Oxygen
Page 53
immune system 326
gulunolactone oxidase 177
Hill, Robert 135
immunosuppression 328–30,
guppies 231
Hiroshima, Japan 109, 110
330–3
Guppy, Reverend R. J. L. 231
Hoffman, Paul 62
Imperial College, London
Gustafsson, Lars 231
Holland, Heinrich 35, 43, 142
333n.
Gutteridge, John 105, 172,
Holliday, Robin 228
Indiana University 69, 329
177, 316
Holmes, Oliver Wendell 336
infection 289, 296–99, 301,
Honolulu, University of 167
308, 312, 327, 330
H
Hotazel iron formation 48
inflammation 298–301,
Hou, Shaobin 167, 168
306–309, 311–12, 326,
haemochromatosis 188–9,
House Un-American Activities
327–9, 330–2
209
Committee 175
insect
haemocuprein 200–1
Hox genes 58–60
flight 77, 98–9
haemoglobin
Hoyle, Fred 126, 128
trachea 98–9
antioxidant role 168, 170, 197
human genome project 282,
abdominal pumping 100
in LUCA 167
285, 341
autoconvective ventilation
as oxygen transporter 166–7
Huntington’s disease 240–2,
100
as sensor 167, 168, 197, 324
290
Institute of Advanced
in sickle-cell anaemia 240
hybrid vigour 222
Studies in Biology, Berkeley
in storage and supply 167, 168,
Hydra 263, 275
137
169, 319
hydrogen
Institute of Genomic Research,
haemophilia 285
loss into space 25, 49, 319
Rockville 126
haem oxygenase 209–10, 211,
in photosynthesis 134
insulin 245–7, 260, 322
308, 333
reaction with oxygen 163, 320
insulin-like growth factors
deficiency of 209, 331
hydrogen bonds 174
246–7, 322
in immunosuppression 330–1,
hydrogen peroxide 115, 119,
insulin-resistance 246–7,
331 n., 332–3
125
248–50
knockout mice 209, 331
on early Earth 140–4, 164, 169,
ionization 113
in oxidative stress 210–11, 295
319
Iowa, jails 179
370 • INDEX
Iowa, University of 190
L
M
iridium layer 96
iron
Lacks, Henrietta 268
McCarthy, Senator 175
absorption 183, 188–9
lactic acid 99
McCord, Joe 200–1
banded-iron formations 37–8,
lactose intolerance 250
McGeer, Edith 307
40–1, 52, 68, 133, 141
Lagrange, Joseph-Louis 3
McGeer, Patrick 307
in early oceans 143
Lamarck, chevalier de 315
McKay, Chris 143
in Fenton reaction 118, 121,
Landis, Gary 87–9
macronucleus 227
186–7, 189, 191, 193, 306
Laplace, Pierre Simon 113
maintenance, bodily 228–9,
ferric (rust) 38, 122
larvae, dauer 243–4, 250
246–7, 260
ferricyanide 135
Last Universal Common
malaria 203, 286, 327
ferrous 38
Ancestor, see LUCA
hidden morbidity of 329–30
levels in body 123
Lavoisier, Antoine 2–3, 113
immunosuppression in 328–31
oxidation states 38, 121, 141
Lebovitz, Russell 202
inflammation in 327, 328–9
in photosynthesis 132–33, 134,
leghaemoglobin 165–6, 167
parasite, see Plasmodium
137, 169, 319
leguminous plants 165–6,
falciparum
in soils 141
167
tolerance of 328, 329, 330–1
solubility in presence of
Leiden, University of 233
malnutrition 259, 289
oxygen 38, 141
leukaemia 111
manganese 48
storage in body and vitamin C
Levine, Mark 180–1, 190
Manhattan Project 110, 119
184–5
Levin, Gilbert 128
Maracaibo, Lake 240
iron pyrites 25, 42–3, 67–8
lifespan 229–34, 236, 322
Marat, Jean Paul 3
Irvine, University of California
lifetime energy potential 253,
Margulis, Lynn 19, 28, 47, 79,
at 243
258, 260
153
isotope method, see carbon
lightning 78–9, 94
Marine Biotechnology
isotopes
Lighton, John 101
Institute, Kamaishi 137
lignin 72–3, 84, 93, 94
Mars
J
limestone, see carbonate
loss of oceans 25–26, 319–20
rocks
surface of 2, 128–9, 141
Jacobsen, Stein 66
limeys 178
MARS model 266–7
James I, King of England 4
Lind, James 178
Maryland, University of 66
jaundice 204
Linnaeus, Carl 149
Massachusetts Institute of
Johns Hopkins University,
Linus Pauling Institute, 175,
Technology 209
Baltimore 252
188
mass balance, principle of 34,
Johnson, Tom 243
lipoic acid 339, 340
78, 97
Joliot, Frédéric 109
Lleida, University of 338
Max Planck Institute for
Jones, Steve 205
Logan, Graham 69, 70
Demographic Research,
junk DNA 125
longevity
Rostock 332
Jupiter 17–18, 22
evolution of 229–34, 236, 238,
Max Planck Institute for
250, 274, 322
Marine Microbiology,
K
genes 332
Bremen 41, 67
maternal inheritance of
Max Planck Unit for Structural
Kalahari manganese field 48
335–6
Molecular Biology, Hamburg
Kamen, Martin 135
Los Angeles, University of
304
Kanazawa University 209
California at 226
mayflies 101, 236, 237
Kasting, James 47–8, 73,
Lovelock, James 26, 48, 73,
Mayo Clinic 176
141–3
79–80, 92–3, 104, 125, 198
Mayow, John 4, 5
Kaufman, Alan 66
Lublin, University of 204
Medawar, Peter 215, 239, 241
Kenyon, Cynthia 243, 244
LUCA 21, 147, 216, 319, 321
Mediterranean 39
KFKB Radio 214
aerobic respiration in 162–3,
Meganeura 76–7
Khaw, Kay-Tee 172
165, 168,
319
Megaranea 101
kidney cells 271–2
metabolic versatility of 32, 162,
meiosis 222–3
Kings College, London 179
168, 169, 319
melatonin 340
Kirkwood, Tom 173, 182,
properties of 148, 154, 157,
menopause 238–9
215, 228, 233, 238, 266–7,
160, 319
Mereschovsky, Konstantin 153
293
reproduction and metabolism
Mesopotamia 212
Kirschvink, Joseph 47–48, 62
in 324–6, 13
metabolism 251, 260, 324–5
Knoll, Andrew 59, 60, 66
Lund University, Sweden
metabolic rate 253, 255, 260,
Kowald, Axel 266–7
278
262, 263, 272, 323
Kruge, Michael 97
lycopods, giant 95, 101
metabolic stress 261, 262, 323
K-T boundary extinction 96
Lysenko 315
metallothionein 209, 257, 295
INDEX • 371
Metchnikoff, Elie 213
SOD 202, 318 n.
Nobel Prize 108, 109, 173, 174,
meteorite
telomerase 271
175, 201, 213
primordial bombardment 22,
transgenic 303, 305
noradrenaline 182, 185
319
mucus 73, 165, 197–8, 199
norepinephrine, see
at K-T boundary 96
Müller’s ratchet 276
noradrenaline
methane 47, 79
Mulliken, Robert 121
Northwick Park Institute for
micronucleus 227
multicellular organization
Medical Research 209
Milan, University of 330
origins of 52, 153, 320
Nrf2 208, 295, 324, 332
Miller, Stanley 17–18
restriction of oxygen in 166
NSAIDS (non-steroidal anti-
Mill Hill, Institute of Medical
multiple chromosomes 219,
inflammatory drugs) 299,
Research at 73
220
309, 309 n.
Mimbral, Mexico 97
myoglobin 167; see also nuclear
mineral reserves 32
haemoglobin
fallout 110–111, 174
Miquel, Jaime 264
fission 46
mitochondria 150, 321, 327,
N
Nuclear Test Ban Treaty 175
333
nucleus 150
activity of 274
Nagasaki, Japan 110
in age-related disease 294–5,
Namibia 56, 62
O
299–301, 326–7, 334–6
Napoleon 178
asexual reproduction of 263,
NASA 32, 47,
Octopus hummelincki 236,
276
NASA Ames Research Center
237
bacterial heritage of 153, 263
141, 143
Odontogriphus 55
complex 1 of 335
National Heart, Lung and
Oedipus 283–4
decay of 275, 321
Blood Institute 203
8-OHdG 124, 312, 317
density in cells 272–3, 274
National Institute of Ageing,
Okinawa, Japan 275
DNA of 153, 263–4, 265–6, 276,
Baltimore 260
Oklo, Gabon
277, 278, 318
National Institutes of Health,
Oparin, Alexander 17
in egg cells 276–81, 321
see NIH
operons 151, 157, 207
Eve 264 n.
Natural History Museum,
opossums 230–1, 322
evolution of 49–52
London 55, 95, 231
orangutan 233
exercise benefits to 340
Nauru 248, 250
Oregon Health Sciences
fatty acid transport in 181
Nelson 178
University 279
genes in nucleus 154
nematodes 243–5, 246,-7, 248,
Orgel, Leslie 217
genetic apparatus of 153, 263
250, 257, 262
Orr, William 257
leakage in 255–7, 263–7, 278,
neon 23
orthomolecular medicine 176
288, 299, 301, 306, 323, 326,
Nesse, Randolph 296
Ottawa, University of 68
335
neurons 270, 272
Oxford University 68, 264 n.
lipid composition of 337–9
neutrophils
oxidation
Mt5178A variant 334–5
accumulation of vitamin C
definition of 18
mutation rate of DNA in 264,
182, 191–2
oxidative stress, see stress
264 n., 266, 318
bacterial killing by 183, 192
oxygen
ooplasmic transfer of 336–7
protection by vitamin C 183,
adaptations 11, 12, 13, 15, 51,
oxygen levels in 167, 199
191–3
196–9
selfish 277
release of free radicals by 183,
atmospheric control of 78
in sperm 276–81, 321
191–3
bars 1, 6, 8
superoxide dismutase in, see
Newcastle, University of 173
causal links with evolution 21,
SOD
NFB 208, 295, 296–301,
72–4
survival of slowest 274
307–9, 311–13, 324, 326
chemical properties of 120–23,
turnover of 273
nicotine 310
121 n., 8
uniparental inheritance of 277
Nietzsche, Friedrich 69,
consumption, see metabolism
mitochondrial theory of
333
convulsions 9–10, 11, 75
ageing 263–6, 281, 294
NIH 175–6, 180
depletion of photosynthetic
Miyashita, Hideaki 127
nitrates 49, 165
fuels 133
Mojzsis, Stephen 32, 35
nitre 3, 3 n., 4
energy metabolism 72
Montagnais crater 97
aerial 3, 4, 5
free radicals see free radicals
Montreal 177
nitric oxide 206
gigantism 102
Motterlini, Roberto 209
nitric oxide synthase 261
heavy isotope (18O) 135
mouse
nitrogen 22–3
high atmospheric levels 77, 79,
dwarf 247
nitrogen-fixing bacteria 165
86
knockout
nitrox mixtures 10
holocaust 19, 20, 47, 75,
haem oxygenase 209, 331
Noah’s flood 39
132
372 • INDEX
oxygen continued
end-Permian extinction 22, 78,
proteobacteria 153–4, 165
hyperbaric 7
86
purple bacteria 50
levels in body 166, 199
high oxygen levels in, see
Pyrolobus fumaris 160
liquid 120
Carboniferous
lung injury 9, 11, 75
Perry, George 304
R
magnetism 120–1
peroxidase enzymes 140
oxygenation of Earth 21, 30,
peroxiredoxins 203, 319
Radcliffe Infirmary, Oxfor
d
67–70
Phanerozoic 28, 47, 75
171
production by life 19, 67, 68,
pharmacogenomics 287
radiation
69, 85
phenols 72, 204
of cells in culture 217–19,
pure 5
phenoptosis 237
292
reaction with hydrogen 26,
phlogiston 2, 5
equivalence to breathing 112,
163, 320
dephlogisticated air 2
119, 125
reaction with rocks 19, 20,
phosphates 49, 80 n.
of haploid animals 225
25–26, 49, 320
photodynamic therapy 121,
poisoning 109–111, 125, 127
respiration see respiration
190
of water 113–15
sensors 168, 324
photons 135
radioactivity 107
singlet 121
photorespiration 80–2, 91, 98
radium
therapy 5, 6–8
photosynthesis 13
discovery of 108
toxicity 6, 8, 9, 11, 19–20, 75,
anoxygenic 133, 144
girls 109–110
104–5, 273; see also oxidative
balance with respiration 23–24,
rare-earth elements 68
stress
37, 65, 81, 85
rate-of-living theory 252, 254,
in photosynthesis 138
definition of 23
255
protection against 51
derivation of oxygen 134
recombination 223–4
radiation poisoning 112, 125,
electron donors in 137
red beds, continental 43–44
127
evolution of 131, 200
Red Sea 38
restricting plant growth 20,
on Mars 145
reduction 18
81–2
oxygenic 132, 319
redundancy 226, 321–2
oxygen-evolving complex 139,
evolution of 133, 144–5, 200
Reed, Rufus 110
319
producers 24
Reichstein, Tadeus 179
evolution of 139 n., 144
restriction within domain 162
replication 216–7
OxyR 207, 324
water-splitting reaction 138
changes in rate of 217–8, 220
ozone 73, 116, 129, 318
water-splitting enzyme 139
viral 30–31
Pictet, Raoul 120
reproduction 216–7, 232, 229
P
pigeons 255–6
asexual 222, 276, 321
Pinto, Joseph 142
rate of 222
P-53: 208, 324
pitchblende 108
genetic integrity in 222, 276
Pacific salmon 236–8
Pitman, Walter 39
iteroparous 237, 238
Padayatti, Sebastian 190
Plasmodium falciparum 203,
semelparous 237
Pahl, Heike 298, 298 n.
327–8
sexual 221, 321
palaeosol see fossil soils
pleiotropy, antagonistic
benefits to individuals 221
Paley, Tom 141
239–40, 241, 242–3, 281,
benefits to populations 221
PAM 182
288–90, 295–6, 313
evolution of 221
Pamplona, Reinald 338
Pneumatic Institute 6