How to Hide an Empire
Page 63
Mitsubishi, 369, 370
Mobil, 372
Modern Language Institute, 334
Modern Plastics, 273
Modocs, 42
Mojares, Resil, 421n
Molina, Antonio, 199
Mongolia, 332–33
Monroe, James, 20
Monsanto, 274
Montana Territory, 7, 35
Montgomery, Robert, 194, 195
moon landing, 15, 263, 277
Morales, Carlos, 114
Morgan, J. P., 60
Morita, Akio, 365–68, 371, 372, 477n
Morocco, 220, 388
Moros, 103–107, 110, 113, 195, 423n
Morrison, Van, 369
Morse, Samuel, 288
Moses, Robert, 163–64
Mother America (Romulo), 194
mujahidin, 374, 383
Munich (Germany), 297
Muñoz Marín, Luis, 145, 147, 161–62, 244–47, 250–54, 256, 258, 260, 343, 399
Münsterberg, Hugo, 110
Muslims, 103, 104, 121, 373–75, 380
mustard gas, 151–52, 248
Myanmar, 314
My Brother Americans (Romulo), 194
“My Country ’Tis of Thee” (Smith), 76, 415n
Nairobi (Kenya), 6
Napoleon, Emperor of France, 31–32, 106, 336
NASA, 263, 277
Natchez, Le (Chateaubriand), 26
Nation, The, 78, 155, 156, 244
National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), 263, 277
National Air and Space Museum, 284–85
National Archives, U.S., 235
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, 156
National Bureau of Standards, U.S., 300, 302, 308
National Cancer Institute, 350
National City Bank, 147
National Guard, 167; of Alaska, 184
Nationalist Party: of Philippines, 159; of Puerto Rico, 145–48, 257, 258
nationalists, 109, 112, 114, 118–21, 230, 343, 371; Filipino, 65, 97, 98, 100, 125, 159–62, 195; Japanese, 371; Puerto Rican, 16, 21, 145–49, 243, 247, 252–59, 426n; in Third World, 230, 326
National Screw Thread Commission, U.S., 302
Native Americans, see Indians/Native Americans
Natividad, LisaLinda, 387
Naval War College, 63
Navarro Salanga, Alfrredo, 3
Navassa Island, 54–56
Navy, U.S., 70, 175, 235, 238, 319, 322, 394; nuclear weapon tests organized by, 349; overseas bases for, 120, 158, 345, 387; in World War II, 201–202, 205, 292, 338; see also names of ships
Nazis, 185, 337–38
NBC, 370
Nebraska Territory, 41–43
New Deal, 168, 169, 225, 246
New England, 317; see also specific cities and states
Newfoundland, 217, 220, 317
New Guinea, 200, 219, 291, 314; Papua New Guinea, 292, 314
New Jersey, 33, 143
New Mexico, 5, 13, 68, 324, 348; annexation of, 77
New Orleans, 32
Newsweek, 178
New York Academy of Medicine, 150
New York City, 133–34, 145, 199, 222, 233, 244, 299, 331, 373; aristocracy of, 59–60; Japanese-owned property in, 370; 9/11 terrorist attack on, 6, 382–84; Puerto Ricans in, 251, 253, 254, 260, 261, 387; Robert Moses’s political power in, 163–64; Spanish-language newspaper in, 156; standards coordinating committee in, 309
New York Daily News, 228
New York Journal-American, 228
New York State, 48, 260
New York Times, The, 143, 154, 159, 255, 259, 332, 398
New Zealand, 216
Nez Perces, 42
Ngugi, James (Ngũgĩ wa Thiong’o), 325
Nicaragua, 78, 114, 348
Nigeria, 334
Nikon, 362, 369
Nimitz, Adm. Chester, 200, 287
9/11 terrorist attacks, 6, 382–84, 388; report of commission on, 382, 479n
1984 (Orwell), 355
Nintendo, 369
Nissan, 369
nitrogen, 47–49, 57
Nixon, Richard, 200, 276, 277, 350
Nobel Prize, 58, 152, 238, 330
Noriel, Gen. Mariano, 92
Normandy invasion (D-Day), 224, 289, 290
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), 311–12, 356
North Carolina, 25, 37, 140, 299
Northern Mariana Islands, 9, 18, 229, 391, 399; Commonwealth of, 391, 392–94
North Korea, 314, 398
Northwestern University, 81, 127
Northwest Ordinance (1787), 30–31
Northwest Territory, 30, 59
Nostrand, Richard L., 416n
nuclear weapons, 239, 264, 348–50, 352–54, 362, 474n; opposition to, 356, 358–59, 387
Nue Spelling, 323
Nukufetau, 219
Nuremberg (Germany), 268
O‘ahu (Hawai‘i), 3, 5, 6, 439
Obama, Barack, 241, 335, 396–98, 401
Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), 392
Odawas, 42
Office of Strategic Services, 223
Ohio River, 29
oil, 140, 158, 189, 197, 226, 267, 395, 460n; Middle Eastern, 216, 276–77, 372–73, 375, 376; synthetics made from, 266, 269, 271, 276
Ojibwe, 22, 34
Okinawa, 287, 345, 351, 360, 362–64, 380, 387–89
Oklahoma, 38, 42, 68, 323; territory of, 44, 44–45
Oklahoma! (Rodgers and Hammerstein), 15, 45, 261
Olmsted, Frederick Law, Jr., 134
Omaha (Nebraska), 82
“1 Wrld, 1 Langwij,” 323
On the Waterfront (movie), 370
Operation Desert Storm, 377–79
Operation Infinite Reach, 381–82
Oregon, 41, 77, 299
Oregon, USS (warship), 66, 279
Organization of African Unity, 326
Orwell, George, 322, 355
Osages, 42, 301, 321
Osawa, Kiyoshi, 181–82
Osmeña, Sergio, 235
O’Sullivan, John L., 409n
Ottoman Empire, 118
Outer Space Treaty (1967), 263
Outlook, The, 111
overpopulation, 142–43, 146, 246, 247
Owen, Robert Latham, 323–24, 324
Oxford University, 64
Pacific Fleet, U.S., 4
pacifism, 109, 110, 112
Packard, 307
Page, Walter Hines, 140
Pakistan, 334, 374, 385
Palau, 314, 466n; Republic of, 392
Palawan, 103
Palestine, 217, 326
Palin, Sarah, 395–96, 398, 401
Palin, Todd, 395–96
Palma, Jose, 133
Palma, Rafael, 133
Palomares (Spain), 354
Panama, 114, 220, 356
Panama Canal Zone, 11, 114, 280–82, 291, 293, 295, 389, 394, 395
Pan-American Freedom League, 155–56
Panasonic, 369
Papua New Guinea, 292, 314
Paris, 31–32, 44–45, 49, 70, 72; Treaty of, 10, 29
Paris Peace Conference, 118–21, 145, 220
Parsons, William E., 128, 132–34, 136, 167, 195
Partido Popular Democrático (PPD), 244, 245, 251
Patuxet, 317
Pauquunaukit Wampanoag, 317
Pawnees, 42
Peace Corps, 327
peace symbol, 356, 358, 475n
Pearl Harbor (movie), 3
Pearl Harbor, Japanese bombing of, 3–7, 10–13, 15, 171, 174, 181, 283, 323; simultaneous attacks at time of, 187, 405n
Penn, Mark, 396–97
Pennsylvania, 28, 260, 318; Academy of Fine Arts, 133; crash of 9/11 hijacked plane in, 382
Pentagon, 375; 9/11 attack on, 6, 382–84
People’s History of American Empire, A (Zinn), 13
People’s History of the United States, A (Zinn), 13, 259<
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Peorias, 42
Pérez González, Carmen María, 456n
Pershing, Gen. John J., 104–107, 113, 164, 189, 423n
Persian Gulf, 477n; see also specific colonies and nations
Peruvian guano, 49–53, 50, 57, 63, 264, 339
Peshawar (Pakistan), 374
petroleum, see oil
Philadelphia, 33, 133, 299
Philadelphische Zeitung, Die, 318
Philbin, Patrick, 389
Philippine General Hospital (Manila), 128
Philippines, 7–12, 15, 16, 79–84, 124–36, 225, 276, 391, 428n; annexation of, 17, 73–74, 80, 90, 132; Army of Liberation of, 89, 91, 98, 108; citizenship of residents of, 82–84; demands for statehood of, 81–82; English language in, 154, 320, 325, 332; on Greater United States map, 9, 9, 12, 74, 75; impact on American products of climate of, 280, 293–94; independence of, 159–63, 199, 229, 230, 235–38, 245, 262, 344, 349, 386–87; Japanese bombing of, 4, 5, 10; laborers in United States from, 158–59; legislature of, 134, 135, 159, 160; MacArthur’s personal attachment to, 163–70; mainland indifference toward, 82, 154–56, 159, 260; National Council of Education in, 325–26; nuclear weapons in, 352; nursing in, 304–305, 369; population of, 11, 79, 125; rebellions in, 166, 231–33, 389; revolution in, 304; summer capital of, 124, 128–31, 131; supporters of statehood for, 228; Supreme Court of, 130; University of, 128, 133, 159; during war with Spain, 64–72, 88–89, 406n, 414n; during World War I, 289; during World War II, 178, 181–82, 187–99, 201–12, 204, 236, 272, 308, 340, 362, 405n, 442n, 444–45n; see also specific municipalities and regions
Philippine War, 14, 89–108, 110, 112–14, 125, 132, 164, 196, 238, 418n
Phillipson, Robert, 469n
Pierce, Franklin, 51
“Pike’s Peak” (Bates), 416n
Pilar, Gen. Gregorio del, 92
Pilgrims, 317–18
Pincus, Gregory, 248, 249, 274, 454n
Piñero, Jesús T., 246
Pink Floyd, 369
Pioneers, The (Cooper), 35
Planned Parenthood, 156, 248
plastic, 18, 271–74, 276, 283, 288, 294, 314
Plessy v. Ferguson (1896), 86
Pletnikoff, Simeon, 184
plexiglass, 272
Poindexter, Joseph, 174, 175
poison gas, 58, 150, 267, 422n
Poland, 46, 120, 154, 268, 270, 283, 297, 337
Polynesians, 155
Pomos, 422n
Poncas, 42
Ponce (Puerto Rico), 108–109, 137, 148–49, 242
Popular Mechanics, 222
population(s), 6, 21, 47, 104, 120, 123, 142, 144, 154, 163, 262; disease carrying, 102–103, 138–39, 143; excess, see overpopulation; growth of, 32–37, 39, 47, 57, 77; of Native Americans, decline in, 33–34, 36–38, 42, 44; of post–World War II occupations, 225, 226, 229; of Spanish colonies, 65, 79–80, 97–98, 103; statehood and, 30, 34, 44; of U.S. territories during World War II, 165–66, 175, 177–78, 181, 202, 206; see also censuses
Potawatomis, 42
Pound, Ezra, 322
Powell, Colin, 375
Predator drones, 384
Prensa, La, 261
Presley, Elvis, 369
Pribilof Islands, 179, 180
Princeton University, 68, 116
Prix de Rome, 133
Progressive Era, 124
prostitution, 90, 102, 147, 281, 357, 359, 361, 393
Public Roads, U.S. Bureau of, 313
Puerto Rico, 7–8, 12, 15–17, 120, 220, 242–61, 387, 393–94; annexation of, 84, 108–109, 137, 143; chemical weapons tests on residents of, 151; citizenship of residents of, 86, 115–16, 392, 394; “commonwealth” status of, 17, 257, 262, 344–45, 392; constitution of, 257–58; demands for statehood of, 81–82; disease in, 137–42; Division of Territories and Island Possessions in charge of, 156–57, 168; English language in, 320, 328; governors of, 155, 253; on Greater United States map, 9, 9, 74, 75; hurricanes in, 137–38, 142, 399–400; independence movement in, 115, 118, 145–49, 161–62, 166, 245, 252, 253–54; industrialization of, 257–58; mainland indifference toward, 82, 156, 260; medical experiments in, 151–53, 242–43, 247–50, 259, 274, 350; migration to mainland from, 251–53, 260; National Guard of, 254; nationalism in, 16, 21, 154, 253–54, 256, 259; nuclear weapons in, 352; population of, 11, 79, 246; rebellion in, 16, 65; slums in, 243–45, 244; in Spanish Empire, 64–65; sterilization of women in, 250–51, 454n; sugar plantations in, 158, 256; supporters of statehood for, 87, 108, 227; University of, 147, 152, 249; during war with Spain, 69–72, 79–80, 110; during World War II, 173, 179, 243, 284, 433n
Pulitzer Prize, 192
Python coding language, 330
Quakers, 301
quality control, 362
Quapaws, 42
Quezon, Manuel, 125, 159–63, 163, 166, 167, 178, 191–93, 196, 235, 325–26, 332
Quezon City (Philippines), 134
Quincy, Josiah, 31
Quirino, Elpidio, and family, 208–10, 209, 237
Qutb, Sayyid, 121, 373
QWERTY keyboard, 331
Radio Free Europe, 297
Radio Liberation (later Liberty), 297
railroads, 41, 50, 204, 285, 377
Ranch Life and the Hunting Trail (Roosevelt), 60
Rand McNally, 12
Rangoon (Burma), 189
Rankin, Bill, 18
Ready Reference Atlas of the World, 12
Réard, Louis, 349
reconcentration, 97, 100, 102–103, 105, 107, 198–99, 454n
Recto, Claro, 203
Red Cross, 304
Reischauer, Edwin, 359
rendition, extraordinary, 388–89, 480n, 481n
Republican Party, 93, 101, 115, 239, 258, 393, 394, 398; Puerto Rican, 108
Revolutionary War, 28, 93, 380
Rhoads, Cornelius Packard (“Dusty”), 143–47, 149–53, 156, 158, 242–43, 247, 248, 252, 256, 293, 350, 433n
Rhodes, Cecil, 63, 262
Rhodesia, 348
Ricarte, Gen. Artemio, 92, 199
Richards, I. A., 322, 326
Ridge, John, 38
Riggs, E. Francis, 147–48, 161
Riggs, Lynn, 44–45
rinderpest, 102, 125
Río Piedras (Puerto Rico), 249, 454n
Rising Sun (Crichton), 370
Riyadh (Saudi Arabia), 380
Rizal, Jose, 65, 195–96, 428n
Rock, John, 248
Rockefeller, John D., 122, 140–41, 426n
Rockefeller Center (New York), 370
Rockefeller Foundation, 140–41, 146; Anemia Commission, 248; International Health Division, 143
Rockefeller Institute, 150
Rockies, 39
Rodgers, Richard, 45
Rolling Stones, 369
Romania, 90
Romantics, 26
Rommel, F.M. Erwin, 216, 217
Romulo, Carlos, 192, 194–96, 204, 238
Rongerik Atoll, 349
Roosevelt, Eleanor, 5, 324
Roosevelt, Franklin Delano, 163, 164, 220, 234, 247, 322–24, 326; colonies during administration of, 143, 155–57, 159, 161, 244, 341, 342; “Infamy” speech of, 3, 5, 5–7, 405n; during World War II, 150, 169, 171, 181, 190–93, 199, 201, 216, 218, 223–24, 237, 266, 283, 290, 305–306
Roosevelt, Theodore (“Teddy” or “Thee”), 7, 59–73, 76, 93, 101, 157, 220, 315, 416n; as assistant secretary of the navy, 65–67; family background of, 59–60; foreign-language fluency of, 320–21, 335; frontier enthusiasm of, 59–63, 301; at Harvard, 109; imperialism of, 80, 81, 94, 111, 115, 413n; Panama Canal and, 114, 280; Philippine independence advocated by, 110; during Philippine War, 103–105; in war with Spain, 67–73, 83, 112, 279
Root, Elihu, 60
Rosin, Jacob, 274
Ross, John, 37, 38
Rough Riders, 67–71, 83, 88, 105, 279
Roxas, Manuel, 237
rubber, 73, 157–58, 169, 197, 231, 265–66, 302, 459n;
synthetic, 266–72, 270, 274–76
Rumsfeld, Donald, 383–86
Russia, 46, 62, 90, 331, 400; Bolshevik revolution in, 117
Russian language, 320, 326, 333
Rwanda, 334
Sacs and Foxes, 42
Saigon, 102
St. Clair, Arthur, 30, 31
St. Louis World’s Fair, 133
Saipan, 287, 292, 391, 393, 395, 396
Salute to the Marines (movie), 194
Samar, 98–101
Samoa, 80, 314; see also American Samoa
Samoset, 317
San Antonio (Texas), 194
Sand Creek Massacre, 106, 422n
San Francisco, 13, 82, 199, 222
San Francisco Chronicle, 159
Sanger, Margaret, 248
San José Island, chemical weapons testing on, 151
San Juan (Puerto Rico), 244, 251, 254; slum in, 243
San Juan Heights, Battle of, 68–69, 73
Santiago de Cuba, siege of, 69, 71
Sanyo, 369
Saudi Arabia, 276, 372–77, 379, 380, 382, 387, 479n
Schwarzkopf, Gen. Norman, 375–78
Science, 152
Scotland, 130
screw threads, standardization of, 18, 264, 302–303, 305, 309–11, 313–14, 318, 369
Seabees, 219
Sea Islands, 467n
Searle Pharmaceuticals, 249, 383
Seattle (Washington), 279, 337
Second World War, see World War II
Secret Service, 254
segregation, 86, 116, 129, 135, 183, 240–41, 426n; of census, 12–13, 79; informational, between colonies and mainland, 152
Sein y Sein, Francisco, 420n
Selective Service, 426n
Seminoles, 42
Senate, U.S., 37, 77, 115, 239–41, 267, 392, 393, 395; Foreign Relations Committee, 219, 324; Indian Affairs Committee, 394; Intelligence Committee, 481n
Senecas, 42
Senegal, 220
September 11 attacks, see 9/11 terrorist attacks
Sequoyah (person), 37, 44, 323
Sequoyah (proposed state), 44, 323
settlers, see westward expansion
Seward, William Henry, 41, 52
sex work, see prostitution
Shaw, George Bernard, 324
Shawnees, 25, 28, 42
Sherman tanks, 265
Shimla (India), 129
Siemens-Schuckert planes, 284
Silliman University, 198
Simon and Garfunkel, 370
Singapore, 4, 90, 169, 189, 195, 197, 216, 246, 326, 332
Sinhala, 326, 327, 332
Sioux, 62
Sirota, Beate, 225–26
Skyfall (movie), 340
slavery, 11, 37–38, 77–78, 103–105, 116, 125, 252, 334; westward expansion of, 26, 33, 41, 319
Slim, Carlos, 337