George Washington's Surprise Attack

by Phillip Thomas Tucker

  22. Hamilton, The Life of Alexander Hamilton by his son, vol. 1, p. 57.

  23. Cox, A Proper Sense of Honor, pp. 58-59.

  24. Troiani and Kochan, Don Troiani’s Soldiers of the American Revolution, p. 68; Dwyer, The Day Is Ours!, p. 382.

  25. Upham, A Memoir of General John Glover, p. 60; Burgoyne, Defeat, Disaster, and Dedication, pp. 10-11; Stryker, The Battles of Trenton and Princeton, p. 356; Chastellux, Travelsin North America, p. 69

  26. Stone, Letters of Brunswick and Hessian Officers During the American Revolution, pp. 128-129.

  27. A Young Patriot in the American Revolution, pp. 82, 85-86.

  28. A Young Patriot in the American Revolution, p. 85.

  29. Burgoyne, Defeat, Disaster, and Dedication, p. 21.

  30. Burgoyne, Defeat, Disaster, and Dedication, pp. 77-78, 86-87, 94-95.

  31. Burgoyne, Defeat, Disaster, and Dedication, p. 76.

  32. “The Good Soldier White,” American Heritage, pp. 74-77.

  33. Slagle, “The Von Lossberg Regiment,” AU, p. 95; Burgoyne, Defeat, Disaster, and Dedication, p. 21.

  34. Maryland Gazette, May 1, 1777; Craig, General Edward Hand, pp. 1, 35-36; Alderman, Colonists For Sale, p. 170.

  35. Annual Register, London, England, 20, 1777.

  36. Robert Leckie, George Washington’s War, The Saga of the American Revolution, (New York: HarperCollins Publishers, 1993), p. 322.

  37. David McCulloch, 1776, (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2005), p. 284.

  38. A Young Patriot in the American Revolution, p. 82; Weller, “Guns of Destiny,” MA, p. 10.

  39. Stephenson, Patriot Battles, pp. 252, 257, 258-259; Valentine, Lord Stirling, p. 197; Buchanan, The Road to Valley Forge, p. 165; Atwood, The Hessians, p. 96; Dwyer, “The Day Is Ours!,” p. 268; Edgar, Campaign of 1776, p. 343.

  40. Slagle, “The Von Lossberg Regiment,” AU, p. 216; Fischer, Washington’s Crossing, p. 249; Dwyer, “The Day Is Ours!,” pp. 267-268.

  41. Von Hagen, The Germanic People in America, p. 162; Wheeler, Voices of 1776, p. 203; Irving, George Washington, p. 336.

  42. Stryker, The Battles of Trenton and Princeton, pp. 263-264; Retzer, The German Regiment of Maryland and Pennsylvania, pp. 7-10, 48-49.

  43. New York Times, December 27, 1880.

  44. Stone, Letters of Brunswick and Hessian Officers During the American Revolution, p. 131; Flood, Fight, And Rise Again, pp. 105, 131-132.

  45. Slagle, “The Von Lossberg Regiment,” AU, p. 9; Rodes, Germany, pp. 248-250; Smith, The Battle of Trenton, pp. 27-28, 31; Fischer, Washington’s Crossing, pp. 60, 62-63.

  46. Maryland Gazette, February 20, 1777; Atwood, The Hessians, p. 186; Burgoyne, Defeat, Disaster, and Dedication, p. 76; Fischer, Washington’s Crossing, p. 62.

  47. Henry Steele Commanger and Richard B. Morris, eds., The Spirit of Seventy-Six, The Story of the American Revolution as Told by its Participants (New York: Da Capo Press, 1968), pp. 268-269.

  48. Atwood, The Hessians, pp. 186, 195; Burgoyne, Defeat, Disaster, and Dedication, pp. 99-101, 104.

  Chapter XI

  1. Needleman, The American Soul, pp. 86-87; Lengel, This Glorious Struggle, p. 89; Chandler, The Campaigns of Napoleon, pp. 126-130, 135-136, 141.

  2. Needleman, The American Soul, pp. 86-87; Edgar, Campaign of 1776, p. 183.

  3. Maryland Gazette, January 23, 1777; Kwasny, Washington’s Partisan War, pp. 95-99, 109-112; Fleming, 1776, pp. 462, 464; Smith, The Battle of Trenton, pp. 13-14.

  4. Maryland Gazette, July 3, 1777.

  5. Maryland Gazette, January 2, 1777; Leckie, George Washington’s War, p. 317; Dwyer, “TheDay Is Ours!,” p. 266; Crown and Rogers, Images of America, Trenton, p. 12; Smith, The Battle of Trenton, p. 26.

  6. Maryland Gazette, May 29, 1777.

  7. Bill, The Campaign of Trenton, p. 42; Atwood, The Hessians, pp. 8-20, 153, 171-183; Dwyer, “The Day Is Ours!,” p. 268; Smith, The Battle of Trenton, pp. 17, 27; Burgoyne, Defeat, Disaster, and Dedication, p. 75; Edgar, Campaign of 1776, p. 345; Fischer, Washington’sCrossing, pp. 239-240; Stryker, The Battles of Trenton and Princeton, p. 402.

  8. Slagle, “The Von Lossberg Regiment,” AU, pp. 70-71; Pennsylvania Evening Post, July 26, 1777; Anderson, The Command of the Howe Brothers, pp. 202-203; Leckie, GeorgeWashington’s War, p. 317; Ferling, Almost A Miracle, p. 173; Mitnick, ed., New Jersey in the American Revolution, pp. 48-49; Smith, The Battle of Trenton, p. 14; Fischer, Washington’sCrossing, pp. 204-205; Burgoyne, Defeat, Disaster, and Dedication, p. 71.

  9. Slagle, “The Von Lossberg Regiment,” AU, pp. 92, 99, 106. 108; Pennsylvania Post, July 26, 1777; Atwood, The Hessians, pp. 36, 40, 68-69, note 44, page 68, 82, 89-90, 92; Dwyer, “TheDay Is Ours!,” p. 267; Fischer, Washington’s Crossing, pp. 55-57, 260; Stryker, The Battles of Trenton and Princeton, pp. 170, 391-393, 398-422; Edgar, Campaign of 1776, p. 325; A Young Patriot in the American Revolution, pp. 82-83.

  10. Slagle, “The Von Lossberg Regiment,” AU, p. 106; Atwood, The Hessians, pp. 43-44, 89; Smith, The Battle of Trenton, pp. 25-26; A Young Patriot in the American Revolution, pp. 82-83.

  11. Slagle, “The Von Lossberg Regiment,” AU, p. 89; Troiani and Kochan, Don Troiani’s Soldiers of the American Revolution, p. 73; Atwood, The Hessians, p. 81; Burgoyne, Defeat, Disaster, and Dedication, p. 71; Stryker, The Battles of Trenton and Princeton, p. 99.

  12. Slagle, “The Von Lossberg Regiment,” AU, p. 89; Bill, The Campaign of Princeton, p. 40; Atwood, The Hessians, pp. 89-90, 92; Smith, The Battle of Trenton, p. 18; Burgoyne, Defeat, Disaster, and Dedication, p. 71; Bill, The Campaign of Princeton, p. 13; Weller, “Guns of Destiny,” MA, pp. 10, 15.

  13. Stryker, The Battles of Trenton and Princeton, p. 372.

  14. Weller, “Guns of Destiny,” MA, pp. 1-10; Chandler, The Campaigns of Napoleon, pp. 504-505, 734; Haythornthwaite, Napoleon’s Specialist Troops, p. 4.

  15. Chandler, The Campaigns of Napoleon, pp. 28, 504-505, 708, 734; Weller, “Guns of Destiny,” MA, p. 10.

  16. Lengel, General George Washington, p. 186; Chandler, The Campaigns of Napoleon, pp. 504-505, 708, 734; Weller, “Guns of Destiny,” MA, p. 10.

  17. Slagle, “The Von Lossberg Regiment,” AU, pp. 101, 104; Griffin, Catholics and the American Revolution, vol. 2, pp. 202-203; Stryker, The Battles of Trenton and Princeton, pp. 281, 370, 478-479; Edgar, Campaign of 1776, pp. 382-383; “The Good Soldier White,” American Heritage, pp. 75-77; Weller, “Guns of Destiny,” MA, pp. 1-10; Fischer, Washington’sCrossing, pp. 247-248

  18. Chadwick, George Washington’s War, p. 19; Buchanan, The Road to Valley Forge, p. 152; Edgar, Campaign of 1776, p. 343; Stryker, The Battles of Trenton and Princeton, pp. 370, 479; Chandler, The Campaigns of Napoleon, p. 179; Weller, “Guns of Destiny,” MA, pp. 1-10; Haythornwaite, Napoleon’s Specialist Troops, p. 4.

  19. Buchanan, The Road to Valley Forge, pp.164-166; Chandler, The Campaigns of Napoleon, pp. 708, 734; Weller, “Guns of Destiny,” MA, pp. 1-10.

  20. Puls, Henry Knox, pp. 2, 76; Stryker, The Battles of Trenton and Princeton, pp. 370, 479; McCulloch, 1776, p. 270; Fischer, Washington’s Crossing, p. 153; Edgar, Campaign of 1776, p. 343; “The Good Soldier White,” American Heritage, pp. 75-77; Weller, “Guns of Destiny,” MA, pp. 1-10.

  21. Puls, Henry Knox, pp. 75, 78; Johnson, Napoleon, pp. 56-57; Wood, Battles of the Revolutionary War, p. 72; Fischer, Washington’s Crossing, p. 374; Stryker, The Battles of Trenton and Princeton, p. 370; “The Good Soldier White,” American Heritage, pp. 76-77; Chandler, The Campaigns of Napoleon, pp. 179, 504-505, 708, 734; Weller, “Guns of Destiny,” MA, pp. 1-10; Haythornwaite, Napoleon’s Specialist Troops, p. 4.

  22. Bill, The Campaign of Princeton, p. 46; Smith, The Battle of Trenton, pp. 13-14.

  23. Weller, “Guns of Destiny,” MA, pp. 10, 15.

  24. Puls, Henry Knox, p. 78.

  25. Fischer, Washington’s Crossing, p. 254; Edgar, Campaign of 1776, p. 343.

  26. Stryker, The Battles of Trenton and Princeton, p. 372. />
  27. Ibid., pp. 372, 436.

  28. Ibid., p. 364.

  29. Slagle, “The Von Lossberg Regiment,” AU, pp. 102-103; Edgar, Campaign of 1776, p. 343; Stryker, The Battles of Trenton and Princeton, p. 370; “The Good Soldier White,” American Heritage, pp. 76-77; Weller, “Guns of Destiny,” MA, pp. 1-10; Fischer, Washington’sCrossing, pp. 201-235; Smith, The Battle of Trenton, pp. 15-26.

  30. Burgoyne, Defeat, Disaster, and Dedication, p. 77.

  31. Von Hagen, The German People in America, p. 157; Fischer, Washington’s Crossing, pp. 259-260.

  32. Maryland Gazette, January 23, 1777.

  33. Slagle, “The Von Lossberg Regiment,” AU, p. 103; James C. Corbett, compiler, German General Officers Serving in the American Revolution, 1776-1784, (Oldwick: The King’s Arms Press & Bindery, 1978), pp. 4-5; Boatner, Encyclopedia of the American Revolution, p. 499; NewYork Times, December 27, 1880; Valentine, Lord Stirling, pp. 186-187, 197.

  34. Slagle, “The Von Lossberg Regiment,” AU, pp. 96,108, 214-217; Fischer, Washington’sCrossing, pp. 252, 405-406; Dwyer, “The Day Is Ours!,” p. 263; Smith, The Battle of Trenton, p. 27; Burgoyne, Defeat, Disaster, and Dedication, pp. 42-43, 70, 76-77.

  35. Stryker, The Battles of Trenton and Princeton, p. 195; Slagle, “The Von Lossberg Regiment,” AU, p. 99.

  36. Fischer, Washington’s Crossing, p. 88.

  37. Ketchum, The Winter Soldiers, pp. 265; Edgar, Campaign of 1776, p. 345; Raphael, Founders, p. 286.

  38. Stryker, The Battles of Trenton and Princeton, p. 376.

  39. Valentine, Lord Stirling, p. 198.

  40. Ibid; Fischer, Washington’s Crossing, pp. 247, 254; Boatner, Encyclopedia of the American Revolution, p. 1100; Farling, Almost A Miracle, p. 631.

  41. Smith, The Battle of Trenton, p. 27; Fischer, Washington’s Crossing, p. 406.

  42. Angell, Diary of Colonel Israel Angell, pp. 28-29, note 4.

  43. Charles Anderson File, Register of the California Society of the Sons of the American Revolution, Sons of the American Revolution, internet; Stryker, The Battles of Trenton and Princeton, p. 121; Robert Anderson, An Artillery Officer in the Mexican War, 1846-47, (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1911), pp. xii-xiii; Fischer, Washington’s Crossing, p. 406; Dwyer, “The Day is Ours!,” pp. 249-250; Richard N. Current, Lincoln and the First Shot, (New York: J. B. Lippincott Company, 1963), pp. 124-125.

  44. Tagney, The World Turned Upside Down, p. 280; Edgar, Campaign of 1776, p. 343.

  45. Farling, Almost A Miracle, p. 631; Fischer, Washington’s Crossing, pp. 254-255.

  46. Cox, A Proper Sense of Honor, pp. 191-192.

  47. Edgar, Campaign of 1776, p. 343; Irving, George Washington, p. 338; Ketchum, TheWinter Soldiers. p. 270; Fischer, Washington’s Crossing, p. 255; Dwyer, “The Day Is Ours!,” p. 263; Smith, The Battle of Trenton, pp. 27, 31; Burial Records, First Presbyterian Church Archives, Trenton, New Jersey.

  48. Burgoyne, Defeat, Disaster, and Dedication, p. 76; Ketchum, The Winter Soldiers, p. 270; Dwyer, The Day Is Ours!, p. 261.

  49. Burgoyne, Defeat, Disaster, and Dedication, p. 76; Fischer, Washington’s Crossing, p. 58.

  50. Burgoyne, Defeat, Disaster, and Dedication, p. 20.

  51. Slagle, “The Von Lossberg Regiment,” AU, p. 216; Dwyer, “The Day Is Ours!,” p. 261; Fischer, Washington’s Crossing, p. 405; Crown and Rogers, Images of American, Trenton, p. 17; Smith, The Battle of Trenton, p. 27; Burgoyne, Defeat, Disaster, and Dedication, p. 2.

  52. Pastor John R. Allen, First Presbyterian Church, Trenton, New Jersey, to author, June 24, 2010.

  53. Research of Joseph Keller, Waldorf, Maryland, and interview with author, July 31, 2010.

  54. Adi-Kent Thomas Jeffrey, Ghosts in the Valley, (New Hope: New Hope Art Shop, 1972), p. 20.

  55. Slagle, “The Von Lossberg Regiment,” AU, pp. 179-196; Edgar, Campaign of 1776, p. 345; Stryker, The Battles of Trenton and Princeton, pp. 226-231, 402.

  56. Stryker, The Battles of Trenton and Princeton, p. 227.

  57. Scott G. Rall, Waldorf, Maryland, to author, July 22, 2010.

  58. Slagle, “The Von Lossberg Regiment,” AU, p. 182; New York Times, April 9, 1876; Fischer, Washington’s Crossing, p. 260; Stryker, The Battles of Trenton and Princeton, pp. 229-231.

  59. Flood, Rise, And Fight Again, p. 100; Slagle, “The Von Lossberg Regiment,” AU, p. 108.

  60. Stryker, The Battles of Trenton and Princeton, pp. 199, 226-231, 402.

  61. Zaboly, American Colonial Ranger, p. 21; English, General Hugh Mercer, p. 78-79, 81; Goolrick, The Life of General Hugh Mercer, p. 49; Middlekauff, The Glorious Cause, pp. 340-341; Fleming, 1776, pp. 176, 294; Fischer, Washington’s Crossing, pp. 370-373; Raphael, Founders, p. 290.

  62. Raphael, Founders, p. 290; Fischer, Washington’s Crossing, pp. 370-375.

  63. Kwanwy, Washington’s Partisan War, pp. xiv, 111-113, 337-339; Fischer, Washington’sCrossing, p. 256; Raphael, Founders, p. 287; Ward, The War of the Revolution, p. 302..

  64. Clark, All Cloudless Glory, p. 307.

  65. Maryland Gazette, January 23, 1777; Stryker, The Battles of Trenton and Princeton, pp. 281-282; Reid, Culloden Moor 1746, pp. 85, 87; Hopson, Captain Daniel Neil, pp. 19-20; Buchanan, The Road to Valley Forge, pp. 175-178; Randall, George Washington, pp. 328-329; Alden, A History of the American Revolution, pp. 276-277, 282-283; Hugh Mercer Will, March 20, 1776, Mss2 M5346 a 1, Virginia Historical Society, Richmond, Virginia; Bill, The Campaign of Princeton, pp. 104-105; Fischer, Washington’s Crossing, p. 333; Dwyer, “The Day Is Ours!,” pp. 313, 345; Waterman, With Sword and Lancet, p. 155; Weller, “Guns of Destiny,” MA, p. 8; Raphael, Founders, pp. 288-289.

  66. Maryland Gazette, January 23, 1777; Fischer, The Crossing, p. 415, note 10; James Potter biography, Wikipedia, internet; Dwyer, “The Day Is Ours!,” pp. 358-359; Hopson, Captain Daniel Neil, p. 24.

  67. Maryland Gazette, February 13, 1777; Irving, George Washington, p. 340; Hopson, CaptainDaniel Neil, p. 24; Bill, The Campaign of Princeton, pp. 104-105; Fischer, Washington’sCrossing, p. 255.

  68. Maryland Gazette, February 13, 1777; Walters, John Haslet, pp. vii, 3-5, 24, 381, 383; Lalor, ed., The Encyclopedia of Ireland, pp. 257-258, 831-833.

  69. Maryland Gazette, January 23, 1777; Buchanan, The Road to Valley Forge, p. 178; Goolrick, The Life of General Hugh Mercer, p. 49; English, General Hugh Mercer, pp. 78-79, 81; Dwyer, “The Day Is Ours!,” p. 353.

  70. Goolrick, The Life of General Hugh Mercer, pp. 28-29, 31, 39

  71. Maryland Gazette, March 13, 1777; Virginia Gazette, October 21, 1775 and January 24, 1777; Stryker, The Battles of Trenton and Princeton, pp. 284, 292, note 2; Collins, A Brief Narrative of The Ravages of the British and Hessians at Princeton In 1776-1777, pp. 43-44; James Potter Biography, Wikipedia, internet; Dwyer, “The Day Is Ours!,” pp. 345, 358-359; Hopson, Captain Daniel Neil, p. 24; Bill, The Campaign of Princeton, p. 106; “”Fleming Family,” WMQs, pp. 45, 47.

  72. Hopson, Captain Daniel Neil, p. 25; Bill, The Campaign of Princeton, p. 106; Dwyer, “TheDay Is Ours!,” p. 345; Weller, “Guns of Destiny,” MA, p. 8.

  73. Golway, Washington’s General, p. 117; Bill, The Campaign of Princeton, 1776-1777, p. 41; Dwyer,“The Day Is Ours!,” p. 345; English, General Hugh Mercer, p. 100; Stryker, The Battles of Trenton and Princeton, p. 393.

  74. Maryland Gazette, January 23, 1777; Boatner, Encyclopedia of the American Revolution, p. 1217; Barbara Pratt Willis, Handbook of Historic Fredericksburg, Virginia, (Fredericksburg, Va.: Historic Fredericksburg Foundation, Inc., 1993), p. 16; Goolrick, TheLife of General Hugh Mercer, pp. 105-106.

  75. Slagle, “The Von Lossberg Regiment,” AU, pp. 17-18, Kochan, Don Troiani’s Soldiers of the American Revolution, p. 71; Boatner, Encyclopedia of the American Revolution, p. 64; Joseph M. Malit to author, July 21, 2010; Stryker, The Battles of Trenton and Princeton, p. 401.

  76. Chadwick, George Washington’s War, p. 31.

  77. Walter Millis, Arms and Men, A Study of American Mi
litary History, (New York: Mentor Books, 1956), pp. 12-30; Zinn, A People’s History of the American Revolution, pp. 398-399; Fischer, Washington’s Crossing, pp. 261, 363; Chandler, The Campaigns of Napoleon, pp. 126-129, 135.

  78. New York Times, April 9, 1876; Boatner, Encyclopedia of the American Revolution, p. 610.

  79. Lengel, General George Washington, p. 209; Ketchum, The Winter Soldiers, p. 145; Ward, Major General Adam Stephen and the Cause of American Liberty, pp. 198-199.

  80. Flexner, Washington, p. 98.

  81. Rose, Washington’s War, pp. 10-24, 198-200; Peckham, The War of Independence, p. 56; Barbara W. Tuchman, The March of Folly, From Troy to Vietnam, (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1984), pp. 128-231; Fischer, Washington’s Crossing, pp. 344-345.

  82. Baker, George Washington’s War, pp. 85, 154.

  83. Stryker, The Battles of Trenton and Princeton, p. 373.

  84. Wallace, Appeal to Arms, p. 133; Atwood, The Hessians, pp. 103, 106-107; Fischer, Washington’s Crossing, p. 260.

  85. Maryland Gazette, January 23, 1777; Fischer, Washington’s Crossing, p. 367; Edgar, Campaign of 1776, p. 345.

  86. Stryker, The Battles of Trenton and Princeton, p. 372.

  87. Ibid., p. 226.

  88. Ibid., p. 427.

  Epilogue

  1. Maryland Gazette, March 20, 1777.

  2. David L. Jacobson, Essays on the American Revolution, (New York: Holt, Rhinehart and Winston, Inc., 1970), p. 176; Anderson, The Command of the Howe Brothers, pp. 200-212; Stryker, The Battles of Trenton and Princeton, p. 310; James Kirby Martin and Mark Edward Lender, A Respectable Army, The Military Origins of the Republic 1763-1789, (Arlington Heights: Harlin Davidson, Inc., 1982), p. 50; Tuchman, The March of Folly, p. 213; Fleming, Washington’s Secret War, pp. 7-8; Ferling, The Ascent of George Washington, pp. 102, 108, 111.

  3. Ferling, The Ascent of George Washington, p. 121; Pearson, Those Damned Rebels, pp. 220-221; Fleming, Washington’s Secret War, pp. 7-8.

  4. Rose, Washington’s War, pp. 83, 94; Farling, Almost A Miracle, p. 179; Ketchum, TheWinter Soldiers, p. 211; Alfred Hoyt Bill, Valley Forge, The Making of An Army, (New York: Harper and Brothers, 1952), pp. 3-6; Person, Those Damned Rebels, pp.221-225; Troiani and Kochan, DonTroiani’s Soldiers of the American Revolution, p. 167; William C. Stinchcombe, The American Revolution and the French Alliance, (Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 1969), pp. 9-10; Ferling, The Ascent of George Washington, pp. 102, 108, 111.