How to Hide an Empire
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Gromyko, Andrei, 329
Gruening, Dorothy, 227
Gruening, Ernest, 158, 161–62, 171, 241, 247, 342, 352, 396; as Alaska governor, 168–69, 171, 178–80, 183, 227; in Anti-Imperialist League, 155–56; Division of Territories and Island Possessions headed by, 156–57, 168, 239, 244, 341; Puerto Rican independence legislation drafted by, 162, 245
Guadalcanal, 199, 200, 219
Guam, 9, 15, 18, 21–22, 113, 343, 394, 398; annexation of, 7, 17, 80, 155; citizenship for residents of, 86, 238, 245; English language in, 319; during Great Depression, 156, 158; on Greater United States map, 9, 75; Japanese bombing of, 4–6, 10; mainland indifference toward, 154, 159; nuclear weapons in, 352; population of, 11, 79, 262; racism toward people of, 12; University of, 387; U.S. bases on, 21, 72, 364, 387–89, 398–99; U.S. soldiers’ protest on, 233; in World War II, 169, 187, 195, 197, 201–203, 272, 405n
guano, 49–57, 50, 63, 264, 339–42, 348; on islands claimed by United States, 51–56, 52, 55, 63–64, 78, 95, 112, 156, 340–42, 342, 344, 346, 352
Guano Islands Act (1856), 51–53, 52, 55, 56
Guantánamo Bay, 113–14, 218, 389–90, 394, 395
Guatemala, 114, 347
“Guerra Chiquita” (Cuba, 1879–80), 65
guerrilla warfare, 65, 92–93, 97–99, 102, 231, 233, 237; during Japanese occupation of Philippines in World War II, 198, 203, 205–206; against Soviet Union in Afghanistan, 374
Guimaras Island, 164, 436n
Gulf War, 375–79, 376, 380, 381, 384
Gullah, 467n
Gunther, John, 243, 244
Gutiérrez Igaravídez, Pedro, 137, 139, 141–42
Haber, Clara, see Immerwahr, Clara
Haber, Fritz, 57–58, 264, 266, 267, 339, 412n
“Hail, Columbia,” 76
“Hail to the Chief,” 76
Haiti, 54, 55, 114, 117, 156
Hammerstein, Oscar, 45
Hannity, Sean, 398
Hansell, John M., 426n
Harding, Warren G., 220
Harrisburg (Pennsylvania), 299
Harrison, Benjamin, 55, 301
Harrison, George, 358
Harrison, Richard Edes, 172, 221–22, 222
Harrison, William Henry, 59, 60
Harvard Crimson, The, 110, 115, 424n
Harvard University, 31, 60, 67, 68, 81, 156, 248, 321–22; foreign students at, 109, 119, 143, 145, 155, 244, 332
Hatoyama, Yukio, 387
Hawai‘i, 12, 15, 16, 17, 53, 113, 157, 249, 386; annexation of, 80, 229, 245; English language in, 320; on Greater United States map, 9, 9–10, 74, 75; Kamehameha Schools in, 341; mainland indifference toward, 82, 154; nuclear weapons in, 352; population of, 11, 80; statehood of, 8, 227, 229, 238–41, 245, 262, 387, 396; sugar plantations in, 158; University of, 175, 241; war plans for, 165, 166; during World War II, 169, 171, 173–77, 177, 179, 181–83, 185, 187, 188, 197, 200, 220 (see also Pearl Harbor, Japanese bombing of)
H-bomb, see nuclear weapons
Heathrow Airport, 329
Hebrew, 326
Hebrew University, 330
Hemingway, Ernest, 44–45
Hendrix, Jimi, 363
Hersey, John, 224
Heurlin, Magnus Colcord (“Rusty”), 184
Hezbollah, 479n
Hickok, Wild Bill, 35
Himalayas, 285
Hinckley, John, 261
Hindi, 326, 330, 332
Hirohito, Emperor of Japan, 196
Hiroshima, 215, 351, 354
History of the American People, The (Wilson), 116
Hitler, Adolf, 19, 143, 267–68, 283, 307, 337, 338
Hoar, George Frisbie, 98
Ho Chi Minh (Thanh, Nguyen Tat), 119–21, 230, 231, 426n
Hoffmann-La Roche, 249
Holborn, Hajo, 449n
Hollandia, 200
Holly, Buddy, 358, 368, 370
Hollywood, 3, 194, 351
Holmes, Oliver Wendell, 428n
Holocaust, 268
Holtom, Gerald, 356–57, 475n
Honda, 362, 369
Honda, Ishirō, 351
Honduras, 114, 346–47
Hong Kong, 65, 90, 197; Japanese attack on, 4, 6, 187, 189
Honolulu (Hawai‘i), 173, 174, 174, 176, 177, 201; Provost Court of, 439n; U.S. soldiers’ protest in, 233
Honolulu Advertiser, The, 397
hookworm, 138–43, 190
Hoover, Herbert, 220, 247, 296, 300–303, 301, 305–307, 310, 315, 321, 323, 335
Hoover, J. Edgar, 148, 164, 256, 338, 471n
Hoover, Lou, 321
Hope, Bob, 357
House of Representatives, U.S., 115, 160, 228, 241, 258–60, 395; Committee on Resources, 392, 393
Howells, William Dean, 93–94
Howland Island, 10, 18, 51, 53, 341–43, 342
Hudson, Linda S., 409n
Hughes, Langston, 231
Hugo, Victor, 49
Hukbalahap guerrilla army, 231, 237
Human Rights Watch, 481n
Hume, David, 33
Hungary, 120
Hunting Trips of a Ranchman (Roosevelt), 60
Hurricane Harvey, 399
Hurricane Irma, 399
Hurricane Maria, 399
Hussein, Saddam, 375–78
Ibuka, Masaru, 365–67
Iceland, 228
Ickes, Harold, 168
If Japan Can, Why Can’t We? (documentary), 370
IG Farben, 268
Igorot people, 125, 130
“I Hear America Singing” (Whitman), 75
Illinois, 39
Immerwahr, Clara, 57–58, 412n
Immerwahr, Max, 58
immigration, 34, 82, 161, 224, 392
imperialism, 7, 14, 63, 110–13, 134, 146, 157, 276; antagonism toward, see anti-imperialism; decline of, 196, 238, 263–64, 287, 344, 346, 373–74, 386; English language and, 320; of Theodore Roosevelt, 81, 110, 111, 115; U.S. soldiers’ protest against, 233–34; white supremacy and, 81–82, 103, 240–41; during World War II, 192, 197
India, 63, 90, 129, 154, 155, 236, 276, 304; corridor between China and, 285–86; English language in, 325–26; independence of, 118, 120–21, 326; National Army of, 231; population of, 11; sterilization in, 251, 454n; U.S. soldiers’ protest in, 233
Indiana, USS (battleship), 82
Indian National Congress, 118
Indians/Native Americans, 22, 30–32, 36–46, 77, 145, 154, 301, 393–96; in Alaska, 171, 173, 238, 395–96; Boone and, 26–28, 35; census of, 78–79, 183, 416nn; dispossession and removal of, 14, 38–43, 40, 43, 196; Europeanization of, 37; at Greater America Exposition, 82; languages of, 317–19, 323; recruited to Rough Riders, 68; Teddy Roosevelt’s views on settlers versus, 61–62; U.S. wars against, 91, 100, 106; see also specific polities
Indochina, 119, 236
Indonesia, 160, 197, 230, 236, 241, 270, 396
industrialization, 48, 56–57, 62–63, 122, 197–98, 302–303; of Japan, 361–62, 365, 370–71; raw materials required for, 158–59, 264, 265, 267, 269, 275; of warfare, 206, 216, 269, 283, 306–307
Industrial Revolution, 33, 63
Influence of Sea Power on History, The (Mahan), 63–64, 413n
infrastructure, 373, 374, 378, 388; military, 217–19, 486n; in territories, 169; in U.S. internment camps, 181
Inouye, Daniel, 185–86, 241
Insular Cases, 85–87, 103, 257
Inter-African Bureau of Languages, 326
Interior, U.S. Department of, 12, 155, 235; Division of Territories and Island Possessions, 156, 239, 244, 341; Fish and Wildlife Service, 180
Interlingua, 329–30
International Dog-Shoe-Face Incident, 90
internationalists, 263, 329–30
International Organization for Standardization (ISO), 310–11
International Polity Club, 110
Inughuit, 352
Iran, 217, 220
Iran-Contra affair, 399
Iraq, 46, 216; Ku
wait invaded by, 375; Gulf War against, 375–79, 376
Iraq War, 14, 383, 385–86
Islamism, 374
Island of Doctor Moreau, The (Wells), 336
Island Records, 339
Israel, 326, 330, 382
Italian language, 318
Italy, 46, 158, 220, 224, 396
Iwabuchi Sanji, Adm., 204–205, 210
Iwo Jima, 287, 345
Jacinto, Gen. Emilio, 92
Jackson, Andrew, 37, 39, 59
Jakarta (Indonesia), 195
Jamaica, 217, 249, 337, 338, 348
James Bond books (Fleming), 336–40, 345, 347
Jamestown Exposition, 133
Jamestown settlement, 32, 34
Japan, 90, 109, 121, 164–65, 249, 359–71, 391, 450n; distance from Aleutian Islands to, 168, 172; economic growth in, 364–68; during Great Depression, 158, 162; Manchuria invaded by, 159; naval academy of, 64; post–World War II occupation of, 17, 224–26, 228, 234, 345, 359–60, 365–67, 449n; radiation from Bikini nuclear test found in, 350–51; surrender of, 230; traffic signs in, 314; U.S. military bases in, 360–65, 387; in World War II, 3–7, 9, 10, 19, 169, 171, 175–84, 187–209, 211–12, 229, 235, 237, 264, 265, 271, 272, 283, 285–87, 287, 291, 315, 323, 349, 359, 442n, 444–45n; “zonification” in, Philippines by, 444n
Japanese Americans, 151, 176, 181–82, 185
Japan That Can Say No, The (Morita and Ishihara), 371
Jarvis Islands, 51, 341
Java coding language, 330
Jay, John, 27
Jayuya (Puerto Rico), 254
Jeddah, 374, 375
Jefferson, Thomas, 26, 28, 29, 31, 32, 34, 38, 61
Jews, 373, 379
jihad, 374, 381
Jim Crow segregation, 86, 95, 119, 238, 240
Jimenez de Syquia, Concepcion, 208–10
Johns Hopkins University Medical School, 304
Johnson, Andrew, 78
Johnson, Lyndon Baines, 200, 263
Johnson & Johnson, 249
Johnston Island, 352
Joint Chiefs of Staff, 290
Jordan, 388
Journal of American History, The, 259, 406n
Journal of the American Medical Association, 329
Juda, King of Bikini Marshallese, 349
JVC, 328
Kaho‘olawe (Hawai‘i), 345, 386
Kalamazoo (Michigan), 12
Kanakas, 53–54
Kandahar (Afghanistan), 384
Kansas, 396; territory of, 41–43
Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854), 41
Karate Kid, The (movie), 186
Katz, Jay, 146, 151
Kawasaki, 369
Kaws, 42
Kearsage, USS (warship), 56
Kennedy, Anthony, 389
Kennedy, John F., 200, 262, 338, 471n
Kentucky, 25–28, 299
Kenya, 6, 325, 381, 397
Kettle Hill, Battle of, 68–69
Khobar (Saudi Arabia), 372
Kichais, 42
Kickapoos, 42
Kim (Kipling), 94
King, Ernest, 201
King, Martin Luther, Jr., 240
King, Walter W., 430n
King Kong (movie), 351
Kingston (Jamaica), 54, 337
Kiowas, 42
Kipling, Rudyard, 94, 95, 129, 194, 240
Kirin brewery, 362
Kiska (Aleutian Islands), 178, 202, 204
Kissinger, Henry, 46, 276, 350
Koo-wi-s-gu-wi, see John Ross
Korea, 17, 63, 121, 230, 329; Harvard students from, 109; post–World War II occupation of, 17, 224, 234, 449n; U.S. soldiers’ protest in, 233
Korean War, 14, 96, 225, 264, 269, 273, 361, 362
Koza (Okinawa), 363
Kroeber, Alfred L., 409n
Kubrick, Stanley, 353
Ku Klux Klan, 116–17
Kunming (China), 285, 286
Kurosawa, Akira, 351
Kuwait, 46, 375–76
Kwajalein, 199
Kyan, Yukio, 363–64
Kyrgyzstan, 387
Lakotas, 100
Lancaster, Burt, 3
Lansing (Michigan), 370
Lanteen Medical Laboratories, 249
Lao Issara, 231
Last of the Mohicans, The (Cooper), 35
Latin, 318, 321, 367
Latin America, 62, 157, 218–19, 266, 276, 329, 337; private invasions of republics of, 78; see also specific colonies, nations, and regions
Laurel, Jose, 199
Laurents, Arthur, 260
League of Nations, 120, 145, 196
Leatherstocking novels (Cooper), 35, 51
Lebrón, Lolita, 258, 259
Led Zeppelin, 363, 369
Lenin, V. I., 117–18
Lennon, John, 357–59, 368, 372
Lennon, Julia, 358
Leopold II, King of Belgium, 265
Levi, Primo, 268
Levittown (Puerto Rico), 260
Lewinsky, Monica, 382
Leyte (Philippines), 203
Liberal Party, Puerto Rican, 145, 147
Liberia, 109, 220, 314
Library of Congress, 3
Libya, 276, 385, 396
Lies My Teacher Told Me (Loewen), 259
Life magazine, 221, 243, 251
Lincoln, Abraham, 59
Little House on the Prairie (Wilder), 41–42, 154, 400
Live and Let Die (movie), 340
Liverpool (England), 199, 357–58, 369, 372
Li Yang, 333
Lobos Islands, 50–51
Loewen, James, 259
logistics, 200, 215–16, 224, 278, 282, 285, 301, 315, 361
logo maps, 8, 8–19, 47, 74, 112, 179
London, 224, 317, 327, 329, 332; antinuclear protest in, 356; standards coordinating committee in, 309
London Times, The, 51
Long, John D., 66–67
Longfellow, Henry Wadsworth, 93–94
Looking Backward (Bellamy), 122–25, 132
Los Negros, 200
Louisiana, 158, 377, 398
Louisiana Purchase, 30–32, 38, 46, 77, 416n
Luce, Clare Boothe, 223
Lucky Dragon (fishing boat), 350–51
Luftwaffe, 283
Luna, Gen. Antonio, 92
Luzon, 98, 101, 103, 104, 125, 189, 203
MacArthur, Arthur, IV, 167
MacArthur, Gen. Arthur, 92, 93, 96, 98, 164, 167, 188, 225, 280, 293, 436n
MacArthur, Gen. Douglas, 92, 163, 206, 230–32, 237, 238, 291, 437n; Japanese bombing of Army Air Force unit of, 187–89, 442n; occupation of Japan commanded by, 224–25, 228, 359, 465n; personal attachment to Philippines of, 163–70; in World War II, 191–95, 198–205, 204, 208, 283, 287, 290, 293, 308
MacArthur, Jean, 167
MacLeish, Archibald, 223
Mahan, Capt. Alfred Thayer, 63–64, 70, 73, 81, 157, 218, 280, 343, 413nn
Maine, 317
Maine, USS (warship), 65–66, 68, 69, 244
malaria, 102, 130, 190, 279–81; drugs for treating, 274, 276, 291, 293
Malay, 326, 332
Malaya, 4, 6, 158, 197, 198, 216, 276, 288; People’s Anti-Japanese Army in, 231
Malaysia, 270
Malcolm X, 14
Malta, 119, 220
Malthus, Thomas, 33, 47
Malthusianism, 57, 247
Malvar, Gen. Miguel, 92
Manchester, William, 442n
Manchuria, 159, 195, 230
Mandarin Chinese, 321, 333
Manela, Erez, 425–26n
Manifest Destiny, 81
Manila, 3, 7, 13, 15, 16, 89–91, 98, 102, 115, 165, 181, 280; Battle of, 69, 72, 73, 188, 279, 446n; Great Fire in, 125, 126; rebuilding of, 124–30, 132–36, 428n; sack of, 235; Tagalog language of, 325; U.S. soldiers’ protest in, 232–34, 233; during World War II, 189, 197, 198, 203–12, 209, 211, 215
Manila Calling (movie), 194
Manila Hotel, 128, 167, 188
, 191, 195, 206
Manus, 199, 200
Man with the Golden Gun, The (movie), 340
Mao Zedong, 121, 231, 326, 426n
maps of United States, see Greater United States maps; logo maps
March First Movement, 121
Marianas, 9, 229
Marine Corps, U.S., 113–14, 117, 148, 346–47, 363, 364, 387
Marley, Bob, 339
Marshall, Gen. George, 169, 201, 223, 232, 290
Marshall Islands, 219, 314, 349–50; Republic of, 392, 394
Marston, Maj. Marvin, 183–84, 184
Martin, George, 357
Maryland, 54
Massachusetts, 33, 78, 239, 248
massacres, 65, 121, 149, 242, 432n; in Philippines, 99, 99, 101, 106, 106–107, 112, 203
Mayo, Katherine, 427n
Mazda, 369
McAuliffe, Dennis, Jr., 42
McCain, John, 394–96, 401
McCartney, Paul, 358, 359
McCormick, Katharine Dexter, 248, 249
McDonald’s restaurants, 14
McKinley, William, 65–66, 76, 82, 98, 108, 113, 115; assassination of, 101; reelection of, 80, 93, 95, 96; during war with Spain, 67, 70, 73–74, 89, 90
McLaughlin, Donal, 223
McNutt, Paul, 235, 236
Mead, Margaret, 155, 434n
measles, 36
medical experiments, 12, 124, 143–45, 151–52, 158, 247–49, 259, 274, 291, 350
Medicare and Medicaid, 399
Melville, Herman, 76
Memorial Hospital (New York), 150, 152
Mercator projection maps, 171, 221
Merseyside (England), 357
metric system, 305, 313–14, 466n
Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York), 59
Mexican Americans, 195, 416n
Mexican War, 14, 41, 46, 77, 196
Mexico, 8, 114, 156, 220, 249, 258
Mexico City, 76
Miami (Florida), 322
Miamis, 42
Michigan, 39, 258, 370; University of, 81
Micronesia, 17, 64, 72, 262, 283, 350; Federated States of, 314, 392; strategic trust territory in, see Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands
Middle East, 62, 120, 277, 347, 382–83; rebellion against empire in, 230; see also specific colonies, nations, and regions
Midway Island, 4–7, 10, 389
military bases, 72, 120, 216, 287, 396, 400, 413n; al-Qaeda, 374, 381; Japanese, 202; see also U.S. overseas bases
Miller, Orville H., 90
Mills, C. Wright, 246
Mindanao, 103
Misérables, Les (Hugo), 49
missiles, 352–53, 375, 377, 379, 381–83, 398
mission-style architecture, 126
Mississippi River, 29, 31, 32, 38, 41, 94
Missouri, USS (battleship), 230, 272
Missouri Territory, 26