The Crusades and the Near East
Page 48
133, 136–7, 142–4, 149–52
Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor 204,
Guido de Vigevano 196
238–9, 259
Guiscard, Robert 15
French army 16, 110, 116, 121–2, 174
Gumushtakin 37–8
Frenkel, Yehoshu 3, 258
Guy of Lusignan, King of Jerusalem 20,
Friedman, Yvonne 6, 258–9
41, 121
Frisia/Frisians 117, 121
Froben Christoph, Count of Zimmern
Hadith texts on the Prophet 135, 139,
124–5
151
Fulcher of Chartres 4–5, 14–15, 57–8,
Hagenmeyer, H 177
88–90, 107–9, 116, 120–1, 162,
al-Hakim 216
164–5, 181, 191, 199; attitudes to
Hanbalite community 34
Byzantium 174–81
Harim 38, 92
Fulk V of Anjou and Jerusalem 89, 91,
Hastings, Battle of 11, 19
245
Hattin, Battle of 19–22, 41, 234
Helena’s chapel, Holy Sepulchre,
Gabriel of Melitene 88–9
Jerusalem 219
Galen 197, 205
Hellenic identity 72–5
Gaston of Béan 12–13
Henry I of Jerusalem 95, 122, 240, 249
Gautier of Compiègne 131, 133, 135–6,
Henry VI of Germany 64, 70
142, 144–52
heresy 4, 132–3, 143–8, 150–2, 168, 173,
Geffroi (medic) 192
176, 259
Genoese 42, 98, 121
Hersent (medic) 193
genres 134–7, 142, 148, 150
Hethoum I 84, 86, 97–8
geopolitical issues 17–18, 65, 85
Hethoumids 84, 87, 92–3, 97
Gerard of Cremona 191
Hillenbrand, Carole 3, 201
German army 16, 110, 118, 120–1
Hippocratic legacy 189–91, 193, 195,
Germans/Germany 115, 123–4, 166,
197, 205
206–7
Historia Hierosolymitana (Fulcher) 162,
Gesta Francorum 123, 163, 165–6,
164–5, 174–81
169–74, 176–7, 181, 191–2, 241
Historia Iberosolymitana (Robert of
Gesta Tancredi (Ralph of Caen) 141–2
Rheims) 122–3
gestures of conciliation 241–50
Hodgson, Natasha 3–4, 260
Ghazarian, J. G. 85
Hodierna of Tripoli 89, 96
gift-giving 244–6, 249
Holy Lance 118
Godfrey of Bouillon 29, 63, 112, 115–19,
Holy Roman Empire 96–7, 123
123–4, 164–5, 171, 174, 176, 192–3,
Holy Sepulchre, Eichstaett 225
246, 249
Holy Sepulchre, Jerusalem 5, 119,
Golan Heights 32–3
216–23, 217, 221–2, 225–7, 262
Golgotha rock 216, 218, 220
Holy War 6, 22–3, 32, 36–7, 229, 231–2
Gothic style 5, 220, 220, 223–4, 227, 262
see also jihad
Grandes chroniques de France 242
hospital development 205–8
Greek materia medica 197–8
Hospitallers 21, 92, 96, 98, 206–8, 223,
Greeks 59, 65, 83, 85, 90–2, 96–8, 143,
224, 226
166, 170–2, 175–6, 191–2, 197 see also
Hugh, Duke of Burgundy 121
Byzantium
Hugh of Caesarea 239, 246
Gregorian reforms 217–18
Hugh of Vermandois 114–15, 166, 169,
Gregory VII, Pope 56, 75, 140
175
Grigor, Armenian Katholikos 92, 95
humoral medicine 190, 192, 199–203
266
I N D E X
Hungary/Hungarians 67, 97, 111, 113,
Islamic notions of peace 229–31
246
Italians 16–17, 29, 121, 206, 258
Italy 139, 191
Iberian texts on Islam 132, 139, 151
Itinerarium Peregrinorum 122, 194, 240
Ibn ‘abd al-Zahir, Muhyi al-Din 244
Ivo, Bishop of Chartres 177
Ibn al-Athir 29, 31, 38–9, 41
ibn al-Khashshab 36
Jabal al-’Awf mountains 32–3
Ibn al-Qalanisi 32, 42
Jaffa 20, 31–2, 88, 98, 110, 122, 192
Ibn al-Qaysarani 39
Jerusalem 8, 18–20, 42, 86, 90, 119, 124,
Ibn Butlan 196–7
200–1, 238; architecture 206, 216–27,
Ibn Hisham 151
217, 220–2; and Byzantium 58, 60,
Ibn Jubayr 43
171; Holy Sepulchre 5, 119, 216–23,
Ibn Ridwan 194, 196
217, 221–2, 225–7, 262; patriarchs of
Ibn Rushd (Averroes) 230
21, 60, 112, 248; as principal goal 6,
Ibn Wasil 238
40, 56–7, 63–4, 66, 261; throne of 21,
identities 4, 114–16, 262; Byzantine 55,
83, 112, 115, 117, 121–2; truces
67–75; Hellenic/Roman 69, 72–5;
27–34; warfare 28, 34–5, 41; captured
Holy Land settlements 119–22;
(1073) 13–14; captured (1099) 17, 22,
kings/kingdoms 111–13; linguistic
27, 32, 84, 123, 132, 144, 161, 217;
107–9, 108, 111–18; national 84,
captured (1187) 16, 87, 122, 206,
109–11, 118–19, 122–5, 166; regional
226; captured (1291) 44
73, 112, 117–19, 124
Jerusalemite History (Fulcher) 107
ideology: Byzantine 2, 55, 60–2, 67–72,
jihad 6, 22, 27–9, 34–40, 42, 44, 229–32,
261; crusade 6, 22–3, 61, 70, 149,
234, 237, 258
151, 229, 232, 258; Holy War/ jihad
Johannes of Viktring 113
6, 22–3, 27–9, 32, 34–40, 42, 44,
John II Komnenos 58, 91–2, 99
229–32, 234, 237, 258
John of Brienne 96–7
idolatry 139, 141–2, 148
John of Damascus 137, 148
Il-Ghazi, Najm al-Din 36
John of Wurzburg Würzburg 119–20, 206
‘Imad al-Din al-Isfahani 40–1, 243
John V Palaiologos 66–7
infantry 10–11, 20
Joinville 16, 22, 98, 195, 248, 260
Innocent III, Pope 63–5
Jones, Meredith 141
inscriptions in mosques 34, 37–40
Joscelin I of Edessa 88, 90–1
internal conflicts: Christian 17–18, 99,
Joscelin II of Edessa 90–2
114–15, 117–18, 121–2; Muslim 14,
Jotischky, Andrew 90
29, 35–6, 44, 234
Julian of Sidon 97
Iran 14, 40
Iraq 14, 41
al-Kamil 238–9, 259
Isaac Doukas Commenus of Cyprus 92
Kangas, Sini 4, 259–60
Isaac II Angelos 61–3
Kedar, Beni 191, 237
Isabella of Jerusalem 122
Kerbogha 163, 172, 175, 239
Isabelle of Antioch 95–6
khil’a 249
Isabelle of Courtenay 92
kings/kingdoms and identities 111–13
Isabelle of Farabelle 93
Kinnamos, John 62, 91
Ishaq, Hunayn b. 205
Kirakos de Ganjak 95
Isidore of Seville 138, 166
kiss of peace 248–9
Islam, Christian responses to 4, 131–4,
Kitab al-Hadaya 246
151–3, 259–60; 12th-century writings
Kitab al-jihad (Al-Sulami) 35
134–8; developing interest 133,
137;
kitab al-malaki (Al-Majusi) 197–8
parodies 135, 143, 145, 147, 150–2;
knights 10–12, 19
Saracens 132, 134–42, 152; vitae
Knights of St John see Hospitallers
Machometi 139, 142–51
Konstandin Rupenid, Prince 88, 90
Islamic medicine 189, 194–200, 205, 208
Konstandin, son of Vasak 95, 97
267
I N D E X
Koran 45, 137–8, 148, 150–1
Armenian-Latin marriages; clerical
Koziol, Geoffrey 243–4
celibacy/marriage
Krey, A. C. 163
martyrdom 37, 142
Krüger, Jürgen 5–6, 262
Mastnak, Tomaz 231
Matthew of Edessa 88
Lane-Poole, Stanley 261
Mauss, Marcel 245
Langre, Bishop of 63
Mawdud of Mosul 33, 36
Latin language 113, 116
medicine 5, 189–96, 262; hospital
Latin states 83–4; in Byzantine lands 55,
development 205–8; medical
60, 65–6, 73, 132; warfare 17–21
cooperation 44; medical regulation
Latin-Armenian marriages 2–3, 83–99,
201–5; practices 198–201; theory
260; early alliances 83–93; later
196–8, 203
alliances 93–9; Rupenid-Frankish
medieval society 9–10
genealogy 87
Melisende of Jerusalem 89, 260
Latins, Byzantine perception of 70–2
mercenaries 11, 14
leadership: crusader 12–13, 15–16, 18,
Metochites, Theodore 69–70
114, 120–1; Muslim 29, 34, 38–41
Michael the Syrian 88, 93
Lebanon 32, 146–7
Michael VIII Palaiologos 65, 69
Leon I, Lord of the Mountains 90–2,
Migne, J. P. 138
94–7, 99
military titles, Muslim 34, 37–40
Lepage, Y. G. 144
military training 11
Liber apologeticus martyrum (Eulogius)
Mitchell, Piers 191, 262
137
Mleh, Lord of the Mountains 93
Lignages d’Outremer 93
Mongols 14, 84, 86–7, 97–9
Lilie, R. J. 92–3
monotheism 148, 151, 248, 259
linguistic identities 107–9, 111–18
Moore, R. I. 149
Louis IX of France 13, 23, 97–8, 248,
Morea Chronicle 73
260, 262
Morfia, wife of Baldwin II 88–9, 260
Louis VII of France 63, 70, 120
mosque inscriptions 34, 36–8
Lucca 177, 180
Mosul 41, 163
Lucienne of Apulia 98
Muhammad, western name-variants 134,
Lucius III, Pope 207–8
136
Lusignans 86, 95, 97–8
muhtasib role 205
Lyon Eracles 93–4
Murray, Alan 4, 262
Muslim chroniclers 29–30
MacEvitt, Christopher 87, 90
Muslim internal conflicts 14, 29, 44, 234
‘Machomet’ 134–7, 141–2
Muslim law 44, 229–30
al-Majusi 191, 197–8
Muslim responses 2, 38–41, 44–5, 258;
al-Malik al-Salih Isma’il 40–1
ceasefires 31–2, 34, 38, 41–2, 44;
Mamluks 14, 16, 44, 66, 84, 86, 99, 235,
commerce and collaboration 42–4; to
237, 247–8
First Crusade 28–30; jihad 6, 22,
Mansourah, Battle of 13, 16, 22
27–9, 34–40, 42, 44, 229–32, 234,
Manuel I Komnenos 58–60, 64, 70,
237, 258; to Third Crusade 30–1; the
92–3
‘ Ulama 34–5
Manzikert 260
Muslims, Western perceptions of 132–42,
maps: language regions of France 108;
152
political boundaries 7–8
Mutafian, Claude 83–5, 93
Maqamat al-Hariri 247
Myriokephalon 58, 93
Mardin 36, 38
marginalisation of Byzantium 2, 55–6,
Nakamura, T. 232
61–4, 74–5
national identities 84, 109–11, 118–25,
Marqab 17–18
166
marriage 2–3, 30–1, 140–1, 260 see also
Native Christians 5–6, 18, 22, 83–4, 176,
268
I N D E X
196–7 see also Armenian-Latin
Philip of Antioch 97
marriages
Philip VI of France 196
naval warfare 17, 42, 238
Philomelium 170, 175
negotiations 17, 29–35, 43, 65, 67,
physicians 190, 193, 195–6, 208
232–9, 242–5, 248, 250; Saladin-
Piacenza, Council of 14, 56, 162
Richard I 240–1, 246–7
Pierre de Flory 93
Nicaea 16, 57, 65, 69, 71, 74, 162, 170,
Pierre de Queivilliers 23
175, 180
pilgrimage/pilgrims 21, 30, 32, 57–8, 61,
Nicholson, H. J. 195
63–4, 114, 120, 205–7, 218
Nikopolis Crusade 67
Pisans 42, 121
non-combatant crusaders 114, 162, 169
Plaimpied sculptor 222–3, 227
Normans 121–3, 163, 166, 180, 197
political boundaries (maps) 7–8
Notaras, Loukas 74
pollution theme in crusade literature 139,
Nur al-Din 18–19, 22, 35, 39–40, 93,
148–9
234–5, 237, 258
Praeceptum (Augustine) 207–8
Nussbaum, Shmuel 232
Prawer, Joshua 201, 205
propaganda: Christian 132–3, 135, 139,
oath-taking 166, 169–70, 180, 247–8
142, 147, 150–1; Muslim 28–9, 32,
Odo of Deuil 63, 120
34–6, 40–1, 234
Omar of Azaz 249
Provençals 122, 262
On Airs, Waters, Places (Hippocrates) 193
Pryor, J. H. 17
On the Management of Diseases (Ibn
Pseudo-Kindi 137
Butlan) 197
Pseudo-Udalrici Epistola... 167
Orderic Vitalis 90, 172
Orgueilleuse of Harim 93–5
al-Qadi al-Fadil 42
origin myths 110–11
Qalawun 44, 244
otherness 134–5, 141, 152
Quaestiones Naturales (Adelard) 197
Otia de Machomete (Gautier) 131, 136,
Qur’an 45, 137–8, 148, 150–1
142, 144–5
Ottomans 67, 125
Ralph of Caen 118, 122–3, 141–2, 193
Oultrejourdain 18
Raymond, Count of Toulouse 12–13, 16,
41, 58, 92, 117, 169
papal authority 65, 73, 167
Raymond du Puy 207–8
Paris, Matthew 247
Raymond III, Count of Tripoli 89, 95–6
parodies of Islam 135, 143, 145, 147,
Raymond of Aguilers 117, 175–6, 180,
150–2
191
Paschal II, Pope 163, 173
Raymond of Poitiers 91–2
Patrologia Latina (Migne) 138
Raymond of Saint-Gilles 114–15, 117–19,
peace 6, 258–9 see also ceasefires; Christian
180, 241
notions of 231–2; diplomacy 238–41;
Raymond Rupen of Cilicia 89, 95–7, 260
gestures of conciliation 241–50;
al-Razi 191, 204
initiatives 233, 233–8; Islamic notions
Regalis dispoitio (Al-Majusi) 197–8
of 229–31; proclamations of 249–50
Regimen sanitatis (Guido da Vigevano)
Peace of God movement 231
196
peasantry 10, 44
Regino of Prüm 110
People’s Crusades 114, 120, 124
regional identities 73, 112, 117–19, 124
Persia 14, 84, 112
Reynolds, Susan 111
Peter the Hermit 114, 162, 169, 180,
Rhineland attacks on Jewish communities
189, 239
162
Peter the Venerable 137, 148, 150
Richard I of England 11, 13, 19–22, 31,
Philip, Count of Flanders 12, 92
70, 92, 120–1, 193–5, 236, 242,
Philip I of France 114, 177
245–6, 262; negotiations with Saladin
Philip II of France 11–12, 120–1, 193
240–1, 246–7
269
I N D E X
Richard of Devizes 240
Shi’ites 22, 29, 36
Ridwan of Aleppo 14, 29, 33, 36
Shirkuh 239
Risala (Pseudo-Kindi) 137
Sicily 29, 31, 113, 118, 131–2, 139, 191,
Robert of Artois 13, 16
204, 260
Robert of Flanders 116, 124, 165, 171,
siege warfare 12, 16–17
174
Simeon monastery, Antioch 221
Robert of Lucca (medic) 193
slaves 201–4
Robert of Normandy 15, 115, 174
Smail, R. C. 19
Robert of Rheims 122–3
Somerville, Robert 178–9
Robert the Monk 123–4, 177, 179, 192
sources: for Clermont 178–80; for
Roger (medic) 193
crusader narratives 136–7, 152
Roger of Antioch 17, 33, 90–1, 197
Spain 11, 29, 191, 231
Roger of Howden 120
Speculum historiale (Vincent of Beauvais)
Roger the Frank, conqueror of Sicily 29
148
Roman identity 69, 73–4
Spiegel Historiael (Jacob van Maerlant)
Romanesque style 219–20, 225
124
Rüdt-Collenberg, W. H. 86, 90, 93, 96,
spoliation 219–20
98
standing armies 14, 18, 21
Rupenids 84, 87, 88–9, 91–3, 97
Statutes of the Hospitallers 206–8
Stephanie (Rita), wife of John of Brienne
sacred locatities, recreations of 225, 227
96–7
St Anne’s Convent, Jerusalem 88
Stephen II, Count of Blois 115, 170–1,
St James Armenian cathedral, Jerusalem
174–6, 181
260
Stephen of Pisa 197–8
St John’s Hospital, Jerusalem 206–8
styles of war 12, 14–21
St Louis’ Crusade see Louis IX of France;
succession 88–9, 96, 98–9
Seventh Crusade
Successor States 68–9
S. Maria, Muristan 224
Sufis 36, 40
St Paul’s letter to Timothy 167
Suger, Abbot 139
St Paul’s, Worms 225
al-Sulami 22, 35, 230–1
Saladin 17–22, 30–2, 41–4, 61, 86, 94–5,