron, D. A. and Monin, B. (2010), ‘Moral self-licensing: when being good frees us to be bad’, Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 4, 344–57.

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  35 https://www.theguardian.com/science/head-quarters/2016/jul/05/deal-or-no-deal-brexit-and-the-allure-of-self-expression.

  36 Yamagishi, Y., et al. (2012), ‘Rejection of unfair offers in the ultimatum game is no evidence of strong reciprocity’, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 109, 20364–8.

  37 Yamagishi, Y., et al. (2009), ‘The private rejection of unfair offers and emotional commitment’, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 106, 11520–23.

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  39 Ong, Q., et al. (2013), ‘The self-image signaling roles of voice in decision-making’, https://econpapers.repec.org/paper/nanwpaper/1303.htm.

  40 Hamann, K., et al. (2012), ‘Collaboration encourages equal sharing in children but not in chimpanzees’, Nature, 476, 328–31.

  41 https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2017/may/24/blood-donor-service-manchester-attack.

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  43 Andreoni, J. (1990), ‘Impure altruism and donations to public goods: a theory of warm-glow giving’, The Economic Journal, 100, 464–77.

  44 Crumpler, H. and Grossman, P. J. (2008), ‘An experimental test of warm glow giving’, Journal of Public Economics, 92, 1011–21.

  45 Titmuss, R. M. (1970), The Gift Relationship. London: Allen and Unwin.

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  48 Smith, A. (1759), ‘Of Sympathy’, in The Theory of Moral Sentiments. London: A Millar, pt 1, sec. 1, ch. 1.

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  5. POSSESSIONS, WEALTH AND HAPPINESS

  1 Smith, A. (1759), The Theory of Moral Sentiments. London: A Millar, pt 1, sec. 3, ch. 2.

  2 http://www.nytimes.com/2010/03/19/world/asia/19india.html.

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  4 https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/donald-trump-billgates-hiv-hpv-daughter-jennifer-looks-helicopter-a8357141.html.

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  9 Turner, C. (2015), ‘Homes Through the Decades’, NHBC Foundation, http://www.nhbc.co.uk/cms/publish/consumer/NewsandComment/HomesThroughTheDecades.pdf.

  10 Veblen, T. (1899), The Theory of the Leisure Class: An Economic Study of Institutions. New York: Macmillan.

  11 Loyau, A., et al. (2005), ‘Multiple sexual advertisements honestly reflect health status in peacocks (Pavo cristatus)’, Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 58, 552–7.

  12 Petrie, M. and Halliday, T. (1994), ‘Experimental and natural changes in the peacock’s (Pavo cristatus) train can affect mating success’, Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 35, 213–17.

  13 Nave, G., et al. (2018), ‘Single-dose testosterone administration increases men’s preference for status goods’, Nature Communications, 9, 2433, doi: 10.1038/s41467-018-04923-0.

  14 http://www.bain.com/publications/articles/luxury-goods-worldwide-market-study-fall-winter-2016.aspx.

  15 Nelissen, R. M. A. and Meijers, M. H. C. (2011), ‘Social benefits of luxury brands as costly signals of wealth and status’, Evolution and Human Behavior, 32, 343–55.

  16 Gjersoe, N. L., et al. (2014), ‘Individualism and the extended-self: cross-cultural differences in the valuation of authentic objects’, PLoS ONE, 9 (3), e90787, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0090787.

  17 https://nypost.com/2016/06/21/trump-has-been-giving-out-fake-diamond-cuff-links-for-years/.

>   18 Schmidt, L., et al. (2017), ‘How context alters value: the brain’s valuation and affective regulation systems link price cues to experienced taste pleasantness’, Scientific Reports, 7, 8098.

  19 Gino, F., Norton, M. I. and Ariely, D. A. (2010), ‘The counterfeit self: the deceptive costs of faking it’, Psychological Science, 21, 712–20.

  20 Bellezza, S., Gino, F. and Keinan, A. (2014), ‘The red sneakers effect: inferring status and competence from signals of nonconformity’, Journal of Consumer Research, 41, 35–54.

  21 Ward, M. K. and Dahl, D. W. (2014), ‘Should the Devil sell Prada? Retail rejection increases aspiring consumers’ desire for the brand’, Journal of Consumer Research, 41, 590–609.

  22 http://www.dailymail.co.uk/femail/article-2822546/As-Romeo-Beckham-stars-new-ad-Burberry-went-chic-chav-chic-again.html.

  23 Eckhardt, G., Belk, R. and Wilson, J. (2015), ‘The rise of inconspicuous consumption’, Journal of Marketing Management, 31, 807–26.

  24 Smith, E. A., Bliege Bird, R. L. and Bird. D. W. (2003), ‘The benefits of costly signaling: Meriam turtle hunters’, Behavioral Ecology, 14, 116–26.

  25 Frank. R. H. (1999), Luxury Fever: Why Money Fails to Satisfy in an Era of Excess. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

  26 Whillans, A. V., Weidman, A. C. and Dunn, E. W. (2016), ‘Valuing time over money is associated with greater happiness’, Social Psychological and Personality Science, 7, 213–22.

  27 Hershfield, H. E., Mogilner, C. and Barnea, U. (2016), ‘People who choose time over money are happier’, Social Psychological and Personality Science, 7, 697–706.

  28 Nickerson, C., et al. (2003), ‘Zeroing in on the dark side of the American Dream: a closer look at the negative consequences of the goal for financial success’, Psychological Science, 14, 531–6.

  29 Quartz, S. and Asp, A. (2015), Cool: How the Brain’s Hidden Quest for Cool Drives Our Economy and Shapes Our World. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux.

  30 Frank, R. H. (1985), Choosing the Right Pond: Human Behavior and the Quest for Status. New York: Oxford University Press.

  31 Solnicka, S. J. and Hemenway, D. (1998), ‘Is more always better? A survey on positional concerns’, Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 37, 373–83.

  32 Medvec, V. H., Madey, S. F. and Gilovich, T. (1995), ‘When less is more: counterfactual thinking and satisfaction among Olympic medalists’, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69, 603–10.

  33 de Castro, J. M. (1994), ‘Family and friends produce greater social facilitation of food intake than other companions’, Physiology & Behavior, 56, 445–55.

  34 Doob, A. N. and Gross, A. E. (1968), ‘Status of frustrator as an inhibitor of horn-honking responses’, Journal of Social Psychology, 76, 213–18.

  35 Holt-Lunstad, J., et al. (2015), ‘Loneliness and social isolation as risk factors for mortality: a meta-analytic review’, Perspectives on Psychological Science, 10, 227–37.

  36 Festinger, L. (1954), ‘A theory of social comparison processes’, Human Relations, 7, 117–40.

  37 Charles, K. K., Hurst, E. and Roussanov, N. (2009), ‘Conspicuous consumption and race’, Quarterly Journal of Economics, 124 (2), 425–67.

  38 Jaikumar, S., Singh, R. and Sarin, A. (2017), ‘“I show off, so I am well off”: subjective economic well-being and conspicuous consumption in an emerging economy’, Journal of Business Research, doi: 10.1016/j.jbusres.2017.05.027.

  39 Charles, K. K., Hurst, E. and Roussanov, N. (2009), ‘Conspicuous consumption and race’, Quarterly Journal of Economics, 124 (2), 425–67.

  40 Kaus, W. (2010), ‘Conspicuous Consumption and Race: Evidence from South Africa’, Papers on Economics and Evolution, No. 1003, Max-Planck-Institute für Ökonomik, Jena.

  41 http://www.epi.org/publication/black-white-wage-gaps-expand-with-rising-wage-inequality/.

  42 Zizzo, D. J. (2003), ‘Money burning and rank egalitarianism with random dictators’, Economics Letters, 81, 263–6.

  43 Joseph, J. E., et al. (2008), ‘The functional neuroanatomy of envy’. In R. H. Smith, ed., Envy: Theory and Research. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 290–314.

  44 van de Ven, N., et al. (2015), ‘When envy leads to schadenfreude’, Cognition and Emotion, 29, 1007–25.

  45 van de Ven, N., Zeelenberg, M. and Pieters, R. (2015), ‘Leveling up and down: the experiences of benign and malicious envy’, Emotion, 9, 419–29.

  46 van de Ven, N., Zeelenberg, M. and Pieters, R. (2015), ‘The envy premium in product evaluation’, Journal of Consumer Research, 37, 984–98.

  47 Taute, H. A. and Sierra, J. (2014), ‘Brand tribalism: an anthropological perspective’, Journal of Product & Brand Management, 23, 2–15.

  48 https://www.independent.co.uk/news/business/news/brexit-latest-news-fat-cat-pay-rethink-cipd-report-a7584391.html.

  49 https://www.statista.com/statistics/424159/pay-gap-between-ceos-and-average-workers-in-world-by-country/.

  50 https://www.usatoday.com/story/money/2017/05/23/ceo-pay-highest-paid-chief-executive-officers-2016/339079001/.

  51 https://www.theguardian.com/media/greenslade/2016/aug/08/why-newspaper-editors-like-fat-cats-they-help-to-sell-newspapers.

  52 http://www.dailymail.co.uk/tvshowbiz/article-4209686/Ruby-Rose-hints-tall-poppy-syndrome-Australia.html.

  53 Nishi, C. L., et al. (2015), ‘Inequality and visibility of wealth in experimental social networks’, Nature, 526, 426–9.

  54 Easterlin, R. A. (1974), ‘Does economic growth improve the human lot?’ In Paul A. David and Melvin W. Reder, eds., Nations and Households in Economic Growth: Essays in Honor of Moses Abramovitz. New York: Academic Press.

  55 https://www.ft.com/content/dd6853a4-8853-11da-a25e-0000779e2340.

  56 Diener, E. (2006), ‘Guidelines for national indicators of subjective well-being and ill-being’, Journal of Happiness Studies, 7, 397–404.

  57 Kahneman, D. and Deaton, A. (2010), ‘High income improves evaluation of life but not emotional well-being’, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 107, 16489–93.

  58 Gilovich, T. and Kumar, A. (2015), ‘We’ll always have Paris: the hedonic payoff from experiential and material investments’, Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 51, 147–87.

  59 Nawijn, J., et al. (2010), ‘Vacationers happier, but most not happier after a holiday’, Applied Research in Quality of Life, 5, 35–47.

  60 Loftus, E. (1979), ‘The malleability of human memory’, American Scientist, 67, 312–20.

  61 Matlin, M. W. and Stang, D. J. (1978), The Pollyanna Principle: Selectivity in Language, Memory, and Thought. Cambridge, MA: Schenkman Publishing Co.

  62 Oerlemans, W. G. M. and Bakker, A. B. (2014), ‘Why extraverts are happier: a day reconstruction study’, Journal of Research in Personality, 50, 11–22.

  63 Matz, S. C., Gladston, J. J. and Stillwell, D. (2016), ‘Money buys happiness when spending fits our personality’, Psychological Science, 27, 715–25.

  64 Lee, J. C., Hall, D. L. and Wood, W. (2018), ‘Experiential or material purchases? Social class determines purchase happiness’, Psychological Science, https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797617736386.

  65 https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/leisureandtourism/articles/traveltrends/2015#travel-trends-2015-main-findings.

  66 https://www.forbes.com/sites/deborahweinswig/2016/09/07/millennials-go-minimal-the-decluttering-lifestyle-trend-that-is-taking-over/#1d955a583755.

  67 https://www.mewssystems.com/blog/why-hotels-are-so-wasteful-and-how-they-can-stop.

  68 Lenzen, M., et al. (2018), ‘The carbon footprint of global tourism’, Nature Climate Change, 8, 522–8.

  6. WE ARE WHAT WE OWN

  1 https://www.caba.org.uk/help-and-guides/information/coping-emotional-impact-burglary.

  2 http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2015/04/21/self-storage-mcdonalds_n_7107822.html.

  3 James, W. (1890), Principles of Psychology. New York: Henry Holt & Co.

  4 Sartre, J.-P. (
1943/1969), Being and Nothingness: A Phenomenological Essay on Ontology. New York: Philosophical Library/London: Methuen.

  5 McCracken, G. (1990), Culture and Consumption. Bloomington, Ind.: Indiana University Press.

  6 Shoumatoff, A. (2014), ‘The Devil and the art dealer’, Vanity Fair, April, https://www.vanityfair.com/news/2014/04/degenerate-art-cornelius-gurlitt-munich-apartment.

  7 Prelinger, E. (1959), ‘Extension and structure of the self’, Journal of Psychology, 47, 13–23.

  8 Dixon, S. C. and Street, J. W. (1975), ‘The distinction between self and non-self in children and adolescents’, Journal of Genetic Psychology, 127, 157–62.

  9 Belk, R. (1988), ‘Possessions and the extended self’, Journal of Consumer Research, 15, 139–68.

  10 https://www.theguardian.com/music/2017/jan/03/record-sales-vinyl-hits-25-year-high-and-outstrips-streaming.

  11 Marx, K. (1867/1990), Capital. London: Penguin Classics.

  12 Nemeroff, C. J. and Rozin, P. (1994), ‘The contagion concept in adult thinking in the United States: transmission of germs and of interpersonal influence’, Ethos: Journal of the Society for Psychological Anthropology, 22, 158–86.

  13 Lee, C., et al. (2011), ‘Putting like a pro: the role of positive contagion in golf performance and perception’, PLoS ONE, 6 (10), e26016.

  14 Damisch, L., Stoberock, B. and Mussweiler, T. (2010), ‘Keep your fingers crossed! How superstition improves performance’, Psychological Science, 21, 1014–20.

  15 Vohs, K. (2015), ‘Money priming can change people’s thoughts, feelings, motivations, and behaviors: an update on 10 years of experiments’, Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 144, 8693.

  16 Belk, R. (1988), ‘Possessions and the extended self’, Journal of Consumer Research, 15, 139–68.

  17 Belk, R. W. (2013), ‘Extended self in a digital world’, Journal of Consumer Research, 40, 477–500.

  18 Vogel, E. A., et al. (2015), ‘Who compares and despairs? The effect of social comparison orientation on social media use and its outcomes’, Personality and Individual Differences, 86, 249–56.

 

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