Henry as patron of, 56-57, 106-14 epidemics, 51-52, 83, 86, 149-50, 212-18, 348,351 healers and miracle-workers and, 149 Erasmus of Rotterdam, 29, 36, 61-62, 73-74, 75, 78, 120, 158, 185, 189, 221, 237, 312
consulted on marriage issue, 160, 162-63,
197 critics of, 116, 117
New Testament translation of, 117, 251 view of Henry's intellect by, 27-28, 116,
118 wish for residence at Henry's court, 117-18 Essex, eari of, 295, 340 Evil May Day (1517), 148-49, 154 ewerers, 97
Falier, Venetian ambassador, 223 Famagosta, bishop of, 75 famine, 1527-28, 213-14 Featherstone, Richard, 313 Fecamp, abbot of, 60-61 Felipe, Francisco, 199 Ferdinand, king of Spain:
Henry VII and, 39, 42, 46, 47, 48, 49
Henry VIII and, 58, 59, 64, 81-82, 173
in Holy League against France, 77, 81-82, 92 Fernandez, Diego, 63, 64, 66 Feron, Robert, 249^50 Field of Cloth of Gold (1520), 131-46
Anglo-French relations and, 131, 138-39, 145^16
atmosphere and mood at, 139, 145-46
common people at, 142-43, 146
competitive events in, 143-44
consequences of, 146
events in London during, 146-47
exchange of gifts at, 145
food supplies for, 135-36
pavilions at, described, 141-42
planning and negotiations for, 135-36
precedence issues in, 136, 143
rules of combat in, 136 Fisher, John, bishop of Rochester, 37-38, 58, 118, 198-99, 202, 224, 228, 234
execution of, 255-56, 267 Fitzroy, Henry, natural son of Henry VIII, 159,215,222
death of, 272
marriage plans for, 194
marriage to Mary Howard of, 261
as possible successor, 160, 16S-64, 194
titles bestowed son, 163 FitzWilliam, William, 364 Flanders, 338, 339
gunnery making in, 71, 75
I
419
Henry as viewed in, 243
trade relations with, 214, 353 Fleuranges, French knight, 144 Flodden, English victory at (1513), 93 food:
pageantry in, 107, 191-92
preparation and serving of, 97-98, 106-8
sumptuary laws on, 106, 153 fools:
Henry's favorite, 362-63
musicians as, 111, 363 foreigners, hatred of, 146-47, 148, 150,
192-93 fortifications, building of, 336-37 fortunetelling, 110 Fox, Richard, bishop of Winchester, 23, 58,
60, 76, 82, 132, 133 Foxe, Edward, 209, 210-11, 220, 250 Foxe, John, 365 France, 29
in alliance with Empire, 289, 290, 294-97, 309, 334
in alliance with Turks, 290, 334
Charles V as enemy of, 139, 146, 205, 206, 214, 289-90, 334-52
court manners in, 188
English claims in, 71-73, 170
English partisans of, at Henry's court, 103-4
famine relief to England from, 214
1513 campaign against, 71-93
1520 relations with England of, 131, 138-39, 145-46
1523 campaign against, 167-70
in 1527 alliance with England, 191, 192-93, 198, 205
1539 campaign against, 294-97
1543 campaign against, 334-52
1546 alliance with England of, 354, 368
papacy vs., 74-93
ties with Scotland of, 87, 295, 301, 318, 334, 344, 346
Venice and, 166, 167
see also Charles VIII; Francis I; Louis XII Francis I, king of France, 104, 111, 161, 166, 203
bellicosity of, 138
as captive of Charles V, 170
character of, 137-38, 188
doctrinal questions and, 354
at Field of Cloth of Gold tournament, 131-46
Henry and, 136, 137, 138-39, 142, 143, 144, 145^16, 184, 254, 300-301
Henry compared with, 95, 137
Mary Tudor and, 123, 125
persecution of Protestants by, 268
see also France Froissart, Jean, 72
Fuensalida, Spanish envoy, 50, 51, 53 fustigation, as remedy, 361
gambling, 29, 108-10
Henry's pleasure in, 108-9, 232
as "king's largesse," 90 Gardiner, Stephen, bishop of Winchester, 209, 210-11, 217, 220, 293, 310, 332, 354, 364,371
Catherine Parr opposed by, 365 Garrett, Thomas, 313 Gelderland (Gelders), 302, 309 Gigli, Silvestro, 44
Giovacchiono (Joachim), French agent, 172 Giovio, Paolo, 208 Giustiniani, Venetian envoy, 94, 109, 126,
133, 134, 138, 166 Goose, John, 24
Govematore (Henry's horse), 127-28 grace, as noble quality, 32 Great Harry (Henri Grace a Dieu) (Henry's
flagship), 78, 141,286,350 Great Sapphire of Glastonbury, 362 Greek, study of, 116, 117 Greenwich, "highest library" at, 116 Grey, Elizabeth, 121 Grey, Lord Leonard, 146, 318 Grysacre, Anne, 162 guaiacum (lignum vitae), 362 Guildford, Edward, 55, 127 Guildford, Henry, 103, 104, 112, 180, 240 Guines, 131, 141, 142,336-37 Guise, Louise de, 301 Guise, Marie de, 295, 301 Guise, Renee de, 301 Guislain, Guillaume de, 90 Gyldon, Thomas, 154
hairstyles, 114
Hale, John, 249-50, 252
Hales, Christopher, 257
HaU, Edward, 54, 103, 104, 149, 154, 175,
192 Hall, Mary, 325
INDEX
Hampton Court. 179, 181, 286
as Wolscy's gift to Henry, 182 handguns, use of, 80-81 Hapsburg dynasty:
in alliance with Valois, 290
Tudor family ties with, 47, 167 Hariock, WiUiam, 242 Harris, Ann, 98 Haschenperg, Stefan von, 344 Hastings, Anne, 215 Hastings, Sir George, 65 Hasylden, Thomas, 356 hawking, 363
Hely, mistress of Francis I, 203 Hennage, Thomas, 209-10, 217, 326 Henry, infant son of Henry VIII, 66-67 Henry V, king of England, 71-72, 73, 89 Henry VII, king of England, 21-25, 41, 53, 174
alchemy as interest of, 34, 46
alliance with Philip of Castile by, 47
angry outbursts of, 51
courtlifeof, 24-25,27,34, 45
death of, 52
death of wife and, 42-43
descriptions of, 34-35
diplomatic style of, 46—47
French military engagements of, 22
genealogy of, 33
heretics persecuted by, 46
influence of mother on, 37
Italianate tastes of, 44-45
Katherine of Aragon and, 48-49
monarchy exalted by, 45
personality of, 34-35
piety of, 34-35, 46
plots and rebellions against, 21-22, 34, 44
popular view of, 33-34, 35, 44
relic collections of, 34, 46
royal matches for his children arranged by, 45^9
son Henry and, 35, 46, 51, 185, 253, 269
wealth of, 45 Henry VIII, king of England:
amorous excesses attributed to, 252-53, 285
anger as diplomatic tool of, 185, 269, 319
architectural enterprises of, 182, 235, 286-87. 336-37. 344. 347
art of government studied by. 44. 46-47
birth and christening of. 23
boyhood restrictions on, 50-52
carefree life criticized in, 57-58, 103
ceremonial titles of, 23-24
childhood hazards to, 21-23
chivalric glory sought by, 28-29, 72-74,
88, 89, 165-66, 334 clothing of, 56, 75, 98-99, 113, 114, 232,
282, 307, 362 complex personality of, 115, 120, 184,
264, 268, 269 conscience of, 197-98, 218, 254 court favorites of, in early life, 103-6, 115,
118, 119 creative power of, at peak, 235 crusading ambitions of, 71, 74-75, 165-66 dancing ability of, 41, 91, 112 dark side of, 183-85, 217, 237-38, 288,
319-20, 328-29, 366-67, 369 death fears of, 43, 150, 217, 370 death of, 371-72 dependants supported by, 233 descriptions of, 21, 50, 54, 91, 95, 157,
223, 264-65, 301 as duke of York, 24-35 education of, 27-32 as example for subjects, 74, 242 excesses in eating and drinking of, 328-29 father as seen by, 35 fello
w-sovereigns' effect on, 268 fighting ardor of, 29, 59, 60-61, 72-79, 82,
86,90, 170,233,338 gambling by, 108-9, 232 grandmother's influence on, 28, 36-38, 53,
58 Henry V as heroic model for, 83, 89,
172-73 horses of, 127-28, 232-33, 363 hunting as pleasure of, 24, 30-31, 184-«5,
217, 233, 322-23, 363, 368 illnesses of, 237, 238, 282-83, 338, 359,
360-62, 368-69 infidelities of, 65, 158-60, 188, 190, 243,
252, 260 jousting by, 59-60, 90-91, 125-27 judicial violence of. 318-20 language abilities of, 115-16 last months of, 359-71 legendary aspects of, 264-65. 267, 357 mother's death and. 43 musical ability and interests of, 24, 57,
106. 110.235 physicality of, 30, 50, 56, 59, 90-91, 232 poetry and songs created by, 57, 58-59,
110.235,238 portraits of, 21, 185, 264, 363, 370
421
practical nature of, 134-35, 185, 237, 286, 295, 335-37, 368,369,370
as prince of Wales, 41-52
religions beliefs of, 62, 119, 165-66, 198, 217-18, 329-30, 354
resemblance to father of, 185, 253, 269
royal manner in early years of, 46, 56-63, 90-91, 101, 103^
royal manner in mature years of, 103, 114, 185, 253-54, 267-69, 285-87
royal manner in old age, 329, 349, 357-58, 368
self-doubts of, 183, 217, 268
self-image of, 166, 253-54, 349
subjects' attitude toward, 54-55, 89-92, 151, 154, 168-69, 173-74, 243, 249-50, 253, 254, 259, 264-65, 267, 284, 320, 353,356-57,371
suspiciousness of, 269, 288, 319
tombof, 217, 371
ulcerous legs of, 237, 282, 283, 329, 338, 360
violence of, 318-21, 335
wealth of, 61, 109, 114
wiUof, 217, 370-71
see also specific persons and topics Herbert, William, 368, 371 heresy, 46
Erasmus accused of, 117 heretics, 46
persecution in Europe of, 268
see also Reformation, English Hetherington, William, 162 hippocras wine, 108 Hispaniola, 194 Hobbes, Emily, 23
Holbein, Hans, 264, 283, 300, 303, 306 Holland, Bess, 161-62 Holy Land, see Jerusalem Holy League (1511), 75-93, 119 Holy Roman Empire:
England and, see England
France and, see France
in Holy League, 77, 81, 82, 92
unrest in, 172, 174-75, 268, 290
see also Charles V; Flanders; Maximilian I; Netherlands Hopkins, Nicholas, 151 horsemanship, 30-31
Italianate style of, 126-27
Spanish style of, 128 horses:
Henry's love of, 127-28, 232-33, 363
royal accommodations for, 98, 127
as royal gifts, 127, 128, 145
for war service, 336, 338 household, royal, 96-102
categories of service staffs in, 96-99, 235
eating arrangements of, 97-98, 106-8
guests' retinues and, 101
hangers-on in, 101-2
Henry's supervision of, 101, 102
moving of, 98
officers of, 97-98
outdoor services for, 98
in personal service to king, 98-100
pros and cons of service in, 100-101
vice and petty criminality in, 102 Howard, Catherine:
adultery of, 324, 325-29
degrading of, 326
description of, 321
effect on Henry of, 321-22
execution of, 327
family's desertion of, 366
Henry's estrangement from, 322
Henry's infatuation with, 309-10
wedding of, 313 Howard, Edward, 55, 67, 76, 78 Howard, Elizabeth Stafford, duchess of
Norfolk, 161-62 Howard, Henry, earl of Surrey, 366-67 Howard, Thomas, 2nd duke of Norfolk, earl
of Surrey, 55,76,93, 103, 125 Howard, Thomas, 3rd duke of Norfolk, earl of Surrey, 79, 161, 193, 201, 203, 214, 215, 223, 236, 251, 266, 272, 280, 282, 319, 322
Anne Boleyn and, 188-89, 231, 240, 241
Cromwell and, 251, 273, 310, 311
in 1539 campaign, 295
in 1543 campaign, 338, 339, 342, 344, 345, 347, 348, 350
imprisonment and trial of (1546), 366, 371, 372
rebels fought by, 278
as religious conservative, 293, 354
royal ambitions of, 366 humanism, 312, 354
attitude to chivalry and war in, 73, 119
church vs., 116
Henry and, 61,73-74, 118
More and, 357
as New Learning, 117
Reformation and, 292-93, 354, 355, 364
INDEX
humanism, {cont ) see also Erasmus of Rotterdam
Hundred Years' War. 29, 72
hunting: court life and, 24-25, 30-31, 98, 106 Henry's skill and enthusiasm in, 24, 30-31, 184-85, 217, 233, 322-23, 363, 368
Hurst Castle, 295
Hussey, John, 279, 285, 287-88
Injunctions (1538), 354-55
Ireland, rebellion in, 265, 268
Isabella, queen of Spain, 42, 47, 74
Isabella of Portugal, 173
Isle of Wight. French landings on (1545), 351
Italy, 351
art of the manage (horsemanship) in, 126-27
imperial ambitions in, 172
influence in England of, 44—45
as locus of competition (mid-1520s), 170
Renaissance in, 73
James IV, king of Scotland, 22, 87, 93
marriage to Margaret Tudor of, 45 James V, king of Scotland, 295, 301, 318, 323
death of, 334
as prince, 156
wife Madeleine of, 301
wife Marie de Guise of, 295 Jaspar, Stephen, 56 Jemingham, Richard, 144 Jerome, Saint, 117 Jerome, William, 313 Jerusalem, 72
Henry's aid to, 74, 165
under Ottoman Turks, 165 jewelry, Henry's taste in, 114 Joachim (Giovacchiono), French agent,
172 Joanna, queen of Castile, 47-48 John of St. Martin, Friar, 74 jousts and tourneys, 24, 55, 233, 304
at Field of Cloth of Gold (1520), 131-46
Henry's ardor for, 59-60, 90-91, 125-27
spectacular feats in, 126 Julius II, Pope, 166
in Holy League against France, 74-75, 77, 81,82
Katherine, countess of E>evonshire, 233
Katherine of Aragon: accused of treachery, 225 campaign against Scots supervised by, 87,
92,93 Charles V and, 140, 171-72, 194, 195, 199,
206,208,222,224-25,238 court intrigues and, 105 death of, 262
descriptions of, 40, 54, 66, 94, 144 dispossession of (1533), 240 divorce issue and, 160, 195, 196-97, 198, 200, 202, 204, 206, 207, 211, 221-22, 224-26, 227-28, 234, 235, 238; see also divorce of Henry VIII and Katherine of Aragon estate of, disputes over, 299 exile of, 261-62 Field of Cloth of Gold and, 139, 143, 144,
145 first marriage question and, 42, 53, 157,
160, 162-63, 197, 207, 226, 227, 228 first son and, 66-67 Fitzroy and, 164
Henry's behavior toward, 49, 64, 66, 156, 160-61, 195, 203, 204, 210, 217, 224. 225-26, 230, 244, 260 Henry's betrothal to, 48 Henry's first meeting with, 39-40 intellectual abilities of, 117 isolation among English of, 194 marriage to Arthur of, 39-41 marriage to Henry of, 53-55 piety of, 66, 163, 194 popularity of, 40, 223, 227 pregnancies of, 63-65, 66, 71, 155-56 as "princess dowager, " 244 as regent, in 1513 campaign, 71, 76, 87 succession issue and, 155-56, 157, 163,
194-95, 197 widowhood of, 48-49 Wolseyand, 171, 194, 195, 196 Kebet, WiUiam, 233 King's Book (1543), 353-54 "king's riding boys, " 98 Kingston, William, 144 king's ward, makeup of, 82 kissing, English custom of, 158 Knevet, Anthony, 105, 144, 232 Knevet, Charles, 151 Knevet, Henry, 105 Knevet, Thomas, 67 Knight, WiUiam, 207 knighthood, ideals of, 60
I
423
Knight of the Bath, Henry's title of, 24 Knights of the Garter, 96, 320-21
Henry's title of, 24 Kratzer, Nicholas, 182 Kyrkenar, Erasmus, 335
Lambert, John, 294
Lamentations of a Sinner, The
(Parr), 333
Lancaster, house of, 23, 33, 36, 317-18
Lassells, John, 325
Latimer, Hugh, 258
Latin:
as diplomatic language, 116
in translation of New Testament, 117,354, 358 learning (scholarship):
conflictatiunculae and, 116
Henry's abilities in, 27-28, 115-18, 362
Henry as patron of, 61-62, 115, 118, 235
religious doctrine and, 116-18, 234 Lee, Richard, 337 le Negro, Peter, 109 Leo X, Pope, 90, 165 life expectancies, 282 Linacre, Thomas, 118 Lisle, Lady, 279, 285, 287, 304 Lisle, Lord, governor of Calais, 279, 287, 318 liturgy in English, 354 Lollard doctrines, 258 London:
riots against foreigners in, 146-47,148,150
sweating sickness in, 51, 149, 212-18, 279, 280 London,John, 275 Longland, John, bishop of Lincoln, 161,
197,206 lord lieutenant of Ireland, Henry's title of,
24 Louis XII, king of France, 60, 66, 81, 95
disinclination for fighting of, 83
Henry's belligerence toward, 60-61
marriage to Mary Tudor of, 123
as schismatic, 74-75 Louise of Savoy, 138, 143, 144, 145, 201 love, English view of, 159 Luke, Ann, 23, 233 Luther, Martin, 172, 174, 200, 251
Henry and, 238, 291
Henry's book against, 218
Katherine supported by, 238 Lutherans, 290, 293,311
in doctrinal differences with Henry, 291, 293
persecution in England of, 313 political alignments of, 291, 302
Madeleine, daughter of Francis I, 270 magic and occult, 172, 262, 361
court intrigues and, 22, 34-35, 46
Henry as focus of, 265-67
marvels and, 242-43
religious objects used for, 356
Wolsey and, 154 magnanimity, as noble quality, 32 majesty, ideal qualities of, 31-32 manage (horsemanship), 126-27 manners (civility and courtesy), 29, 31-32 Manox, Henry, 325 Mantua, marquis of, 127-28 Margaret, countess of Salisbury, see Pole,
Margaret Margaret, queen of Scotland, sister of Henry VIII, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 301, 334
as Arthur's heir, 41
marriage to James IV of, 45
second and third husbands of, 199 Margaret (Beaufort), countess of Richmond, 28,33,40,244
death of, 58
Henry as heir of, 37
influence on Henry of, 28, 36-38, 53, 58
intellectual abilities of, 37-38
piety of, 38
as "rightful queen of England," 37 Margaret of Angouleme, 45 Margaret of Savoy, 53, 66, 81, 88, 91, 227
Charles Brandon and, 122-23 Marguerite, daughter of Francis I, 298 Maria, niece of Charles V, 194 Marillac, French ambassador, 306-7, 319,
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